Hybotidae

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Hybotidae
Temporal range: Barremian–Recent
Bicellaria.spuria.jpg
Bicellaria spuria (Ocydromiinae: Bicellariini)
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Diptera
Suborder: Brachycera
Infraorder: Asilomorpha
Superfamily: Empidoidea
Family: Hybotidae
Macquart, 1823
Subfamilies

Hybotidae, the typical dance flies, are a family of true flies. They belong to the superfamily Empidoidea and were formerly included in the Empididae as a subfamily.

Contents

Some, such as Tachydromia , are predators that run around on the bark of trees in complex patterns, hence the common name. Tachydromia species are only about three millimeters long.

Description

Right wing of the species Hybos grossipes, showing discal medial cell (dm) and first and second medial vein (M1+2) Hybos grossipes (Hybotidae) wing.png
Right wing of the species Hybos grossipes , showing discal medial cell (dm) and first and second medial vein (M1+2)
Hybos culiciformis Hybos culiciformis (Hybotidae).tiff
Hybos culiciformis

Hybotidae share some similarities with the family Dolichopodidae, when looking at rotation of genitalia and wing characteristics. Male terminalia are rotated dextrally between 45° and 90°, excluding segment 7. Hybotidae wings always have a simple R4+5 vein, where the costa either ends near or at M1/M1+2, or near or at R4+5/R5. Furthermore, it can be distinguished from Dolichopodidae by the point of vein Rs, which it at a distance from the humeral crossvein (h) equal to or longer than the length of h. [1]

Systematics

The Hybotidae clearly form a lineage quite distinct from the Empididae. Among the Empidoidea, they represent a lineage more basal than the main radiation of Empididae and Dolichopodidae, though they are not as ancient as the genera placed in the Atelestidae. [2] [3]

By and large, the Hybotidae are monophyletic. Among its subfamilies, the Hybotinae and Tachydromiinae certainly represent clades. The status of the Ocydromiinae as a natural group is less clear, in particular whether the Trichininae should be included as tribe Trichinini or even in the Bicellariini [4] or Oedaleini, [5] or whether they are more distinct and warrant recognition as a separate subfamily. [2]

Based on the most recent phylogenetic studies, [1] the relationship between Hybotidae and other members of Empidoidea is as follows. The placement of Hybotidae is emphasized in bold formatting.

Atelestidae


Systematic list

The subfamilies with their tribes and selected genera are: [3] [6] [7]

Hybotinae Meigen, 1820 [8]

Hybos culiciformis (Hybotinae) Hybos culiciformis-pjt.jpg
Hybos culiciformis (Hybotinae)

Ocydromiinae

Ocydromia glabricula (Ocydromiinae: Ocydromiini) Ocydromia.glabricula.jpg
Ocydromia glabricula (Ocydromiinae: Ocydromiini)
Trichinomyia flavipes

Trichininae (often included in Ocydromiinae)

Tachydromia arrogans or closely related species (Tachydromiinae: Tachydromiini) Tachydromia.cf.arrogans.1.jpg
Tachydromia arrogans or closely related species (Tachydromiinae: Tachydromiini)
Tachypeza nubila with prey (video, 2m 23s)

Incertae sedis

Related Research Articles

Trichina is a genus of flies in the family Hybotidae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Empididae</span> Family of flies

Empididae is a family of flies with over 3,000 described species occurring worldwide in all the biogeographic realms but the majority are found in the Holarctic. They are mainly predatory flies like most of their relatives in the Empidoidea, and exhibit a wide range of forms but are generally small to medium-sized, non-metallic and rather bristly.

<i>Tachydromia</i> Genus of flies

Tachydromia is a genus of hybotid flies. It is widespread around the world, with species found essentially everywhere except the polar regions and some remote islands. They are not very diverse in East and Southeast Asia, or in Africa

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Atelestidae</span> Family of flies

Atelestidae is a family of flies in the superfamily Empidoidea. The four genera were placed in a separate family in 1983; they were formerly either in Platypezidae or considered incertae sedis. While they are doubtless the most basal of the living Empidoidea, the monophyly of the family is not fully proven. The genus Nemedina seems to represent a most ancient lineage among the entire superfamily, while Meghyperus is probably not monophyletic in its present delimitation, and it is liable to be split up eventually, with some species being placed elsewhere. In 2010, the genus Alavesia, previously only known from Cretaceous fossils, was found alive in Namibia, subsequent species were also described from Brazil.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tachydromiinae</span> Subfamily of flies

Tachydromiinae is a subfamily of hybotid flies widespread in the world.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ocydromiinae</span> Subfamily of flies

Ocydromiinae is a subfamily of hybotid flies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Drapetini</span> Tribe of flies

Drapetini is a tribe of hybotid flies widespread in the world. There are 19 currently recognised genera. See the Wikispecies link below for details.

Euthyneura is a genus of flies in the family Hybotidae. The known range of Euthyneura myrtilli extended to Ireland in counties Fermanagh and Antrim in 2007.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Parathalassiinae</span> Subfamily of flies

Parathalassiinae is a subfamily of flies in the family Dolichopodidae. It is part of an extended concept of the family, Dolichopodidae sensu lato, and forms a monophyletic group with Dolichopodidae sensu stricto. It was once placed provisionally in the subfamily Microphorinae as the tribe Parathalassiini.

Chersodromia is a genus of flies in the family Hybotidae.

<i>Microphor</i> Genus of flies

Microphor is a genus of flies in the family Dolichopodidae, subfamily Microphorinae.

Schistostoma is a genus of flies in the family Dolichopodidae, subfamily Microphorinae.

<i>Bicellaria</i> Genus of flies

Bicellaria is a genus of flies in the family Hybotidae.

<i>Drapetis</i> Genus of flies

Drapetis is a genus of flies in the family Hybotidae.

<i>Oedalea</i> Genus of flies

Oedalea is a genus of flies in the family Hybotidae.

<i>Tachypeza</i> Genus of flies

Tachypeza is a genus of flies in the family Hybotidae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ocydromiini</span> Subfamily of flies

Ocydromiini is a tribe of hybotid flies.

Stilpon is a genus of flies in the family Hybotidae.

Trichininae is a subfamily of hybotid flies.

References

  1. 1 2 Wahlberg, Emma; Johanson, Kjell Arne (2018). "Molecular phylogenetics reveals novel relationships within Empidoidea (Diptera)". Systematic Entomology. 43 (4): 619–636. doi: 10.1111/syen.12297 . ISSN   1365-3113.
  2. 1 2 Moulton, J. K.; Wiegmann, B. M. (2007). "The phylogenetic relationships of flies in the superfamily Empidoidea (Insecta: Diptera)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution . 43 (3): 701–713. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.02.029. PMID   17468014.
  3. 1 2 Sinclair, Bradley J.; Cumming, Jeffrey M. (2006). "The morphology, higher-level phylogeny and classification of the Empidoidea (Diptera)" (PDF). Zootaxa . 1180: 1–172. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1180.1.1. ISBN   978-1-877407-80-2 . Retrieved 20 December 2011.
  4. ↑ Jere Kahanpää (July 23, 2008). "Hybotidae". Draft Catalogue of Finnish Flies (Diptera: Brachycera). Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved July 30, 2008.
  5. ↑ "Hybotidae". Integrated Taxonomic Information System . Retrieved June 21, 2008.
  6. ↑ Chvála, Milan (1983). The Empidoidea (Diptera) of Fennoscandia and Denmark. II. General Part. The families Hybotidae, Atelestidae and Microphoridae. Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica. Vol. 12. pp. 1–279.
  7. ↑ Chvála, Milan (1975). The Tachydromiinae (Diptera; Empididae) of Fennoscandia and Denmark. Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica. Vol. 3. Klampenborg: Scandinavian Science Press. pp. 1–336. ISBN   978-87-87491-04-4.
  8. ↑ Meigen, J.W. (1820). Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten europäische n zweiflugeligen Insekten. Aachen: Zweiter Theil. Forstmann. pp. xxxvi + 363. Retrieved 8 July 2022.
  9. ↑ Sinclair, Bradley J.; Cumming, Jeffrey M. (2006). "Morphology, higher-level phylogeny and classification of the Empidoidea" (PDF). Zootaxa. 1180. Auckland, New Zealand: Magnolia Press: 1–172. Retrieved 24 April 2023.
  10. ↑ Miroslav Barták & Štěpán Kubík (2009). "A new species of the genus Trichina (Diptera: Hybotidae) with a key to European species" (PDF). home.czu.cz.
  11. ↑ "Trichinomyia Tuomikoski, 1959". Natural History Museum.
  12. ↑ "Symballophthalmus Becker, 1889". NBN Atlas.
  13. ↑ Shamshev, I.V.; Grootaert, P. (2007). "Revision of the genus Elaphropeza Macquart (Diptera: Hybotidae) from the Oriental Region, with a special attention to the fauna of Singapore" (PDF). Zootaxa. 1488: 1–164. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1488.1.1. ISSN   1175-5334 . Retrieved 18 July 2017.
  14. ↑ Grootaert, Patrick; Van De Velde, Isabella; Shamshev, Igor V. (2015). "Two new coastal species of Elaphropeza Macquart (Diptera: Hybotidae) from Bali, Indonesia". European Journal of Taxonomy (112): 1–10. doi: 10.5852/ejt.2015.112 . ISSN   2118-9773 . Retrieved 18 July 2017.
  15. ↑ Loew, H. (1864). "Ueber die schlesischen Arten der Gattungen Tachypeza Meig. (Tachypeza, Tachista, Dysaletria) und Microphorus Macq. (Trichina und Microphorus)". Zeitschrift für Entomologie. 14 (1860). Breslau: 1–60.
  16. ↑ Arias, J. E. (1919). "Description preliminar de un nuevo Empido de Espana". Boletín de la Real Sociedad Española de Historia Natural. 19: 479–481.
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