List of Underground Railroad sites

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Underground Railroad routes Undergroundrailroadsmall2.jpg
Underground Railroad routes

The list of Underground Railroad sites includes abolitionist locations of sanctuary, support, and transport for former slaves in 19th century North America before and during the American Civil War. It also includes sites closely associated with people who worked to achieve personal freedom for all Americans in the movement to end slavery in the United States.

Contents

The list of validated or authenticated Underground Railroad and Network to Freedom sites is sorted within state or province, by location.

Canada

"Keeping the Flames of Freedom Alive", Underground Railroad Monument in Windsor, Ontario, Canada. Detroit, Michigan is in the background. Underground Railroad Monument Windsor Canada.jpg
"Keeping the Flames of Freedom Alive", Underground Railroad Monument in Windsor, Ontario, Canada. Detroit, Michigan is in the background.

The Act Against Slavery of 1793 stated that any enslaved person would become free on arrival in Upper Canada. A network of routes led from the United States to Upper and Lower Canada. [1]

Ontario

  1. Amherstburg Freedom Museum – Amherstburg. [2] The museum uses historical artifacts, Black heritage exhibits, and video presentations to share the story of how Africans were forced into slavery and the made their way to Canada. [3]
  2. Fort Malden – Amherstburg [4] One of the routes to Ontario was to cross Lake Erie from Sandusky, Ohio to Fort Malden. Another route to Fort Malden was traveling across the Detroit River into Canada and then across to Amherstburg. A number of fugitive slaves lived in the area and Isaac J. Rice established himself as a missionary, operating a school for black children. [5]
  3. Buxton National Historic Site and Elgin settlement – Chatham, Ontario [1] [6] The Elgin settlement was established by a Presbyterian minister, Reverend William King, with fifteen former slaved on November 28, 1849. King came from Ohio, where he inherited fourteen enslaved people from his father-in-law and acquired another and set them free. King intended the Elgin settlement to a refuge for runaway enslaved people. The Buxton Mission was established at the settlement. [7]
  4. Uncle Tom's Cabin Historic Site and Dawn Settlement – Dresden. [1] [2] Rev. Josiah Henson, a former enslaved man who fled slavery via the Underground Railroad with his wife Nancy and their children, was a cofounder of the Dawn Settlement in 1841. Dawn Settlement was designed to be a community for black refugees, where children and adults could receive an education and develop skills so that they could prosper. They exported tobacco, grain, and black walnut lumber to the United States and Britain. [8]
  5. John R. Park Homestead Conservation Area – Essex. The Park Homestead was a station on the Underground Railroad. [9] [10]
  6. John Freeman Walls Historic Site – Lakeshore. [1] [2] John Freeman Walls, left his enslavers in North Carolina and settled in Canada. The Refugee Home Society supplied the money to buy land and he built a cabin. Church services were held there before the Puce Baptist Church was built. It was also a terminal stop on the Underground Railroad. Walls and his family stayed in Canada after the American Civil War. [11]
  7. Queen's Bush – Mapleton. [1] Beginning in 1820, African American pioneers settled in the open lands of Queen's Bush. More than 1,500 blacks set up farms and created a community with churches and Mount Pleasant and Mount Hope schools, which were taught by American missionaries. [12]
  8. St. Catharines – Harriet Tubman lived in St. Catharines and attended the Salem Chapel for ten years. After she freed herself from slavery, she helped other enslaved people reach freedom in Canada. The town was a final stop on the Underground Railroad for many people. [13]
  9. Sandwich First Baptist Church – Windsor. [1] The church was built just over the border from the United States in Windsor, Ontario by blacks who came to Canada to live free. For its role in the lives of its congregants and as a sanctuary for fugitive slaves, it was designated a National Historic Site in 1999. [14]

Nova Scotia

African-American people settled in Nova Scotia since 1749. [15]

  1. Birchtown National Historic Site – Birchtown. [1] It was a settlement of black people from Colonial America, who served the British during the American Revolutionary War in exchange for their freedom. Birchtown was the largest community of free black people in British North America during the late 18th century. [1] [16]
  2. Africville – Halifax. [1] Black people settled in Africville beginning in 1848. Black residents did not have the same services as white people, like clean water and sewers, and lived on land that was not arable. Some were able to make a living for themselves and build a community with a Baptist church, a school, stores, and a post office. A plan was initiated to relocate families and raze the site of the town. [15]

United States

Colorado

  1. Barney L. Ford Building — Denver, associated with escaped slave Barney Ford, who became a quite successful businessman and led political action towards Black voting rights in Colorado. [17] He used the Underground Railroad (UGRR) to flee slavery and supported UGRR activities. [18]

Connecticut

Austin F. Williams Carriagehouse and House, Farmington Austin F. Williams Carriagehouse and House, August 31, 2008.jpg
Austin F. Williams Carriagehouse and House, Farmington
  1. Francis Gillette House — Bloomfield [19]
  2. Austin F. Williams Carriagehouse and House — Farmington. [17] Built in the mid-19th century, the property was designated a National Historic Landmark for the role it played in the celebrated case of the Amistad Africans, and as a "station" on the Underground Railroad. [20]
  3. First Church of Christ, Congregational — Farmington [21] The church was a hub of the Underground Railroad, and became involved in the celebrated case of the African slaves who revolted on the Spanish vessel La Amistad . When the Africans who had participated in the revolt were released in 1841, they came to Farmington. [20]
  4. Polly and William Wakeman House — Wilton. The Wakemans were among a group of abolitionists in Wilton who helped runaway slaves. Underneath their house was a tunnel that was accessed by a trap door. They took people on late-night trips to neighboring towns on the Underground Railroad. [22] [23]

Delaware

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New Castle
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Camden
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Wilmington
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Dover
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Odessa
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UGRR Sites in Delaware
  1. Camden Friends Meetinghouse — Camden [24] Quaker meeting house (built in 1806) of Camden Monthly Meeting, several of whose members were active in the Underground Railroad, including John Hunn, who is buried in its cemetery.
  2. John Dickinson Plantation — Dover [24]
  3. New Castle Court House — New Castle [17]
  4. Appoquinimink Friends Meetinghouse — Odessa [17]
  5. Corbit–Sharp House — Odessa [24]
  6. The Tilly Escape site, Gateway to Freedom: Harriet Tubman's Daring Route through Seaford — Seaford [24] [25]
  7. Friends Meeting House — Wilmington [17]
  8. Thomas Garrett House — Wilmington [24]

District of Columbia

  1. Blanche K. Bruce House [24]
  2. Camp Greene and Contraband Camp [24]
  3. Frederick Douglass National Historic Site [17]
  4. Howard University, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center [24]
  5. Leonard Grimes Property Site [24]
  6. Mary Ann Shadd Cary House [17]
  7. Pearl incident at 7th Street Dock [24] [26]

Florida

  1. Negro Fort, also known as British Fort and Fort Gadsden — near Sumatra, Franklin County [17] [27]
  2. Fort Mosé — St. John's County [17]

Georgia

  1. First African Baptist Church — Savannah [27]
  2. Dr. Robert Collins House - William and Ellen Craft Escape Site (NRHP site) — Macon [24]

Illinois

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Graue Mill & Museum
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Wheaton College
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John Hossack House
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Owen Lovejoy House
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Beecher Hall
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Dr. Richard Eell's House
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Dr. Hiram Rutherford House
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Old Rock House
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Wheeler House
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UGRR Sites in Illinois
  1. Old Rock House — Alton [28] [29] [30]
  2. New Philadelphia Town Site — Barry [24]
  3. Quinn Chapel AME Church — Brooklyn [24]
  4. Lucius Read House — Byron [24]
  5. Galesburg Colony UGRR Freedom Station at Knox College — Galesburg [24]
  6. Beecher Hall, Illinois College — Jacksonville [17]
  7. Graue Mill — Oak Brook [27] [31]
  8. Dr. Hiram Rutherford House and Office — Oakland [17]
  9. Owen Lovejoy House — Princeton [17]
  10. John Hossack House — Ottawa [17]
  11. Dr. Richard Eells House — Quincy [17] [32]
  12. Maple Lane (Reverend Asa Turner House) – Quincy [33]
  13. Mission Institute Number One – Quincy [34] [33]
  14. Mission Institute Number Two – Quincy [34] [33]
  15. Oakland (Dr. David Nelson House) – Quincy [34] [33]
  16. Blanchard Hall, Wheaton College — Wheaton [24]

Indiana

Eleutherian College, Lancaster, Indiana built in 1856 Eleutherian College from northwest in evening.jpg
Eleutherian College, Lancaster, Indiana built in 1856
  1. Levi Coffin House — Fountain City [17]
  2. Bethel AME Church — Indianapolis [17]
  3. Eleutherian College Classroom and Chapel Building — Lancaster [17]
  4. Lyman and Asenath Hoyt House — Madison [17]
  5. Madison Historic District — Madison [17]
  6. Town Clock Church (now Second Baptist Church) — New Albany [35]
  7. Quinn House, within Old Richmond Historic District — Richmond [27]
  8. Phanuel Lutheran Church — Southeastern Fountain County [36]

Iowa

  1. First Congregational Church — Burlington [37]
  2. Horace Anthony House — Camanche [38]
  3. Reverend George B. Hitchcock House — Lewis vicinity [17]
  4. Henderson Lewelling House — Salem [17]
  5. Todd House — Tabor [17]
  6. Jordan House — West Des Moines [17]

Kansas

  1. Fort Scott National Historic Site — Bourbon County [17]
  2. John Brown Cabin — Osawatomie [17]

Maine

  1. Harriet Beecher Stowe House — Brunswick [17]
  2. Abyssinian Meeting House — Portland [17]
  3. Maple Grove Friends Church — Fort Fairfield

Maryland

Harriet Tubman, c. 1868-1869, who was a significant figure in the history of the Underground Railroad. The Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad National Historical Park in Cambridge recognizes her efforts to free enslaved people Harriet Tubman c1868-69 (cropped 2).jpg
Harriet Tubman, c. 1868–1869, who was a significant figure in the history of the Underground Railroad. The Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad National Historical Park in Cambridge recognizes her efforts to free enslaved people
  1. President Street Station — Baltimore [27]
  2. Harriet Tubman's birthplace — Dorchester County [39] [40]
  3. Riley-Bolten House — North Bethesda [17]
  4. John Brown's Headquarters — Sample's Manor [17]

Massachusetts

  1. African American National Historic Site — Boston [17]
  2. William Lloyd Garrison House — Boston [17]
  3. Black Heritage Trail, including the Lewis and Harriet Hayden House — Boston [27] [24] [41]
  4. William Ingersoll Bowditch House — Brookline [17]
  5. Mount Auburn Cemetery — Cambridge [17]
  6. The Wayside — Concord [17]
  7. George Luther Stearns Estate — Medford [42]
  8. Nathan and Mary Johnson House — New Bedford [17]
  9. Jackson Homestead — Newton [17]
  10. Ross Farm — Northampton [17]
  11. Dorsey–Jones House — Northampton [17]
  12. Liberty Farm — Worcester [17]

Michigan

  1. Guy Beckley — Ann Arbor. Underground Railroad promoter and station master and anti-slavery lecturer. The Guy Beckley House is on the Underground Railroad Network to Freedom. [43]
  2. Erastus and Sarah Hussey — Battle Creek [44]
  3. Second Baptist Church — Detroit [17]
  4. Dr. Nathan M. Thomas House — Schoolcraft [17]
  5. Wright Modlin — Williamsville, Cass County. His house was a railroad station, but he often traveled south to the Ohio River (a border between the free and slave states) or into Kentucky where he found people escaping slavery and brought them up to Cass County. He was so successful that it angered Kentuckian slaveholders, who instigated the Kentucky raid on Cass County in 1847. He was also a central figure in The South Bend Fugitive Slave case. [45]

Nebraska

  1. Mayhew Cabin — Nebraska City [17]

New Jersey

Grimes Homestead, Mountain Lakes, New Jersey GRIMES HOMESTEAD, MOUNTAIN LAKES, MORRIS COUNTY.jpg
Grimes Homestead, Mountain Lakes, New Jersey
  1. Holden Hilton House — Jersey City [46]
  2. Thomas Vreeland Jackson and John Vreeland Jackson house — Jersey City [46]
  3. Mott House — Lawnside Borough [17] [47]
  4. Red Maple Farm — Monmouth Junction [48]
  5. Grimes Homestead — Mountain Lakes [17] [47]
  6. Rhoads Chapel — Saddlertown, Haddon Township [49]
  7. Bethel AME Church — Springtown [17] [47]
  8. Mortonson-Van Leer Log Cabin — Swedesboro [50]
  9. Mount Zion African Methodist Episcopal Church — Woolwich Township [17] [47]

New York

  1. Edwin Weyburn Goodwin — Albany [51]
  2. Stephen and Harriet Myers House — Albany [24] [52]
  3. Allegany County network: Baylies Bassett — Alfred and others (including Henry Crandall Home — Almond; William Sortore Farm — Belmont); Marcus Lucas Home — Corning; Thatcher Brothers — Hornell, McBurney House — Canisteo (now in town of Hornellsville); William Knight — Scio [53] [54]
  4. Harriet Tubman House and Thompson AME Zion Church — Auburn [17] [55]
  5. North Star Underground Railroad Museum — Ausable Chasm [17] [53]
  6. Michigan Street Baptist Church — Buffalo [27]
  7. Cadiz, Franklinville area network: Merlin Mead House and others, including John Burlingame, Alfred Rice, Isaac Searle, and the owner of the Stagecoach Inn [56]
  8. McClew Farm at Murphy Orchards — Burt [24] [57]
  9. St. James AME Zion Church — Ithaca [17] [52]
  10. John Brown Farm State Historic Site — Lake Placid [17]
  11. Starr Clock Tinshop — Mexico [17]
  12. Abolitionist Place — New York City: Brooklyn. Abolitionist Place is a section of Duffield Street in downtown Brooklyn that used to be a center of anti-slavery and Underground Railroad activity. New York City was one of the busiest ports in the world in the 19th century. Some freedom seekers traveled aboard ships amongst cargo, like tobacco or cotton from the Southern United States and arrived in Brooklyn a few blocks away from Abolitionist Place. Underground Railroad conductors helped these freedom seekers, as well as people who traveled north on the Underground Railroad. They were provided needed shelter, like at the Plymouth Church of the Pilgrims; clothing; and food. [58]
  13. Plymouth Church of the Pilgrims — New York City: Brooklyn [17] [52]
  14. Niagara Falls Underground Railroad Heritage Center — Niagara Falls [55]
  15. Chappaqua Friends Meeting House - Chappaqua, New York [59]
  16. Buckout-Jones Building — Oswego [24]
  17. Edwin W. and Charlotte Clarke House — Oswego [17] [24]
  18. Hamilton and Rhoda Littlefield House — Oswego [24]
  19. John B. and Lydia Edwards House — Oswego [17] [24]
  20. John Jay Homestead - Bedford/Katonah [59]
  21. Orson Ames House — Mexico, Oswego County [17]
  22. Oswego Market House — Oswego [24]
  23. Oswego School District Public Library (presumably the Oswego City Library) — Oswego [24]
  24. Richardson-Bates House Museum — Oswego [24]
  25. Tudor E. Grant — Oswego [24]
  26. Gerrit Smith Estate and Land Office — Peterboro [17]
  27. Smithfield Community Center — Peterboro, formerly a church; first meeting of New York Anti-Slavery Society held there; houses National Abolition Hall of Fame and Museum. [60]
  28. Samuel and Elizabeth Cuyler House Site — Pultneyville [24]
  29. Foster Memorial AME Zion Church — Tarrytown [17] [52]
  30. Eber Pettit Home - Versailles [56]

North Carolina

  1. Guilford College Woods meeting place, Guilford College — Greensboro [61]
  2. Freedmen's Colony of Roanoke Island Network to Freedom site — Manteo, Outer Banks [24] [62]

Ohio

Harriet Beecher Stowe House in Cincinnati, Ohio HarrietBeecherStoweHouse.jpg
Harriet Beecher Stowe House in Cincinnati, Ohio
  1. Col. William Hubbard House — Ashtabula [17]
  2. Captain Jonathan Stone House — Belpre [63]
  3. Harriet Beecher Stowe House — Cincinnati [17]
  4. House of Peter and Sarah M. Fossett — Cincinnati / Cumminsville [64] [65]
  5. Samuel and Sally Wilson House — Cincinnati [17]
  6. James and Sophia Clemens Farmstead — Greenville [17]
  7. Sawyer–Curtis House — Little Hocking [66]
  8. Mount Pleasant Historic District — Mt. Pleasant [17]
  9. Reuben Benedict House — Marengo [17]
  10. Spring Hill — Massillon [17]
  11. Wilson Bruce Evans House — Oberlin [17]
  12. John P. Parker House — Ripley [17]
  13. John Rankin House — Ripley [17]
  14. Daniel Howell Hise House — Salem [17]
  15. Rush R. Sloane House — Sandusky [17]
  16. George W. Adams House / Prospect Place — Trinway [67]
  17. Iberia — Washington Township, Morrow County [68]
  18. Putnam Historic District — Zanesville [17]

Pennsylvania

John Brown House in Chambersburg JBrown Chambersburg PA.JPG
John Brown House in Chambersburg
People's Hall in Ercildoun Eercildoun PA A.JPG
People's Hall in Ercildoun
  1. Kaufman's Station — Boiling Springs [24]
  2. Oakdale — Chadds Ford [17]
  3. John Brown House — Chambersburg [17]
  4. Dobbin House — Gettysburg [27]
  5. Thaddeus Stevens Home and Law Office – Lancaster [24]
  6. Johnson House — Philadelphia [17]
  7. Hosanna Meeting House — Chester County [69]
  8. Liberty Bell, Independence National Historical Park — Philadelphia [27]
  9. White Horse Farm — Phoenixville [17]
  10. Hovenden House, Barn and Abolition Hall — Plymouth Meeting [70]
  11. Bethel AME Zion Church — Reading [17]
  12. F. Julius LeMoyne House — Washington [17]
  13. William Goodrich House — York [24] [27]
  14. Eusebius Barnard House — Pocopson [71]
  15. Van Leer Cabin — Tredyffrin

Rhode Island

  1. Isaac Rice Homestead — Newport [27]

Tennessee

Burkle Estate (Slavehaven) in Memphis, Tennessee. Burkle estate memphis front 2.jpg
Burkle Estate (Slavehaven) in Memphis, Tennessee.
  1. Burkle Estate was possibly a station and is now Slave Haven Underground Railroad Museum — Memphis [27] [72]
  2. Hunt-Phelan House — Memphis [27] [73]

Texas

  1. Matilda and Nathaniel Jackson
  2. Silvia and John Webber

Vermont

  1. Rowland E. Robinson House, Rokeby — Ferrisburgh [17]

Virgin Islands

  1. Annaberg Sugar Plantation and School — St. John [27]

Virginia

  1. Bruin's Slave Jail — Alexandria [17]
  2. Rochelle–Prince House / Nat Turner Historic District — Courtland [27]
  3. Moncure Conway House — Falmouth [17]
  4. Theodore Roosevelt Island — Rosslyn [17]
  5. Fort Monroe — Hampton [17]

West Virginia

  1. Z. D. Ramsdell House — Ceredo [74]
  2. Jefferson County Courthouse — Charles Town [17]
  3. Harpers Ferry National Historical Park — Harpers Ferry [17]
  4. Wheeling Hotel — Wheeling [27]

Wisconsin

  1. Milton House — Milton [17]
  2. Joshua Glover — Milwaukee [24]
  3. Lyman Goodnow — Waukesha. Conductor, led 16-year-old Caroline Quarlls, the first known freedom seeker along Wisconsin's Underground Railroad, from Wisconsin to Canada. [75]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Underground Railroad</span> Network for fugitive slaves in 19th-century U.S.

The Underground Railroad was a network of secret routes and safe houses established in the United States during the early to mid-19th century. It was used by enslaved African Americans primarily to escape into free states and from there to Canada. The network, primarily the work of free African Americans, was assisted by abolitionists and others sympathetic to the cause of the escapees. The slaves who risked capture and those who aided them are also collectively referred to as the passengers and conductors of the "Underground Railroad". Various other routes led to Mexico, where slavery had been abolished, and to islands in the Caribbean that were not part of the slave trade. An earlier escape route running south toward Florida, then a Spanish possession, existed from the late 17th century until approximately 1790. However, the network now generally known as the Underground Railroad began in the late 18th century. It ran north and grew steadily until the Emancipation Proclamation was signed by President Abraham Lincoln. One estimate suggests that, by 1850, approximately 100,000 slaves had escaped to freedom via the network.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">William Still</span> American abolitionist, writer, businessman

William Still was an African-American abolitionist based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He was a conductor of the Underground Railroad and was responsible for aiding and assisting at least 649 slaves to freedom towards North. Still was also a businessman, writer, historian and civil rights activist. Before the American Civil War, Still was chairman of the Vigilance Committee of the Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society, named the Vigilant Association of Philadelphia. He directly aided fugitive slaves and also kept records of the people served in order to help families reunite.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">National Underground Railroad Freedom Center</span> Museum in Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.

The National Underground Railroad Freedom Center is a museum in downtown Cincinnati, Ohio, based on the history of the Underground Railroad. Opened in 2004, the center also pays tribute to all efforts to "abolish human enslavement and secure freedom for all people."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fugitive slaves in the United States</span> Aspect of history

In the United States, fugitive slaves or runaway slaves were terms used in the 18th and 19th centuries to describe people who fled slavery. The term also refers to the federal Fugitive Slave Acts of 1793 and 1850. Such people are also called freedom seekers to avoid implying that the enslaved person had committed a crime and that the slaveholder was the injured party.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thomas Garrett</span> American abolitionist

Thomas Garrett was an American abolitionist and leader in the Underground Railroad movement before the American Civil War. He helped more than 2,500 African Americans escape slavery.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">John Hunn (farmer)</span> American farmer and abolitionist (1818–1894)

John Hunn was an American farmer and abolitionist who was a "station master" of the Underground Railroad in Delaware, the southernmost stationmaster and responsible for slaves escaping up the Delmarva Peninsula.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cyrus Gates Farmstead</span> Historic house in New York, United States

The Cyrus Gates Farmstead is located in Maine, New York. Cyrus Gates was a cartographer and map maker for New York State, as well as an abolitionist. The great granddaughter of Cyrus-Louise Gates-Gunsalus has stated that from 1848 until the end of slavery in the United States in 1865, the Cyrus Gates Farmstead was a station or stop on the Underground Railroad. Its owners, Cyrus and Arabella Gates, were outspoken abolitionists as well as active and vital members of their community. Historian Shirley L. Woodward states that through those years escaped slaves came through the Gates' station.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Samuel Burris</span>

Samuel D. Burris was a member of the Underground Railroad. He had a family, who he moved to Philadelphia for safety and traveled into Maryland and Delaware to guide freedom seekers north along the Underground Railroad to Pennsylvania.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Songs of the Underground Railroad</span> Spiritual and work songs

Songs of the Underground Railroad were spiritual and work songs used during the early-to-mid 19th century in the United States to encourage and convey coded information to escaping slaves as they moved along the various Underground Railroad routes. As it was illegal in most slave states to teach slaves to read or write, songs were used to communicate messages and directions about when, where, and how to escape, and warned of dangers and obstacles along the route.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Harriet Tubman National Historical Park</span> National Historical Park of the United States

Harriet Tubman National Historical Park is a US historical park in Auburn and Fleming, New York. Associated with the life of Harriet Tubman, it has three properties: the Harriet Tubman Home for the Aged, in Auburn; the nearby Harriet Tubman Residence, just across the city/town line in Fleming; and the Thompson A.M.E. Zion Church in Auburn. They are located at 180 and 182 South Street and 90 Franklin Street, respectively. The Zion Church unit is administered by the National Park Service (NPS), and the South Street properties, including a historic barn and a visitor center, are jointly managed and operated by both the NPS and the Harriet Tubman Home, Inc. The church also works with the NPS in park operations. The Harriet Tubman Grave, in nearby Fort Hill Cemetery, is not part of the park.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">British Methodist Episcopal Church, Salem Chapel</span> Historic site in St. Catharines, Ontario

The British Methodist Episcopal (BME) Church, Salem Chapel was founded in 1820 by African-American freedom seekers in St. Catharines, Ontario. It is located at 92 Geneva St., in the heart of Old St. Catharines. The church is a valued historical site due to its design, and its important associations with abolitionist activity.

The Underground Railroad Bicycle Route is a 2,000-mile bicycle touring route from Mobile, Alabama, to Owen Sound, Ontario. It was developed by Adventure Cycling Association with the Center for Minority Health at the University of Pittsburgh. The route was built to loosely follow the Underground Railroad, the network of paths that African American slaves used to escape to the Northern United States and Canada.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Visitor Center</span> History museum in Maryland, U.S.

The Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Visitor Center is a visitors' center and history museum located on the grounds of the Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad State Park in Church Creek, Maryland, in the United States. The state park is surrounded by the Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge, whose north side is bordered by the Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad National Historical Park. Jointly created and managed by the National Park Service and Maryland Park Service, the visitor center opened on March 10, 2017.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Underground Railroad in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania</span>

The Underground Railroad in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania was a critical hub of the American Underground Railroad network, which helped men, women and children to escape the system of chattel slavery that existed in the United States during the nineteenth century.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Harriet Tubman's birthplace</span>

Harriet Tubman's birthplace is in Dorchester County, Maryland. Araminta Ross, the daughter of Benjamin (Ben) and Harriet (Rit) Greene Ross, was born into slavery in 1822 in her father's cabin. It was located on the farm of Anthony Thompson at Peter's Neck, at the end of Harrisville Road, which is now part of the Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Harriet Tubman's family</span> Family of American abolitionist

Harriet Tubman (1822 – 1913) was an American abolitionist and political activist. Tubman escaped slavery and rescued approximately 70 enslaved people, including members of her family and friends. Harriet Tubman's family includes her birth family; her two husbands, John Tubman and Nelson Davis; and her adopted daughter Gertie Davis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tilly Escape</span> Slave escape aided by Harriet Tubman

The Tilly Escape occurred in October 1856 when an enslaved woman, Tilly, was led by Harriet Tubman from slavery in Baltimore to safety in Philadelphia. Historians who have studied Tubman consider it "one of her most complicated and clever escape attempts." It was a risky trip because Tubman and Tilly would not have been able to travel directly from Baltimore to Philadelphia without proof that they were free women. In addition, local slave traders would have recognized strangers. Tubman sought to evade capture by going south, before heading north, and using different modes of transportation over water and land.

The Dover Eight refers to a group of eight black people who escaped their slaveholders of the Bucktown, Maryland area around March 8, 1857. They were helped along the way by a number of people from the Underground Railroad, except for Thomas Otwell, who turned them in once they had made it north to Dover, Delaware. There, they were lured to the Dover jail with the intention of getting the $3,000 reward for the eight men. The Dover Eight escaped the jail and made it to Canada.

William Brinkley was a conductor on the Underground Railroad who helped more than 100 people achieve freedom by traveling from Camden, Delaware past the "notoriously dangerous" towns of Dover and Smyrna north to Blackbird and sometimes as far as Wilmington, which was also very dangerous for runaway enslaved people. Some of his key rescues include the Tilly Escape of 1856, the Dover Eight in the spring of 1857, and the rescue of 28 people, more than half of which were children, from Dorchester County, Maryland. He had a number of pathways that he would take to various destinations, aided by his brother Nathaniel and Abraham Gibbs, other conductors on the railroad.

Kentucky raid in Cass County (1847) was conducted by slaveholders and slave catchers who raided Underground Railroad stations in Cass County, Michigan to capture black people and return them to slavery. After unsuccessful attempts, and a lost court case, the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 was enacted. Michigan's Personal Liberty Act of 1855 was passed in the state legislature to prevent the capture of formerly enslaved people that would return them to slavery.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Underground Railroad". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 2021-05-09. Retrieved 2021-05-25.
  2. 1 2 3 Cooper, Afua (February 24, 2017). "At Ontario Underground Railroad Sites, Farming and Liberty". www.nytimes.com. The New York Times Company. Archived from the original on June 16, 2020. Retrieved August 2, 2020.
  3. ↑ "Amherstburg Freedom Museum". Ontario Heritage Trust. 2017-02-22. Archived from the original on 2021-01-21. Retrieved 2021-05-31.
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  5. ↑ "Levi Coffin, 1798-1877. Reminiscences of Levi Coffin, the Reputed President of the Underground Railroad; Being a Brief History of the Labors of a Lifetime in Behalf of the Slave, with the Stories of Numerous Fugitives, Who Gained Their Freedom Through His Instrumentality, and Many Other Incidents". docsouth.unc.edu. p. 143, 249. Archived from the original on 2021-04-24. Retrieved 2021-05-31.
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Bibliography

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