History
The so-called Jewish Quarter was founded by Mountain Jews who settled in 1847-1848 two miles from the fortress. [3] Before the Russian rule in the Caucasus, Mountain Jews lived in the Endirey village, which is on the Kumyk plain in Dagestan. In 1831, after an attack on the village of Kazi-Mulla, Jews moved to the village of the Kabardian prince Alexander Bekovich-Cherkassky. [3] But they were forced to leave there too, as Imam Shamil invaded Kabardia. They went to Mozdok, but due to a cholera epidemic, they left the city and moved to Nalchik. [3]
In the first half of the 19th century, Jews began to settle in the suburbs of Nalchik. [2] By the middle of the 19th century, Mountain Jews were concentrated in the so-called Jewish Quarter. In 1848, a synagogue was opened, for which a house was purchased in 1868. Yagya Kudaneev was the rabbi of Nalchik in the 1850s, and Geshey Amirov in the 1860s. [2]
Some facts from the life of the Jews of Nalchik:
- In 1866, 74 Jewish families lived in Nalchik. [2]
- In 1886, 335 Jews. [2]
- In 1897, 1040 Jews, 32.4% of the city's total population. [2]
- In 1908, 1307 Mountain Jews. [2]
- In 1926, 1458 Jews, 11.3% of the city's total population. [2]
- In 1939, 3007 Jews. [2]
- In 1959, 2168 Mountain Jews, 2.5% of the city's total population. [2]
- In 1970, 5171 Jews. Including 2581 Mountain Jews and 2 Krymchaks. ref name="jewsencyclopedia" />
- In 1979, 2851 Jews, 1.4% of the city's total population. [2]
- In 2002, 955 Jews. [2]
In the sphere of economic activity of the Jews of Nalchik in the second half of the 19th century, trade and crafts predominated, mainly tanning leather. [2] At the end of the 19th century, there were 2 synagogues in Nalchik. In 1902, an attempt was made to create a school for Mountain Jews in Nalchik. In the 1910s, 3 cheders operated in Nalchik. In 1914, Jews owned 11 shops and stores, including a jewelry store, both leather goods stores, two textile stores, and the only tableware store. [2] The rabbi of Nalchik in the late 19th – early 20th centuries was Khazkiyagu Abramovich Amirov (1855–?), in the 1910s – Itzhak Gilyadov (?–1918), in 1918–1923, the rabbi was S.R. Shaulov (1880–?). In 1918, the deputy chief of the militia created by the local population was Khanaan Efraimov. [2]
In the summer of 1920, a Jewish Caucasian unit was formed in Nalchik to be sent to the front “for protection against pogroms organized by the Poles.” Since 1921, a branch of the Evkommol was operating. In the early 1920s, Zionist organizations, including a Poale Zion branch, were active in Nalchik. [2]
In 1925, the Jewish quarter of Nalchik was separated into a department of the administrative district within the city. That same year, a school for Mountain Jews operated in Nalchik. The director was Kamuil Isaakovich Gilyadov; in 1923, K. I. Gilyadov prepared and published an alphabet book in Nalchik in the language of Mountain Jews, using the Hebrew alphabet. [2] In 1927, a neighborhood council was elected, which was liquidated in 1938, and included Jews – a policeman and a paramedic. That same year, Jewish cooperatives of shoemakers and tanners leather were created. Since 1928, a branch of OZET operated in Nalchik. [2]
In the late 1920s, 57% of Nalchik's Mountain Jews were engaged in agriculture. In the 1930s, Nalchik's Jews began to move to other areas of the city. Rabbi Nehemiah was the rabbi of Nalchik during these years. In 1924–31, one of the four languages in which the newspaper "Red Kabarda" was published was the language of the Mountain Jews. [2]
On October 28, 1942, Nalchik was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In November 1942 – early January 1943, there was an "open" ghetto in Nalchik, where several thousand people were located. Mountain Jews lived compactly in a special district, where local Jews from other areas of the city moved after the occupation. [2]
In early November 1942, several dozen Ashkenazi Jews (including evacuees) and 10 Mountain Jews were killed in Nalchik as "Soviet activists." After the registration of Jews, some of their property was confiscated. Jews were ordered to wear six-pointed stars; after negotiations between representatives of the Mountain Jewish community and local authorities, the order was cancelled on December 16, 1942. A "national council of Tats" was organized under the national council created by the occupation authorities, which included 15 people. Nalchik was liberated on January 4, 1943. [2]
In 1945, the previously closed synagogue at 79 Podgornaya Street in Nalchik resumed operations. On normal days, 35–45 people attended the synagogue, and on holidays, 350 to 450 people. The rabbis were S. R. Shaulov and Shamulya Khazkeevich Amirov (1880–?). The duties of shochet and mohel were performed by Rabbi Nakhamshiya Khazkeevich Amirov (1882–1968), the son of Kh. A. Amirov. [2]
In 1947, the teaching of the Judeo-Tat language in school ceased. In the 1940s and 1950s, most of the Mountain Jews in Nalchik were employed in the clothing and shoe industries. [2]
In 1959, the vocal and instrumental "Mountain Jews Ensemble" was created at the shoe factory, later renamed the "Judeo-Tat Folk Vocal and Musical Ensemble" under the direction of Viktor Shabaev. Since 1988, the socio-political center "Tovushi" (Light), [1] founded by the granddaughter of the educator Kamuil Isaakovich Gilyadov, [4] Svetlana Aronovna Danilova (b. 1940), the music school "Shulamit", where the director was Nina Kardailskaya, the Sunday Jewish school "Mekhina", [5] and was a Sunday kindergarten. In 1990, a new synagogue was built in Nalchik. [2] A Jewish school has operated since 1990. [6] The community center housed an ulpan, a library, and youth clubs. [1]
Since 1993, the newspaper Jews of the North Caucasus has been published, [7] edited by Mikhail Zavelevich Iofin. In the mid-1990s, a Jewish comprehensive school began operating. In the 1990s, the rabbi of Nalchik was Ovshalum Ilkhanovich Shamilov (1942–1996). [2]
However, with the collapse of the USSR, the situation changed. The criminal situation and low standard of living predetermined the mass exodus from the Jewish Quarter, which forced many to move to other cities in Russia and abroad, to Israel, the US, Europe. [3] Many were forced to leave the city; it was difficult to endure lawlessness and rampant crime. [3]
In the early 2000s, the departure of Jews from Nalchik stopped, those troubled times passed, the situation is generally stable. [3] The Jewish Quarter remains one of the unique traditional places of compact residence of Mountain Jews. In 2008, about 2,000 people lived in Nalchik. [3]
Since 2000, the chairman of the Jewish community has been Boris Sherbetovich Izgiyaev (b. 1938). Since 2005, M. M. Shneerson Levi Shabaev (b. 1970) has been the chairman of the Jewish community. In 2005–2006, the chairman of the religious community was Gersil Rubinovich Rubinov (b. 1946). In 2005, about 2.5 thousand Jews lived in Nalchik. [2]
