List of topologies

Main article: List of topology topics

The following is a list of named topologies or topological spaces, many of which are counterexamples in topology and related branches of mathematics. This is not a list of properties that a topology or topological space might possess; for that, see List of general topology topics and Topological property.

Discrete and indiscrete

• Discrete topology − All subsets are open.
• Indiscrete topology, chaotic topology, or Trivial topology − Only the empty set and its complement are open.

Cardinality and ordinals

See also: Cardinality and Ordinal number

• Cocountable topology
  • Given a topological space ${\displaystyle (X,\tau ),}$ the cocountable extension topology on ${\displaystyle X}$ is the topology having as a subbasis the union of τ and the family of all subsets of ${\displaystyle X}$ whose complements in ${\displaystyle X}$ are countable.
• Cofinite topology
• Double-pointed cofinite topology
• Ordinal number topology
• Pseudo-arc
• Ran space
• Tychonoff plank

Finite spaces

• Discrete two-point space − The simplest example of a totally disconnected discrete space.
• Finite topological space
• Pseudocircle − A finite topological space on 4 elements that fails to satisfy any separation axiom besides T₀. However, from the viewpoint of algebraic topology, it has the remarkable property that it is indistinguishable from the circle ${\displaystyle S^{1}.}$
• Sierpiński space, also called the connected two-point set − A 2-point set ${\displaystyle \{0,1\}}$ with the particular point topology ${\displaystyle \{\varnothing ,\{1\},\{0,1\}\}.}$

Integers

• Arens–Fort space − A Hausdorff, regular, normal space that is not first-countable or compact. It has an element (i.e. ${\displaystyle p:=(0,0)}$) for which there is no sequence in ${\displaystyle X\setminus \{p\}}$ that converges to ${\displaystyle p}$ but there is a sequence ${\displaystyle x_{\bullet }=\left(x_{i}\right)_{i=1}^{\infty }}$ in ${\displaystyle X\setminus \{(0,0)\}}$ such that ${\displaystyle (0,0)}$ is a cluster point of ${\displaystyle x_{\bullet }.}$
• Arithmetic progression topologies
• The Baire space − ${\displaystyle \mathbb {N} ^{\mathbb {N} }}$ with the product topology, where ${\displaystyle \mathbb {N} }$ denotes the natural numbers endowed with the discrete topology. It is the space of all sequences of natural numbers.
• Divisor topology
• Partition topology
  • Deleted integer topology
  • Odd–even topology

Fractals and Cantor set

See also: List of fractals by Hausdorff dimension and Fractal

• Apollonian gasket
• Cantor set − A subset of the closed interval ${\displaystyle [0,1]}$ with remarkable properties.
  • Cantor dust
  • Cantor space
• Koch snowflake
• Menger sponge
• Mosely snowflake
• Sierpiński carpet
• Sierpiński triangle
• Smith–Volterra–Cantor set, also called the fat Cantor set − A closed nowhere dense (and thus meagre) subset of the unit interval ${\displaystyle [0,1]}$ that has positive Lebesgue measure and is not a Jordan measurable set. The complement of the fat Cantor set in Jordan measure is a bounded open set that is not Jordan measurable.

Orders

See also: Preorder and Partially ordered set

• Alexandrov topology
• Lexicographic order topology on the unit square
• Order topology
  • Lawson topology
  • Poset topology
  • Upper topology
  • Scott topology
    • Scott continuity
• Priestley space
• Roy's lattice space
• Split interval, also called the Alexandrov double arrow space and the two arrows space − All compact separable ordered spaces are order-isomorphic to a subset of the split interval. It is compact Hausdorff, hereditarily Lindelöf, and hereditarily separable but not metrizable. Its metrizable subspaces are all countable.
• Specialization (pre)order

Manifolds and complexes

See also: Topological manifold and Smooth manifold

• Branching line − A non-Hausdorff manifold.
• Double origin topology
• E₈ manifold − A topological manifold that does not admit a smooth structure.
• Euclidean topology − The natural topology on Euclidean space ${\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}}$ induced by the Euclidean metric, which is itself induced by the Euclidean norm.
  • Real line − ${\displaystyle \mathbb {R} }$
  • Unit interval − ${\displaystyle [0,1]}$
• Extended real number line
• Fake 4-ball − A compact contractible topological 4-manifold.
• House with two rooms − A contractible, 2-dimensional simplicial complex that is not collapsible.
• Klein bottle
• Lens space
• Line with two origins, also called the bug-eyed line − It is a non-Hausdorff manifold. It is locally homeomorphic to Euclidean space and thus locally metrizable (but not metrizable) and locally Hausdorff (but not Hausdorff). It is also a T₁ locally regular space but not a semiregular space.
• Prüfer manifold − A Hausdorff 2-dimensional real analytic manifold that is not paracompact.
• Real projective line
• Torus
  • 3-torus
  • Solid torus
• Unknot
• Whitehead manifold − An open 3-manifold that is contractible, but not homeomorphic to ${\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{3}.}$

Hyperbolic geometry

• Gieseking manifold − A cusped hyperbolic 3-manifold of finite volume.
• Horosphere
  • Horocycle
• Picard horn
• Seifert–Weber space

Paradoxical spaces

• Lakes of Wada − Three disjoint connected open sets of ${\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{2}}$ or ${\displaystyle (0,1)^{2}}$ that they all have the same boundary.

Unique

• Hantzsche–Wendt manifold − A compact, orientable, flat 3-manifold. It is the only closed flat 3-manifold with first Betti number zero.

Related or similar to manifolds

• Dogbone space
• Dunce hat (topology)
• Hawaiian earring
• Long line (topology)
• Rose (topology)

Embeddings or maps between spaces

• Alexander horned sphere − A particular embedding of a sphere into 3-dimensional Euclidean space.
• Antoine's necklace − A topological embedding of the Cantor set in 3-dimensional Euclidean space, whose complement is not simply connected.
• Irrational winding of a torus/Irrational cable on a torus
• Knot (mathematics)
• Linear flow on the torus
• Space-filling curve
• Torus knot
• Wild knot

Counter-examples (general topology)

The following topologies are a known source of counterexamples for point-set topology.

• Alexandroff plank
• Appert topology − A Hausdorff, perfectly normal (T₆), zero-dimensional space that is countable, but neither first countable, locally compact, nor countably compact.
• Arens square
• Bullet-riddled square - The space ${\displaystyle [0,1]^{2}\setminus \mathbb {Q} ^{2},}$ where ${\displaystyle [0,1]^{2}\cap \mathbb {Q} ^{2}}$ is the set of bullets. Neither of these sets is Jordan measurable although both are Lebesgue measurable.
• Cantor tree
• Comb space
• Dieudonné plank
• Double origin topology
• Dunce hat (topology)
• Either–or topology
• Excluded point topology − A topological space where the open sets are defined in terms of the exclusion of a particular point.
• Fort space
• Half-disk topology
• Hilbert cube − ${\displaystyle [0,1/1]\times [0,1/2]\times [0,1/3]\times \cdots }$ with the product topology.
• Infinite broom
• Integer broom topology
• K-topology
• Knaster–Kuratowski fan
• Long line (topology)
• Moore plane, also called the Niemytzki plane − A first countable, separable, completely regular, Hausdorff, Moore space that is not normal, Lindelöf, metrizable, second countable, nor locally compact. It also an uncountable closed subspace with the discrete topology.
• Nested interval topology
• Overlapping interval topology − Second countable space that is T₀ but not T₁.
• Particular point topology − Assuming the set is infinite, then contains a non-closed compact subset whose closure is not compact and moreover, it is neither metacompact nor paracompact.
• Rational sequence topology
• Sorgenfrey line, which is ${\displaystyle \mathbb {R} }$ endowed with lower limit topology − It is Hausdorff, perfectly normal, first-countable, separable, paracompact, Lindelöf, Baire, and a Moore space but not metrizable, second-countable, σ-compact, nor locally compact.
• Sorgenfrey plane, which is the product of two copies of the Sorgenfrey line − A Moore space that is neither normal, paracompact, nor second countable.
• Topologist's sine curve
• Tychonoff plank
• Vague topology
• Warsaw circle

Topologies defined in terms of other topologies

Natural topologies

List of natural topologies.

• Adjunction space
• Disjoint union (topology)
• Extension topology
• Initial topology
• Final topology
• Product topology
• Quotient topology
• Subspace topology
• Weak topology

Compactifications

Compactifications include:

• Alexandroff extension
  • Projectively extended real line
• Bohr compactification
• Eells–Kuiper manifold
• Projectively extended real line
• Stone–Čech compactification
  • Stone topology
  • Stone–Čech remainder
• Wallman compactification

Topologies of uniform convergence

This lists named topologies of uniform convergence.

• Compact-open topology
  • Loop space
• Interlocking interval topology
• Modes of convergence (annotated index)
• Operator topologies
• Pointwise convergence
  • Weak convergence (Hilbert space)
  • Weak* topology
• Polar topology
• Strong dual topology
• Topologies on spaces of linear maps

Other induced topologies

• Box topology
• Compact complement topology
• Duplication of a point : Let ${\displaystyle x\in X}$ be a non-isolated point of ${\displaystyle X,}$ let ${\displaystyle d\not \in X}$ be arbitrary, and let ${\displaystyle Y=X\cup \{d\}.}$ Then ${\displaystyle \tau =\{V\subseteq Y:{\text{ either }}V{\text{ or }}(V\setminus \{d\})\cup \{x\}{\text{ is an open subset of }}X\}}$ is a topology on ${\displaystyle Y}$ and ${\displaystyle x}$ and ${\displaystyle d}$ have the same neighborhood filters in ${\displaystyle Y.}$ In this way, ${\displaystyle x}$ has been duplicated. ^[1]
• Extension topology

Functional analysis

• Auxiliary normed spaces
• Finest locally convex topology
• Finest vector topology
• Helly space
• Mackey topology
• Polar topology
• Vague topology

Operator topologies

• Dual topology
• Norm topology
• Operator topologies
• Pointwise convergence
  • Weak convergence (Hilbert space)
  • Weak* topology
• Polar topology
• Strong dual space
• Strong operator topology
• Topologies on spaces of linear maps
• Ultrastrong topology
• Ultraweak topology/weak-* operator topology
• Weak operator topology

Tensor products

• Inductive tensor product
• Injective tensor product
• Projective tensor product
• Tensor product of Hilbert spaces
• Topological tensor product

Probability

• Émery topology

Other topologies

• Erdős space − A Hausdorff, totally disconnected, one-dimensional topological space ${\displaystyle X}$ that is homeomorphic to ${\displaystyle X\times X.}$
• Half-disk topology
• Hedgehog space
• Partition topology
• Zariski topology

See also

• Counterexamples in Topology  – Book by Lynn Steen
• List of Banach spaces
• List of fractals by Hausdorff dimension
• List of manifolds
• List of topologies on the category of schemes
• List of topology topics
• Lists of mathematics topics
• Natural topology  – Notion in topology
• Table of Lie groups

Citations

1. Wilansky 2008, p. 35.

References

• Adams, Colin; Franzosa, Robert (2009). Introduction to Topology: Pure and Applied. New Delhi: Pearson Education. ISBN   978-81-317-2692-1. OCLC   789880519.
• Arkhangel'skii, Alexander Vladimirovich; Ponomarev, V.I. (1984). Fundamentals of General Topology: Problems and Exercises. Mathematics and Its Applications. Vol. 13. Dordrecht Boston: D. Reidel. ISBN   978-90-277-1355-1. OCLC   9944489.
• Bourbaki, Nicolas (1989) [1966]. General Topology: Chapters 1–4 [ Topologie Générale ]. Éléments de mathématique. Berlin New York: Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN   978-3-540-64241-1. OCLC   18588129.
• Bourbaki, Nicolas (1989) [1967]. General Topology 2: Chapters 5–10[Topologie Générale]. Éléments de mathématique. Vol. 4. Berlin New York: Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN   978-3-540-64563-4. OCLC   246032063.
• Comfort, William Wistar; Negrepontis, Stylianos (1974). The Theory of Ultrafilters. Vol. 211. Berlin Heidelberg New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN   978-0-387-06604-2. OCLC   1205452.
• Dixmier, Jacques (1984). General Topology. Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics. Translated by Berberian, S. K. New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN   978-0-387-90972-1. OCLC   10277303.
• Császár, Ákos (1978). General topology. Translated by Császár, Klára. Bristol England: Adam Hilger Ltd. ISBN   0-85274-275-4. OCLC   4146011.
• Dolecki, Szymon; Mynard, Frederic (2016). Convergence Foundations Of Topology. New Jersey: World Scientific Publishing Company. ISBN   978-981-4571-52-4. OCLC   945169917.
• Dugundji, James (1966). Topology. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. ISBN   978-0-697-06889-7. OCLC   395340485.
• Howes, Norman R. (23 June 1995). Modern Analysis and Topology. Graduate Texts in Mathematics. New York: Springer-Verlag Science & Business Media. ISBN   978-0-387-97986-1. OCLC   31969970. OL   1272666M.
• Jarchow, Hans (1981). Locally convex spaces. Stuttgart: B.G. Teubner. ISBN   978-3-519-02224-4. OCLC   8210342.
• Joshi, K. D. (1983). Introduction to General Topology. New York: John Wiley and Sons Ltd. ISBN   978-0-85226-444-7. OCLC   9218750.
• Kelley, John L. (1975). General Topology. Graduate Texts in Mathematics. Vol. 27. New York: Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN   978-0-387-90125-1. OCLC   338047.
• Köthe, Gottfried (1983) [1969]. Topological Vector Spaces I. Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften. Vol. 159. Translated by Garling, D.J.H. New York: Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN   978-3-642-64988-2. MR   0248498. OCLC   840293704.
• Munkres, James R. (2000). Topology (Second ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, Inc. ISBN   978-0-13-181629-9. OCLC   42683260.
• Schechter, Eric (1996). Handbook of Analysis and Its Foundations. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. ISBN   978-0-12-622760-4. OCLC   175294365.
• Schubert, Horst (1968). Topology. London: Macdonald & Co. ISBN   978-0-356-02077-8. OCLC   463753.
• Wilansky, Albert (2013). Modern Methods in Topological Vector Spaces. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, Inc. ISBN   978-0-486-49353-4. OCLC   849801114.
• Wilansky, Albert (17 October 2008) [1970]. Topology for Analysis. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, Inc. ISBN   978-0-486-46903-4. OCLC   227923899.
• Willard, Stephen (2004) [1970]. General Topology. Mineola, N.Y.: Dover Publications. ISBN   978-0-486-43479-7. OCLC   115240.

External links

• π-Base: An Interactive Encyclopedia of Topological Spaces