Essex County, Ontario

Last updated

Essex County
County (upper-tier)
County of Essex
Comté d'Essex (French)
Essex County, Ontario Flag (2014 - present).svg
Flag
Map of Ontario ESSEX.svg
Location of Essex County in Ontario
Coordinates: 42°10′N82°47′W / 42.167°N 82.783°W / 42.167; -82.783
CountryCanada
Province Ontario
Settled1749
Named for Essex, England
County seat
Local government 		Town of Essex
Municipalities
List
Government
 • WardenHilda McDonald
 • Deputy WardenJoe Bachetti
Area
[1]
 • Land1,662.73 km2 (641.98 sq mi)
Population
 (2021)
 • Total192,970
Time zone UTC-5 (EST)
 • Summer (DST) UTC-4 (EDT)
Area code(s) 519/226/548
Website www.countyofessex.ca

Essex County is a primarily rural county in Southwestern Ontario, Canada comprising seven municipalities: Amherstburg, Kingsville, Lakeshore, LaSalle, Leamington, Tecumseh and the administrative seat, Essex.

Contents

Administrative divisions

Essex County is composed of seven municipalities (in order of population):

The City of Windsor and the Township of Pelee are within the Essex census division but are not part of Essex County. The census division had a population of 422,860 as of 2021. [2]

Geography

Essex County is largely composed of clay-based soils, with sandy soils along the beaches and shores. For the most part, Essex County is flat farmland, with some woodlots. There is a small 30–50 foot (10–15 m) high ridge near Kingsville and Leamington in the southern part of the county, and large marshland near Hillman Marsh Conservation Area, and Point Pelee National Park. Lake St. Clair is located north, the Detroit River to the west, and the western basin of Lake Erie to the south.

Adjacent counties and municipalities

Climate

Essex County hosts some of the warmest summer weather in Canada, given that it is the southernmost part of Canada. It has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfa) with four distinct seasons and a localized maritime climate from the surrounding Great Lakes.

Average winters are wet and cold with a variety of conditions including rain, snow, freezing rain, sleet and fog. Temperatures and conditions change frequently during the winter months, with short periods of both bitter cold or mild weather. Winter storms are common but usually cause minimal disruption. Essex County resides outside of the Great Lakes snowbelt and doesn't experience intense lake-effect snow accumulation like other surrounding areas, although strong westerlies off Lake Michigan can sometimes push snow squalls into the area.

Summers are hot and humid with an abundance of sunny weather. Like the surrounding Midwestern United States, thunderstorms and severe weather are more frequent during the spring and summer months.

Climate data for Kingsville (1981−2010)
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °C (°F)15.0
(59.0)		16.0
(60.8)		24.5
(76.1)		27.0
(80.6)		31.0
(87.8)		37.5
(99.5)		36.5
(97.7)		36.0
(96.8)		34.5
(94.1)		26.5
(79.7)		20.0
(68.0)		16.0
(60.8)		37.5
(99.5)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)−0.3
(31.5)		1.0
(33.8)		5.7
(42.3)		12.4
(54.3)		19.0
(66.2)		24.3
(75.7)		26.8
(80.2)		25.8
(78.4)		21.8
(71.2)		15.1
(59.2)		8.3
(46.9)		2.3
(36.1)		13.5
(56.3)
Daily mean °C (°F)−3.7
(25.3)		−2.5
(27.5)		1.7
(35.1)		7.9
(46.2)		14.4
(57.9)		19.9
(67.8)		22.5
(72.5)		21.6
(70.9)		17.7
(63.9)		11.1
(52.0)		5.0
(41.0)		−0.6
(30.9)		9.6
(49.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)−7.1
(19.2)		−6.1
(21.0)		−2.3
(27.9)		3.4
(38.1)		9.8
(49.6)		15.6
(60.1)		18.3
(64.9)		17.3
(63.1)		13.5
(56.3)		7.1
(44.8)		1.8
(35.2)		−3.6
(25.5)		5.6
(42.1)
Record low °C (°F)−29.0
(−20.2)		−26.0
(−14.8)		−22.0
(−7.6)		−13.0
(8.6)		−2.0
(28.4)		3.9
(39.0)		6.0
(42.8)		6.0
(42.8)		−0.6
(30.9)		−5.0
(23.0)		−11.5
(11.3)		−23.0
(−9.4)		−29.0
(−20.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches)61.2
(2.41)		59.0
(2.32)		65.0
(2.56)		86.7
(3.41)		84.2
(3.31)		73.3
(2.89)		84.1
(3.31)		81.1
(3.19)		87.9
(3.46)		71.9
(2.83)		79.0
(3.11)		67.3
(2.65)		900.5
(35.45)
Average rainfall mm (inches)32.9
(1.30)		36.8
(1.45)		49.7
(1.96)		84.3
(3.32)		84.2
(3.31)		73.3
(2.89)		84.1
(3.31)		81.1
(3.19)		87.9
(3.46)		71.9
(2.83)		76.4
(3.01)		51.9
(2.04)		814.2
(32.06)
Average snowfall cm (inches)28.3
(11.1)		22.2
(8.7)		15.3
(6.0)		2.4
(0.9)		0.0
(0.0)		0.0
(0.0)		0.0
(0.0)		0.0
(0.0)		0.0
(0.0)		0.0
(0.0)		2.5
(1.0)		15.5
(6.1)		86.3
(34.0)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm)10.79.511.413.012.310.09.38.99.710.711.912.0129.3
Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm)4.65.38.512.412.310.09.38.99.710.711.38.2111.1
Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm)6.54.73.80.730.00.00.00.00.00.080.964.621.4
Source: Environment Canada [3]

History

Colonial settlement

Thames River Lighthouse, in Essex County, Ontario, built in 1818. Lighthousecove(lighthouse).jpg
Thames River Lighthouse, in Essex County, Ontario, built in 1818.

The area that has come to be known as Essex was one of the first counties to be settled by non-indigenous people in Upper Canada, later to become Ontario. The settlements were mostly established by French settlers in the mid-18th century. Around 1749, the first permanent settlements began to appear on what is now the south or Canadian side of the Detroit River, across from the French Fort Detroit. They cultivated long, narrow plots of land along the river. Despite the name, this is not a river as such but rather a strait connecting Lake Huron and the smaller Lake Saint Clair in the north to Lake Erie in the south, as part of the Great Lakes.[ citation needed ]

Lower down the river, lands were occupied by native people known as Wyandot or Huron, around the Jesuit Catholic Mission of Bois Blanc (French for White Wood), opposite the island of the same name. The Mission was eventually abandoned and re-established closer to what became Sandwich Township after the British took over the French territory following the Seven Years' War. It was closer to the safety of the British-fortified Fort Detroit. When farmers arrived, they encountered difficulty in trying to clear the extremely thick forests that covered Essex County. The farmers grew to "hate" the trees, and chopped them down, starved them from nourishment by cutting deep gashes in the bark, and burned them to clear the way to get to the fertile soils underneath. The fires were so intense, that the reddish glow could be seen from Fort Chicago, 300 miles (500 km) away, as millions of cords of wood burned.

Historical map that includes Essex County (1875) Atlas of the Dominion. Counties of Kent and Essex. Province of Ontario. CTASC.jpg
Historical map that includes Essex County (1875)

Settlement continued southward along the river and was known as Petite Côte (Small Coast), which was a reference to the shorter length of river frontage compared to the Detroit/American side. Landmarks were named for settler LaSalle and the local Ojibway, which continue to be in use. The first road in Ontario was laid out to connect the settlements, which is now over 200 years old and is known as Former King's Highway 18 (now County Road 20).

When river frontage along the Petite Côte was occupied, settlement began to extend toward Lake St. Clair, which became known as the "Assumption Settlement", for the name of its Catholic church. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the French ventured east along the south shore of Lake Saint Clair and settled in the present-day areas of Belle River (Belle-Rivière), Rochester, Tecumseh, Saint-Joachim and Stoney Point (Pointe-aux-Roches). These communities still have a large francophone population.

Amherstburg and Sandwich were the first towns established in Essex County, both in 1796 after the British finally ceded and evacuated Fort Detroit along the Detroit River under the terms of the "Jay Treaty". This was negotiated by John Jay, and signed in 1794 following the American Revolutionary War. It was intended to settle the US northern boundary with Canada. It upheld the original boundary lines along the Great Lakes between the US and Upper Canada by the Treaty of Paris of 1783 and the wider set of treaties known as the Peace of Paris, which ended the American Revolution (1775–1783) and overseas European and multi-continental wars. Britain ceded the territory of eastern North America to be the United States.

The British built Fort Malden near Amherstburg, opposite Bois Blanc Island, separating the British military presence from the more heavily populated area of Sandwich upstream, and positioned strategically to control the entrance of the river from Lake Erie and Lake Huron to the north. The populations of both towns were augmented by people immigrating from the southern United States after the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), including from the new City of Detroit, who chose to remain British subjects, known as "Loyalists" or "United Empire Loyalists".

After the American Revolution, and the War of 1812 (1812–1815), which also was a confrontation over the northern border, some people continued to migrate north to the area. Settlers also arrived from the east seeking land, traveling by Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River of Lower Canada. Settlers began to move eastward along the north shore of Lake Erie.

The colonial government purchased land for development from the Indigenous in the southern half of the current county, located in the four townships formerly known as Gosfield North and South, and Colchester North and South. The British Court made land available for settlement, provided that the colonist complete certain improvements within a year and that it not be used for speculation. This area became known as the "New Settlement" (as compared to the "Old Settlement" of the towns of Amherstburg and Sandwich. Settlers in this area included Hessians who fought for the British against the American rebels, (especially known in history at the Battle of Trenton in New Jersey on the morning of December 26, 1776) and Pennsylvania Dutch pacifists (ethnic German Mennonites, many from Pennsylvania).

Formation of Essex County

In 1791, the province of Upper Canada was formed. In 1792, Upper Canada was divided into nineteen counties, of which Essex was the eighteenth and part of the Western District. At that time, the eastern boundary of Essex County extended further east into what is now Kent County. Settlement continued: on January 1, 1800, an Act for the Better Division of the Province established the Townships of Rochester, Mersea, Gosfield, Maidstone, Sandwich and Malden.

Settlement 1820 to 1870

A number of settlements of Black slaves in Essex County are identified on this 1898 map of "Underground" Routes to Canada. "Underground" routes to Canada, Map cropped to display Southern Ontario, Canada.jpg
A number of settlements of Black slaves in Essex County are identified on this 1898 map of "Underground" Routes to Canada.

Longer roads began to appear in the county after the War of 1812, the first of which followed Indian trails. Colonel Thomas Talbot contributed to road development, and Talbot Road was named for him. Talbot Road followed a natural ridge of glacial moraine which stretched from Windsor to Point Pelee.

The establishment of good roads led to further settlement along the 'Middle Road' and in the area of what is now Leamington. Settlers of this era were often emigrants from Britain and Ireland; in the 1840s the Great Famine led to significant immigration. The village of Maidstone was the centre of the Irish community, and an area known as the "Scotch Colony" appeared along the shore of Lake St. Clair to the north.

In 1854 the Great Western Railway connected the Detroit frontier with the east, crossing Essex County. The Canadian terminal was in Windsor, which consequently forged ahead of the other towns of the county. Other railway lines were built that connected settlements in Kingsville, Harrow, Essex and Leamington.

Essex County was also a destination of the Underground Railroad. In the 19th-century Black Americans came to Essex county by way of Pelee's Point, Gosfield (now Kingsville), Colchester, Sandwich, and Windsor. [5] Those who stayed in the area settled in the communities of Fort Malden, Sandwich, New Canaan, Mersea, and nearby Dawn Settlement (now Dresden), Buxton (now North Buxton and South Buxton), Chatham, and Elgin. The major settlement areas were Amherstburg and Windsor. [6] [5] [4] The John Freeman Walls Historic Site in Maidstone (Lakeshore) is testament to this period. Many of the descendants of the fugitives moved back to the United States to support the Northerners (Union Army) in the American Civil War, (1861–1865), or to reconnect with family after emancipation. Many families stayed. [7]

Late 19th century

Map showing the townships of Essex County in 1881. From the Illustrated atlas of the Dominion of Canada. Essex County Ontario 1881.jpg
Map showing the townships of Essex County in 1881. From the Illustrated atlas of the Dominion of Canada.

By the late 19th century Essex County had seen fur trading and logging, land clearing and farming, road building and railway development, saw mills and gristmills, railway stations and water ports. By this time the forests were being removed to make way for farmland.

Also noticeable in some farmers' fields are oil pumps, particularly near Belle River and Leamington, in the northern and eastern parts of the county, respectively. This is from oil shale within the bedrock of the Marcellus Formation.

20th Century

Essex County restructuring, 1990s

Flag of Essex County, in use until 2014. Essex County, Ontario Flag (pre-2014).svg
Flag of Essex County, in use until 2014.

In 1992, discussions began to take place to reduce the number of individual municipalities, which at the time numbered 21 in the county. This culminated on January 1, 1999, when a Minister's Order by the Ontario Minister of Municipal Affairs and Housing was implemented, putting in place the new municipal structure for the County of Essex.

TownshipTownship seat
Anderdon Township Amherstburg
Colchester North Essex
Colchester South Harrow
Gosfield North Cottam
Gosfield South Kingsville
Maidstone Belle River
Malden Malden Centre
Mersea Leamington
Rochester St. Joachim
Sandwich East Windsor
Sandwich South Tecumseh
Sandwich West LaSalle
Tilbury North Stoney Point
Tilbury West Comber

Townships:

Towns:

Demographics

Historical populations
YearPop.±%
1996 152,352—    
2001 165,501+8.6%
2006 176,642+6.7%
2011 177,720+0.6%
2016 181,530+2.1%
2021 192,970+6.3%

As a census division in the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Essex County had a population of 422,860 living in 165,787 of its 174,446 total private dwellings, a change of

Government

The County of Essex is governed by a County Council, whose members are the mayors and deputy mayors from the seven lower-tier municipalities of the county. The Head of Council is known as the Warden. The term of office for County Councillors and the Warden coincides with the frequency of municipal elections in Ontario, in other words a person elected to be Mayor of Leamington, for example, will be a member of County Council for the term that she or he is Mayor. Hilda MacDonald, Mayor of Leamington, was chosen to be Warden at the most recent election. A complete list (from 1853 to present) of the past Wardens of Essex County can be found online. [9]

County government is responsible for issues that include transportation, community and social services (e.g. homes for the aged, child care, social housing), libraries, planning, emergency management coordination and corporate-wide business such as finance and taxation policies, general corporate policy and labour relations. The County does not have a police force or fire services, for which the seven municipalities are responsible.

Education

English-language public education for kindergarten through secondary school grades in Essex County is administered by the Greater Essex County District School Board, along with the Windsor-Essex Catholic District School Board which oversees English-language Catholic education.

French-language public and Catholic education are overseen by the Conseil scolaire Viamonde and the Conseil scolaire catholique Providence respectively. The scope of all of these organizations includes both the County and the City of Windsor.

Until 1998 the Essex County Board of Education operated Anglophone secular public schools.

Public post-secondary education is available at the University of Windsor, St. Clair College, and more recently Collège Boréal.

Infrastructure

Health care

Emergency medical services

Essex-Windsor Emergency Medical Services (EMS) provides pre-hospital treatment and transportation to over 45,000 patients per year. The service operates out of 12 bases, and employs over 260 Primary Care Paramedics. Essex-Windsor EMS covers all of Essex County, Windsor, and Pelee Island. [10]

Economy

Energy

Wind turbines in Essex County, Ontario, Canada. Essexcountywindmills.jpg
Wind turbines in Essex County, Ontario, Canada.

Essex County is home to Canada's largest wind farm as of June 2012. This is due to both its ideal wind conditions and abundance of available farmland. [11]

Agriculture

Essex County has one of Canada's longest growing seasons at 212 days per year. [12] Leamington, a town in Essex County, has also been known for its greenhouses. It now has the largest concentration of commercial greenhouses in all of North America, with nearly 2000 acres of greenhouse vegetable production in the general area. [13] Major products of the greenhouse industry, in addition to tomatoes, are peppers, cannabis, cucumbers, roses, and other flowers.

Major employers include Highbury Canco, Aphria, FortDearborn, Highline Mushrooms, Elring-Klinger, Nature Fresh Farms, Hub International, Lakeside Produce and AMCO Farms.

Tourism

Essex County is home to 13 VQA wineries that are a part of Ontario's southernmost appellation. At the same latitude as the Mediterranean, the Lake Erie North Shore Region provides a unique climate in a continental region.

Tartan

Essex County's Official Tartan. EssexCountyTartan.jpg
Essex County's Official Tartan.

Essex County also has an official tartan.

The tartan's colours correspond to different meanings.

Notable people

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Leamington, Ontario</span> Town in Ontario, Canada

Leamington is a municipality in Essex County, Ontario, Canada. With a population of 29,680 in the Canada 2021 Census, it forms the second largest urban centre in Windsor-Essex County after Windsor, Ontario. It includes Point Pelee National Park, the southernmost point of mainland Canada.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tecumseh, Ontario</span> Town in Ontario, Canada

Tecumseh is a town in Essex County in Southwestern Ontario, Canada. It is on Lake St. Clair east of Windsor and had a population of roughly 23,300 as of the 2021 census according to Statistics Canada. It is part of the Windsor census metropolitan area, and is a part of the Windsor-Essex County region along with the towns of Amherstburg, Essex, Kingsville, LaSalle, and the municipalities of Lakeshore and Leamington. Tecumseh was originally a Franco-Ontarian settlement.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kingsville, Ontario</span> Town in Ontario, Canada

Kingsville is a town in Essex County in southwestern Ontario, Canada. It is Canada's southernmost municipality with town status. The town had a population of 22,119 in the Canada 2021 Census a 2.6% increase from the previous census figure of 21,552 in the Canada 2016 Census.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lakeshore, Ontario</span> Town in Ontario, Canada

Lakeshore is a municipality on Lake St. Clair, in Essex County, Ontario, Canada. It was incorporated in 1999 by amalgamating the Town of Belle River with the townships of Maidstone, Rochester, Tilbury North, and Tilbury West. It is the largest and the most populous municipality within Essex County. However, it is part of the Windsor census metropolitan area.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Essex, Ontario</span> Town in Ontario, Canada

Essex is a town with a population of 21,216 in Essex County in southwestern Ontario, Canada, whose municipal borders extend to Lake Erie. Essex is also the name of the largest community within the municipality.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Southwestern Ontario</span> Secondary region in Ontario, Canada

Southwestern Ontario is a secondary region of Southern Ontario in the Canadian province of Ontario. It occupies most of the Ontario Peninsula bounded by Lake Huron, including Georgian Bay, to the north and northwest; the St. Clair River, Lake St. Clair, and Detroit River, to the west; and Lake Erie to the south. To the east, on land, Southwestern Ontario is bounded by Central Ontario and the Golden Horseshoe.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Essex (federal electoral district)</span> Federal electoral district in Ontario, Canada

Essex is a federal electoral district in Ontario, Canada, represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1882 and since 1968.

Essex South was a federal and provincial electoral district represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1882 to 1968. It was located in the province of Ontario. This riding was created in 1882 from parts of Essex riding.

Essex—Kent was a federal electoral district in Ontario that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1979 to 1997.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Greater Essex County District School Board</span> School board in Ontario, Canada

The Greater Essex County District School Board was created on January 1, 1998, with the amalgamation of the Windsor Board of Education and the Essex County Board of Education. The school board services families in both Windsor, Ontario and Essex County, Ontario in Canada.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Transit Windsor</span> Public transit operator in Windsor, Ontario, Canada

Transit Windsor provides public transportation in the city of Windsor, Ontario, Canada as well as LaSalle, Essex, Kingsville, Amherstburg and Leamington and serves more than 6 million passengers each year, covering an area of 310 km2 (120 sq mi) and a population of 235,000. They operate a cross border service between the downtown areas of Windsor and Detroit, Michigan, U.S via the Tunnel Bus, and service to events at Detroit's Comerica Park, Little Caesars Arena, Huntington Place, and Ford Field. The Windsor International Transit Terminal neighbours with the Windsor International Aquatic and Training Centre.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Detroit–Windsor</span> Transborder agglomeration

The Detroit–Windsor region is an international transborder agglomeration named for the American city of Detroit, Michigan, the Canadian city of Windsor, Ontario, and the Detroit River, which separates them. The Detroit–Windsor area acts as a critical commercial link straddling the Canada–United States border and has a total population of 5,976,595. It is North America's largest cross-border conurbation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ontario Highway 77</span> Ontario provincial highway

King's Highway 77, commonly referred to as Highway 77, is a provincially maintained highway in the Canadian province of Ontario. One of three highways within Essex County, Highway 77 serves to interconnect Highway 3 near Leamington with Highway 401 near Tilbury. Prior to 1998, the highway extended south into Leamington, ending at the former routing of Highway 3 and Highway 18. This section was turned over to Essex County and renamed Erie Street. The speed limit on Highway 77 is 80 km/h (50 mph) in most places, dropping to 50 km/h in built-up areas. It is patrolled by the Ontario Provincial Police.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ontario Highway 18</span> Former Ontario provincial highway

King's Highway 18, commonly referred to as Highway 18, was a provincially maintained highway in the Canadian province of Ontario, located entirely within Essex County. Since 1998, the majority of the former route has been known as Essex County Road 20. The route travelled at the southernmost point in Canada, along or near the shoreline of the Detroit River and Lake Erie between Windsor and Leamington, with Highway 3 as the terminus at both ends. The former route provides access to the communities of LaSalle, Amherstburg, Malden Centre, Harrow, Kingsville and Union.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Windsor, Ontario Streetcar System</span>

Windsor, Ontario was the first Canadian city with an electric street car system, which was introduced in 1886. Other Canadian cities soon followed suit, with St. Catharines in 1887 and Toronto in 1889. By World War I, nearly 50 Canadian cities had streetcar systems in place. By the time Windsor's streetcar system was dismantled in 1937, the system's scale was extensive and it serviced all 5 of the major riverfront communities of Windsor, Ford City, Sandwich, Walkerville and Ojibway.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Caldwell First Nation</span> Indian reserve in Ontario, Canada

The Caldwell First Nation is a First Nations band government whose land base is located in Leamington, Ontario, Canada. They are an Anishinaabe group, part of the Three Fires Confederacy, comprising the bands Potawatomi, Odawa, and Ojibwa, whose members are originally of the Mikinaak (Turtle) and the Makwa (Bear) dodems. The Caldwell First Nation are a distinct and federally recognized Indian band and used to be referred to by such names as the "Chippewas of Pelee", "Point Pelee Indians" and "Caldwell's band of Indians."

The Kingsville Reporter was a weekly newspaper published in Kingsville, Ontario, Canada. Owned by Postmedia Network, it published papers every Tuesday.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2022 Essex County municipal elections</span> Local election in Ontario, Canada

Municipal elections were held in Essex County in Ontario on October 24, 2022, in conjunction with municipal elections across the province.

References

  1. ↑ "Essex County census profile". 2011 Census of Population . Statistics Canada. Archived from the original on August 19, 2016. Retrieved March 28, 2012.
  2. ↑ "Essex, County [Census division] census profile". Statistics Canada. February 9, 2022. Retrieved September 24, 2022.
  3. ↑ "Kingsville MOE". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. October 31, 2011. Retrieved April 9, 2014.
  4. 1 2 Chadwick, Bruce (1999). Traveling the underground railroad : a visitor's guide to more than 300 sites . Secaucus, NJ: Carol Pub. Group. p.  272. ISBN   0806520930.
  5. 1 2 Switala, William (2006). Underground railroad in New Jersey and New York. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. p. 144. ISBN   9780811746298.
  6. ↑ G., Hill, Daniel (1981). The freedom-seekers : Blacks in early Canada. Agincourt, Canada: Book Society of Canada. p. 48. ISBN   0772552835. OCLC   8114887.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ↑ de B’béri, Boulou Ebanda; Reid-Maroney, Nina; Wright, Handel Kashope (2014). The Promised Land: History and Historiography of the Black Experience in Chatham-Kent's Settlements and Beyond. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN   9781442667464.
  8. ↑ "Population and dwelling counts: Canada and census divisions". Statistics Canada. February 9, 2022. Retrieved April 2, 2022.
  9. ↑ "County of Essex: Wardens of Essex County (1853-2014)". Archived from the original on December 3, 2013.
  10. ↑ "Essex-Windsor Emergency Medical Services (EMS)". County of Essex. Retrieved December 1, 2015.
  11. ↑ Hall, Dave (June 5, 2012). "Essex County home to Canada's largest wind farm". Windsor Star. Retrieved October 14, 2017.
  12. ↑ "Community Profile". www.countyofessex.ca. April 24, 2024. Retrieved September 27, 2024.
  13. ↑ "Key Industries". www.leamington.ca. January 30, 2023. Retrieved September 27, 2024.

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