Disinformation (book)

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Disinformation
Disinformation book.jpg
Disinformation
Author Ion Mihai Pacepa and Ronald J. Rychlak
Original titleDisinformation: Former Spy Chief Reveals Secret Strategies for Undermining Freedom, Attacking Religion, and Promoting Terrorism
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Subject Disinformation
Genre Information warfare
Publisher WND Books
Publication date
2013
Media typeHardcover
Pages429
ISBN 978-1-936488-60-5
OCLC 926861117
Preceded byRed Horizons: The True Story of Nicolae and Elena Ceausescus' Crimes, Lifestyle, and Corruption (1990) 

Disinformation: Former Spy Chief Reveals Secret Strategies for Undermining Freedom, Attacking Religion, and Promoting Terrorism is a 2015 non-fiction book about disinformation tactics and history rooted in information warfare. It was written by former general in the Securitate, the secret police of Socialist Republic of Romania, Ion Mihai Pacepa, and law professor Ronald J. Rychlak. It was published in 2013 along with a companion film, Disinformation: The Secret Strategy to Destroy the West.

Contents

Pacepa and Rychlak document how the Russian word dezinformatsiya was coined by Joseph Stalin, who chose a French-sounding title to make others believe it had originated in the Western world. Disinformation was then subsequently employed as a warfare tactic by the Stalinist government during World War II and afterwards by the Soviet Union during the Cold War. Pacepa recounts reading Soviet intelligence training manuals describing the inspiration of such deception rooted in the history of Potemkin villages. The authors describe disinformation campaigns used in the 20th century, including case studies of how historical revisionism spread through the media.

After its initial publication, the book was re-published in multiple languages including Romanian, Polish, Russian, and Czech. It was included as recommended reading for officers of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), [1] [2] and incorporated into a college study guide format and one of the required readings in a graduate-level course for Liberty University. [3] [4]

Disinformation received a favorable reception from: the CIA-published academic journal Studies in Intelligence , [1] former Director of Central Intelligence R. James Woolsey, [5] The Counter Terrorist, [6] The book garnered positive reviews from Tablet   [7] and Distracted Masses, [8] and was used as a resource by The Washington Post . [9] Movieguide gave the film companion to the book a strong recommendation, calling it a "brilliant exposé". [10]

Summary

Ion Mihai Pacepa, while serving as a senior official of the Romanian secret police, 1975 Ion Mihai Pacepa 1975cr.jpg
Ion Mihai Pacepa, while serving as a senior official of the Romanian secret police, 1975

The book is mostly written in a single person eyewitness narrative form, as a memoir of a former Romanian official and co-author Pacepa. [11] [12] It includes a discussion of the disinformation campaigns throughout the 20th century and analyze them while attempting to answer questions regarding history and religion. Pacepa describes the origins of the word disinformation, writing that it was coined by Joseph Stalin. The Stalinist government utilized disinformation tactics in both World War II and the Cold War. Pacepa writes that Stalin gave the tactic a French-sounding title, dezinformatsiya in Russian, in order to put forth the ruse that it was actually a technique used by the Western world. [9] [13] [1]

Pacepa recounts reading Soviet instruction manuals while working as an intelligence officer, that characterized disinformation as a strategy utilized by the Russian government that had early origins in Russian history. Pacepa recalls that the Soviet manuals said origins of disinformation stemmed from phony towns constructed by Grigory Potyomkin in Crimea to impress Catherine the Great during her 1783 journey to the region—subsequently referred to as Potemkin villages. [9] [13] [1]

The authors describe disinformation and posit that it played a role in the criticism of Christianity in the Western world. They discuss the role of disinformation with regards to fomenting Islamic terrorism against Jewish and American targets, exploiting the historic anti-Semitic sentiments in the Islamic world. [14] [1] Pacepa and Rychlak place burgeoning support for Marxism within the North Atlantic Treaty Organization countries and the United States as related to disinformation campaigns. [13] [8]

They argue that disinformation campaigns are ultimately successful when they fool the mainstream media into publicizing deliberate falsehoods, and the consumers of such media then eventually believe these claims are accurate. They write that media bias in the United States increased the susceptibility of the public to internalizing disinformation and historical revisionism. [13] [8]

Pacepa and Rychlak write that Soviet Union intelligence services used 4,000 espionage specialists within the Muslim world in order to stoke political unease towards Israel and the United States. They document a disinformation campaign led by the KGB whose goal was to spread government dissension by U.S. citizens during the Vietnam War. The authors describe manipulation from within the World Council of Churches by the Foreign Intelligence Service. They recount how disinformation campaigns came to play a role in the John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories regarding beliefs of involvement by American officials. [13] [8]

Composition and publication

Disinformation author Ion Mihai Pacepa was a former senior official from the Romanian secret police. [15] [16] Pacepa held the rank of lieutenant general and was the highest-ranking defector to the United States from an enemy intelligence agency. [17] [18] [19] He was commander of Romanian foreign intelligence during its communist era, and was involved in key military events throughout the Cold War. [20] [21] [22] He was also a personal adviser to Romanian leader Nicolae Ceaușescu, and accompanied the head of state on all trips abroad. [18] [17] [23] Pacepa defected to the United States in 1978. [24] [25] [23] After this defection, Ceaușescu, Muammar Gaddafi, and Yasser Arafat each offered a reward of US$1 million for the death of Pacepa, and they contracted assassin Carlos the Jackal, who was unable to find or kill Pacepa. [18] [23] Romania's High Court of Cassation and Justice removed Pacepa's death sentence in 1999, and the country restored his rank of general in 2004. [18] [25]

Pacepa co-authored the book with law professor Ronald J. Rychlak. [19] [26] Rychlak received his bachelor's degree from Wabash College and his Juris Doctor from Vanderbilt University. [27] After graduating law school, Rychlak worked as an attorney with Jenner & Block in Chicago. [28] [29] [30] Subsequently, he served as a law clerk on the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit for Senior Judge Harry W. Wellford. [28] Rychlak has taught at the University of Mississippi School of Law in the faculty position of Mississippi Defense Lawyers Association Professor of Law, and also worked as associate dean of academic affairs at the institution. [28] [27] [31] He has served as an adviser for the United Nations representation of the Holy See. [27] Rychlak authored books, Hitler, the War, and the Pope and Environmental Law: Thomson Reuters Law for the Layperson Series. [31] [28]

The book was first published by WND Books in 2013. [32] The companion film in DVD release, Disinformation: The Secret Strategy to Destroy the West, was published the same year. [33] The book was published in Romanian and Polish in 2015, [34] [35] and Russian and Czech in 2016. [36] [37] An English-language audiobook was published by Audible Studios in 2016. [38]

Reception

Disinformation was included as recommended reading for officers of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in "Intelligence Officer's Bookshelf", an article in the series Intelligence in Public Literature for CIA-published academic journal Studies in Intelligence . [1] [2] Liberty University made a study guide for the book for its 2013–14 college session, [3] and incorporated it as required reading in a 2015–16 graduate-level course. [4] In Studies in Intelligence, the book was reviewed positively, with the conclusion: "Disinformation is a provocative book that presents the dangers of officially manipulated information and urges that measures be taken to prevent its use in America." [1]

Former Director of Central Intelligence R. James Woolsey wrote: "Gen. Pacepa writes that there were more in the Soviet bloc working on dezinformatsiya than in the armed forces and defense industry!" [5] He praised the authors' ability to convey the historical context of disinformation campaigns and their advice on how to address such covert operations. [5] Writing for The Counter Terrorist, magazine editor and former anti-terrorism unit commander Chris Graham wrote that Pacepa's description of deceptive intelligence operations conducted by Vladimir Putin reflected the breadth of disinformation campaigns required to hold onto authoritarian rule in Russia. [6]

Kenneth R. Timmerman wrote for Tablet magazine: "Henry Kissinger once playfully dismissed critics who accused him of paranoia. 'Even a paranoid can have enemies,' he quipped to Time. Reading Disinformation will open one's eyes to those enemies." [7] Scott Albright reviewed the book for the journal Distracted Masses and wrote: "What's so shocking about what Pacepa writes is the incredible lengths to which the Russians would go to cover up their own operations and discredit their enemies in the Vatican and the U.S. government." [8] Adam Taylor wrote for The Washington Post the irony that regarding Pacepa's recollection of the inspiration of disinformation stemming originally from Potemkin villages, there was some doubt as to the actual existence of such villages, and yet nevertheless the term Potemkin village had itself become influential over time. [9] Movieguide gave the companion film to the book a positive review, writing: "Disinformation is a brilliant expose of the mendacious communist strategy to destroy the West, from a top insider in the Soviet Union's Eastern European security forces in Romania who defected. Disinformation is highly recommended viewing for every concerned American." [10]

Victor Gaetan in his review of the book for the National Catholic Register criticizes some of Pacepa's story. [12] He states that the story misrepresents the life of a legendary Vatican diplomat and defames him. He also states that it misrepresents the history of interaction between the Catholic and Russian Orthodox institutions. [12]

See also

Related Research Articles

Disinformation is false information deliberately spread to deceive people. Disinformation is an orchestrated adversarial activity in which actors employ strategic deceptions and media manipulation tactics to advance political, military, or commercial goals. Disinformation is implemented through attacks that weaponize multiple rhetorical strategies and forms of knowing—including not only falsehoods but also truths, half-truths, and value judgements—to exploit and amplify culture wars and other identity-driven controversies."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Securitate</span> Secret police of the Socialist Republic of Romania

The Securitate was the popular term for the Departamentul Securității Statului, the secret police agency of the Socialist Republic of Romania. Previously, before the communist regime, Romanian secret police was called Siguranța Statului. It was founded on 30 August 1948, with help and direction from the Soviet MGB. Following the Romanian Revolution in 1989, the new authorities assigned the various intelligence tasks of the DSS to new institutions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ion Mihai Pacepa</span> Romanian general (1928–2021)

Ion Mihai Pacepa was a Romanian lieutenant general in the Securitate, the secret police of the Socialist Republic of Romania, who defected to the United States in July 1978 following President Jimmy Carter's approval of his request for political asylum. He was the highest-ranking defector from the former Eastern Bloc, and wrote books and articles on the inner workings of communist intelligence services. His best-known works are the books Disinformation and Red Horizons.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Active measures</span> Term for the actions of political warfare conducted by the Soviet and Russian security services

Active measures is a term used to describe political warfare conducted by the Soviet Union and the Russian Federation. The term, which dates back to the 1920s, includes operations such as espionage, propaganda, sabotage and assassination, based on foreign policy objectives of the Soviet and Russian governments. Active measures have continued to be used by the administration of Vladimir Putin.

Blowback is the unintended consequences and unwanted side-effects of a covert operation. To the civilians suffering the blowback of covert operations, the effect typically manifests itself as "random" acts of political violence without a discernible, direct cause; because the public—in whose name the intelligence agency acted—are unaware of the effected secret attacks that provoked revenge (counter-attack) against them.

Anatoliy Mikhaylovich Golitsyn CBE was a Soviet KGB defector and author of two books about the long-term deception strategy of the KGB leadership. He was born in Pyriatyn, USSR. He provided "a wide range of intelligence to the CIA on the operations of most of the 'Lines' (departments) at the Helsinki and other residencies, as well as KGB methods of recruiting and running agents." He became an American citizen by 1984.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Operation Neptune (espionage)</span> 1964 Eastern Bloc disinformation operation involving fake Nazi-era documents

Operation Neptune was a 1964 disinformation operation by the secret services of Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union (KGB) and involved fake Nazi-era documents that were found in submerged chests.

The Jamestown Foundation is a Washington, D.C.-based conservative defense policy think tank. Founded in 1984 as a platform to support Soviet defectors, its stated mission today is to inform and educate policy makers about events and trends, which it regards as being of current strategic importance to the United States. Jamestown publications focus on China, Russia, Eurasia, and global terrorism.

Alexandru Nicolschi was a Romanian communist activist, Soviet agent and officer, and Securitate chief under the Communist regime. Active until 1961, he was one of the most recognizable leaders of violent political repression.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Emil Bodnăraș</span> Romanian communist politician

Emil Bodnăraș was a Romanian communist politician, an army officer, and a Soviet agent, who had considerable influence in the Romanian People's Republic.

Disinformation is the deliberate dissemination of false information. A Disinformation attack may involve specific types of tactics and goals, which can be countered. Disinformation may also refer to:

Radu was, according to Ion Mihai Pacepa, a radiological weapon used against dissenters and critics by Nicolae Ceaușescu's Securitate. "Radu" is a Romanian name and in this context it is a reference to "radiation". The supposed weapon was intended to lead to cancer which would result in death within months after the exposure.

Ronald J. Rychlak is an American lawyer, jurist, author and political commentator. He is a Distinguished Professor of Law at the University of Mississippi School of Law and is holder of the Jamie L. Whitten Chair in Law and Government. He is known for his published works, career as an attorney, and writings on the role of Pope Pius XII in World War II.

The Soviet Union and some communist states have sponsored international terrorism on numerous occasions, especially during the Cold War. NATO and also the Italian, German and British governments saw violence in the form of "communist fighting organizations" as a serious threat.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Seat 12</span> Alleged Soviet disinformation campaign against the Vatican

Seat 12, also known as Operation Seat 12, was a disinformation campaign of communist propaganda during the Cold War to discredit the moral authority of the Vatican because of its outspoken anticommunism. The existence of the plot was written in 2007 by Ion Mihai Pacepa, a general who headed the Romanian secret service before defecting to the West in 1978. Seat 12 was documented in the Mitrohkin Files and corroborated by the DIA Venona Project.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aleksandr Sakharovsky</span> Soviet general

Aleksandr Michael Sakharovsky was a Soviet General who was head of the First Chief Directorate of the KGB from 1955 to 1971. Sakharovsky oversaw the KGB foreign intelligence division during some of the key events of the Cold War, including the Hungarian uprising, the Cuban Missile Crisis and the height of the Vietnam War.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lawrence Martin-Bittman</span> Czechoslovakian-American author and defector from the Czechoslovak Intelligence Service (1931–2018)

Lawrence Martin-Bittman, formerly known as Ladislav Bittman, was an American artist, author, and retired professor of disinformation at Boston University. He was best known for his 1983 book, The KGB and Soviet Disinformation: An Insider's View.

<i>The KGB and Soviet Disinformation</i> Book by Ladislav Bittman

The KGB and Soviet Disinformation: An Insider's View is a 1983 non-fiction book by Lawrence Martin-Bittman, a former intelligence officer specializing in disinformation for the Czech Intelligence Service and retired professor of disinformation at Boston University. The book is about the KGB's use of disinformation and information warfare during the Soviet Union period.

<i>Dezinformatsia</i> (book) 1984 non-fiction book

Dezinformatsia: Active Measures in Soviet Strategy is a non-fiction book about disinformation and information warfare used by the KGB during the Soviet Union period, as part of their active measures tactics. The book was co-authored by Richard H. Shultz, professor of international politics at Tufts University, and Roy Godson, professor emeritus of government at Georgetown University.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Soviet disinformation</span>

Use of disinformation as a Soviet tactical weapon started in 1923, when it became a tactic used in the Soviet political warfare called active measures.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Peake, Hayden (March 2014), "Intelligence in Public Literature: Intelligence Officer's Bookshelf" (PDF), Studies in Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency, 58 (1), archived from the original (PDF) on August 15, 2014
  2. 1 2 Peake, Hayden (March 2014), "Disinformation: Former Spy Chief Reveals Secret Strategies for Undermining Freedom, Attacking Religion, and Promoting Terrorism" (PDF), Studies in Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency, 58 (1): 27–28, archived from the original (PDF) on July 2, 2014
  3. 1 2 Samson, Steven Alan (2014), "Ion Mihai Pacepa and Ronald J. Rychlak: Disinformation Study Guide, 2013–14", Faculty Publications and Presentations: Helms School of Government, Liberty University
  4. 1 2 Samson, Steven Alan (January 2016), "Course Syllabus", GOVT 340 – International Relations (2015)" GOVT 340 – International Relations (2016), Liberty University
  5. 1 2 3 Woolsey, R. James (October 23, 2013), "Book review: Disinformation", Spero News, Gen. Pacepa writes that there were more in the Soviet bloc working on dezinformatsiya than in the armed forces and defense industry! It was, and to some extent still is, a remarkable effort. He and his distinguished co-author, law professor Ronald Rychlak, do something remarkable in this book. They not only help us understand history and many of the current disinformation operations that we continue to see—especially from Russia and countries in the Mideast—but also give us a good start in learning how to defeat them.
  6. 1 2 Graham, Chris (March 2014), "Book Review – Lieutenant General Ion Pacepa – Disinformation", The Counter Terrorist, Pacepa's account of life behind the Iron Curtain and life under Vladimir Putin reveals the amount of institutional deception that is necessary to bring an authoritarian government to power and the scope of domestic spying and manipulation that is necessary to retain that power.
  7. 1 2 Timmerman, Kenneth R. (August 7, 2013), "Former Soviet spy sees the long arm of the KGB in today's muslim anti-semitism", Tablet
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 Albright, Scott (November 2014), "Disinformation: By Ion Mihai Pacepa and Ronald J. RychlaK", Distracted Masses, 1 (2): 55, ISBN   978-1-5028-8089-5
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 Taylor, Adam (26 November 2016), "Before 'fake news,' there was Soviet 'disinformation'", The Washington Post
  10. 1 2 Baehr, Ted (2013), "Disinformation: The Secret Strategy to Destroy the West", Movieguide , retrieved 2 June 2017
  11. ↑ Ion Mihai Pacepa and Ronald J. Rychlak (2013), Disinformation: Former Spy Chief Reveals Secret Strategies for Undermining Freedom, Attacking Religion, and Promoting Terrorism, WND Books, pp. 1–8, Various chapters, ISBN   978-1-936488-60-5
  12. 1 2 3 Disinformation and a Dubious Source, Book Review, Victor Gaetan, National Catholic Register (August 2013)
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 Ion Mihai Pacepa and Ronald J. Rychlak (2013), Disinformation: Former Spy Chief Reveals Secret Strategies for Undermining Freedom, Attacking Religion, and Promoting Terrorism, WND Books, pp. 4–6, 34–39, 75, ISBN   978-1-936488-60-5
  14. ↑ Ion Mihai Pacepa and Ronald J. Rychlak (2013), Disinformation: Former Spy Chief Reveals Secret Strategies for Undermining Freedom, Attacking Religion, and Promoting Terrorism, WND Books, pp. 261–264, 292–293, Chapter 33, ISBN   978-1-936488-60-5
  15. ↑ Craciun, Camella (2009), "Monica Lovinescue at Radio Free Europe", in Neubauer, John; Török, Borbála Zsuzsanna (eds.), The Exile and Return of Writers from East-Central Europe: A Compendium, De Gruyter, p. 276, ISBN   978-3-11-021773-5
  16. ↑ Roman, Constantin (2000), Continental Drift: Colliding Continents, Converging Cultures, CRC Press, p. 34, ISBN   978-0-7503-0686-7
  17. 1 2 Tismaneanu, Vladimir (2003), Stalinism for All Seasons: A Political History of Romanian Communism, Society and Culture in East-Central Europe, University of California Press, p. 221, ISBN   978-0-520-23747-6
  18. 1 2 3 4 Stan, Lavinia (2012), Transitional Justice in Post-Communist Romania: The Politics of Memory, Cambridge University Press, p. 172, ISBN   978-1-107-02053-5
  19. 1 2 Kengor, Paul (2012), The Communist, Mercury Ink, pp.  158, 347, ISBN   978-1-4516-9809-1
  20. ↑ West, Nigel (2007), "Pacepa, Ion", Historical Dictionary of Cold War Counterintelligence, Historical Dictionaries of Intelligence and Counterintelligence, Scarecrow Press, p. 254, ISBN   978-0-8108-5770-4
  21. ↑ Trahair, Richard (2012), "Pacepa, Ion Mihai", Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage, Spies, and Secret Operations, Enigma Books, p. 318, ISBN   978-1-936274-25-3
  22. ↑ Leustean, Lucian N. (2008), Ruud van Dijk; William Glenn Gray; Svetlana Savranskaya; Jeremi Suri; Qiang Zhai (eds.), Encyclopedia of the Cold War, Routledge, p. 754, ISBN   978-0-415-97515-5
  23. 1 2 3 Cummings, Richard H. (2009), Cold War Radio: The Dangerous History of American Broadcasting in Europe, 1950–1989, McFarland, p.  97, ISBN   978-0-7864-4138-9
  24. ↑ Ledeen, Michael Arthur (1987), West European Communism and American Foreign Policy, Routledge, p. 132, ISBN   978-0-88738-140-9
  25. 1 2 Wojciech Roszkowski; Jan Kofman, eds. (2008), "Pacepa Ion Mihai", Biographical Dictionary of Central and Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century, Routledge, p. 740, ISBN   978-0-7656-1027-0
  26. ↑ Janne Haaland Matlary; Tormod Heier, eds. (2016), Ukraine and Beyond: Russia's Strategic Security Challenge to Europe, Palgrave Macmillan, p. 205, ISBN   978-3-319-32529-3
  27. 1 2 3 McLean, Edward B. (2008), The Most Dangerous Branch, University Press of America, p. 213, ISBN   978-0-7618-4150-0
  28. 1 2 3 4 Holewinski, Kevin P. (September 4, 2012), Nos. 11–338 & 11–347: Doug Decker v. Northwest Environmental Defense Center; Georgia Pacific West, Inc. v. Northwest Environmental Defense Center. On Writs Of Certiorari To The United States Court Of Appeals For The Ninth Circuit. Briefs of Amici Curiae. Law Professors in Support of Petitioners. (PDF), American Bar Association, p. 4, retrieved June 2, 2017
  29. ↑ Association of American Law Schools (2007), "Rychlak, Ronald J.", The AALS Directory of Law Teachers, West Publishing Company, p. 973, OCLC   182942968
  30. ↑ Writers Directory 2010 V1 A-L, St. James Press, 2009, p. 1722, ISBN   978-1-55862-701-7
  31. 1 2 Gallo, Patrick J., ed. (2005), Pius XII, the Holocaust and the Revisionists, McFarland & Company, p. 214, ISBN   978-0-7864-2374-3
  32. ↑ OCLC   926861117
  33. ↑ OCLC   853619212
  34. ↑ OCLC   953007165
  35. ↑ OCLC   932188453
  36. ↑ OCLC   960464292
  37. ↑ OCLC   962341538
  38. ↑ OCLC   933522261

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