No. 8 Squadron RAF

No. 8 Squadron RAF
Squadron badge
Active	1 January 1915 (1915-01-01) – 1 April 1918 (RFC) 1 April 1918 – 20 January 1920 (RAF) 18 October 1920 – 1 May 1945 15 May 1945 – 15 November 1945 1 September 1946 – 21 December 1971 1 January 1972 – present
Country	United Kingdom
Branch	Royal Air Force
Type	Flying squadron
Role	Airborne early warning and control
Part of	No. 1 Group (Air Combat)
Home station	RAF Lossiemouth (after reforming 2024) [1]
Motto(s)	Uspiam et passim (Latin for 'Everywhere unbounded') [2]
Mascot(s)	Augustus (A European Eagle Owl)
Aircraft	E-7 Wedgetail (entering service from 2025) [3]
Battle honours	Western Front (1914–1918) Loos (1915) Somme (1916) Arras (1917) Cambrai (1917) Somme (1918) Amiens (1918) Hindenburg Line (1918) Kurdistan (1922–1924) Aden (1928) Aden (1929) Aden (1934) East Africa (1940–1941) Eastern Waters (1942–1945) Kosovo (1999) Afghanistan (2001–2014) Iraq (2003) Libya (2011)
Insignia
Squadron badge heraldry	A sheathed Arabian dagger known as a jambiya, adopted in recognition of the unit's long association with Arabia. The weapon is sheathed to symbolise the squadron's guardian duties. Approved by King George VI in December 1943.
Squadron roundel

Number 8 Squadron (sometimes written as No. VIII Squadron) of the Royal Air Force last operated the Boeing E-3D Sentry AEW1 (AWACS) from RAF Waddington, Lincolnshire. As of 2020, the RAF AWACS fleet was made up of three Sentry AEW1s, down from seven originally ordered in the late 1980s. ^[4] Pursuant to the 2021 defence review, the E-3D Sentry aircraft made its final flight in U.K. service in August 2021. ^[5]

It was announced in July 2019 that from the early 2020s the squadron will be the first to operate the Boeing E-7 Wedgetail AEW1, the planned replacement for the RAF's E-3D Sentry fleet. ^[6] The squadron was to reform at RAF Lossiemouth in 2024 but service entry was reported as likely in late 2025. ^[7]

History

First World War

As No. 8 Squadron of the Royal Flying Corps (RFC) it was formed at Brooklands, Surrey on 1 January 1915, equipped with the Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2c. The squadron moved to Gosport later in January for further training, and crossed to France on 15 April 1915. ^[8] While its main equipment was the B.E.2c, it also operated a fighter flight between May 1915 and early 1916 equipped with a mixture of aircraft, including the Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.8 and the Bristol Scout, while it also evaluated the prototype Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.9, a modified B.E.2 that carried the observer/gunner in a nacelle ahead of the aircraft's propeller. ^{[8] [9]}

Operating from airfields near Saint-Omer, the squadron was initially used for bombing and long-range reconnaissance, carrying out flights of up to 100 miles (160 km) behind the front lines. ^{[8] [10]} In February 1916 it moved to Bellevue and specialised in the Corps Reconnaissance role, carrying out contact patrols and artillery spotting in close co-operation with the army. ^{[8] [11]} The squadron flew in support of the Battle of the Somme in the summer of 1916 and the Battle of Arras in April–May 1917. It received the improved B.E.2e from February 1917, but despite this, losses were heavy as all marks of B.E.2 were outclassed. Armstrong Whitworth FK.8s replaced the B.E.2s in August 1917. ^{[8] [12]}

In June 1918, No 8 Squadron, part of the Royal Air Force since 1 April 1918 and commanded by Major T. Leigh-Mallory, was allocated to the Tank Corps, flying contact patrols in support of the Tank Corps attacks during the Battle of Amiens, and becoming expert in spotting and destroying German anti-tank guns. The FK.8s and some tanks were equipped with wireless sets, although wireless communications between tanks and aeroplanes remained at a very basic stage for the rest of the war. ^[13]

On 12 August 1918, Captain Ferdinand West of 8 Squadron was flying a F.K.8 on a contact patrol when he was attacked by seven German fighters. Despite a severe leg wound, West managed to manoeuvre his aircraft so that his observer could drive off the attacking fighters, before making a forced landing behind Allied lines and insisting in reporting the results of the flight. He was awarded the Victoria Cross for this action. ^{[8] [14] [15]}

In December 1918, a few weeks after the Armistice with Germany that ended the First World War, the Squadron re-equipped with Sunbeam Arab-engined Bristol F.2 Fighters. It served briefly in Germany as part of the British Army of Occupation, before moving back to the United Kingdom in July 1919 and disbanding on 20 January 1920. ^[16]

Reformation

8 Squadron reformed at Helwan, near Cairo, Egypt, as a day-bomber squadron equipped with the Airco DH.9A on 18 October 1920. It moved to Basra, Iraq in the Air Policing role, with the security of Iraq the responsibility of the RAF, in February 1921. ^[17] The squadron was deployed to Kirkuk in July 1922, where it operated against a Kurdish rebellion and Turkish infiltration, and helping to evacuate forces allied to the British from the city of Sulaymaniyah in September 1922. ^{[18] [19]} In November–December 1923 the squadron was deployed against Marsh Arabs in the Mesopotamian Marshes. ^[18]

In February 1927, in response to unrest in Aden, 8 Squadron was deployed to RAF Khormaksar, where it continued in the air policing role. The squadron replaced its elderly DH.9As with new Fairey IIIF light bombers from January 1928. It flew operations against Zaidi in February 1928 and against the Subaihi tribe, who were refusing to pay taxes and revolting, from January to March 1929. Operations against the Subaihi involved destroying crops with incendiary bombs and bombing villages after giving warning so they could be evacuated. This pressure eventually forced the Subaihi to sue for peace, with the rebel chiefs paying fines. More peaceful operation carried out by the squadron included survey flights, casualty evacuation and carrying mail, while the squadron carried out a long-distance return trip from Aden to Cairo and back in 1932. ^{[20] [21]}

In April 1935, it re-equipped again with Vickers Vincents, a general purpose aircraft based on the Vickers Vildebeest biplane torpedo bomber replacing the Fairey IIIFs. The squadron started to receive Bristol Blenheim twin-engined monoplane bombers in April 1939, but it retained a flight of Vincents for operations over the rough interior of the Aden Protectorate. ^[22]

Second World War

On 10 June 1940, Italy declared war on Britain and France. No 8 Squadron flew its first combat missions of the war on 12 June, when nine Blenheims bombed an airfield at Assab in Italian-occupied Eritrea, across the Red Sea from Aden, with 5 Vincents attacking the same airfield that night. ^[23] On 5 August 1940, Italy invaded British Somaliland, and 8 Squadron's Blenheims flew missions against advancing Italian troop columns. The Italians heavily outnumbered the British and Commonwealth defences, and the port of Berbera was occupied by the Italians on 19 August. ^{[24] [25]}

The squadron's long association with the Middle East gave rise to the adoption of the Arabian Khunjah as the unit's badge. The unit continued to be based at RAF Khormaksar in Aden equipped with Bristol Blenheims. Vickers Wellington XIIIs were flown from December 1943 until May 1945. ^[26]

Post-War (1945–1971)

On 15 May 1945 No. 8 Squadron was reformed by renumbering No. 200 Squadron at RAF Jessore in India. Consolidated Liberator VIs were flown. The squadron again disbanded on 15 November 1945. ^[27]

The unit was reformed at Khormaksar on 1 September 1946 by renumbering No. 114 Squadron and the role of fighter bomber was adopted, initially with de Havilland Mosquito FB.6 aircraft. These were replaced by the Hawker Tempest, and the Bristol Brigand. These fighter was supported by Anson C.19s and Auster AOP.6's. Jet equipment was received in 1953 with the de Havilland Vampire FB.9. ^[26] Continued updating of equipment brought the de Havilland Venom FB.1 and FB.4 and the Hawker Hunter, flown from 1960 until 1971. ^[28] The squadron disbanded on 21 December 1971. ^[28]

Shackletons and Sentries (1972–2021)

Avro Shackleton AEW.2s WR960 of No. 8 Squadron in 1982

The squadron reformed at RAF Kinloss on 1 January 1972 in the Airborne Early Warning (AEW) role using Avro Shackleton AEW.2s. ^[29] It moved to RAF Lossiemouth on 14 August 1973, where it stayed until 1991 when it moved to RAF Waddington near Lincoln and re-equipped with Boeing E-3 Sentry. ^[30] The first Sentry was handed over to the RAF on 26 March 1991 ^[31] and the last (No. 7) was handed over during May 1992. ^[32] The squadron was deployed over the Balkans in the early 1990s; it also saw action over Iraq in 2009 and Afghanistan in 2010 and was then involved in Operation Ellamy in 2011 during the Libyan Civil War. ^[33]

In early 2015, No. 8 Squadron deployed with two Sentries to RAF Akrotiri, Cyprus, to participate in Operation Shader. ^{[34] [35]}

Two Sentries (ZH101 and ZH103) deployed to RAF Akrotiri in late May/early June 2021 to support Carrier Strike Group 21 as it passed through the Mediterranean Sea. ^[36] The E-3D's final operational sortie was carried out on 30 July, with ZH103 returning to Waddington on 2 August followed by ZH101 on 4 August. ^[37] The Sentry AEW1s were officially retired by the RAF on 28 September 2021. ^[38]

Future

It was announced in July 2019 that from the mid-2020s the squadron will be the first to operate the Boeing E-7 Wedgetail, the planned replacement for the RAF's E-3D Sentry fleet. ^[39]

Aircraft operated

E-3D Sentry AEW1 ZH102 of No. 8 Squadron at RAF Waddington, 2012.

Aircraft operated include:

• Royal Aircraft Factory BE.2 (1915–1917)
• Armstrong Whitworth F.K.8 (1917–1918)
• Bristol Fighter (1918–1920)
• Airco DH.9A (1920–1927)
• Fairey IIIF (1927–1935)
• Vickers Vincent (1935–1942)
• Bristol Blenheim (1939–1943)
• Lockheed Hudson (1943)
• Vickers Wellington (1944–1945)
• Consolidated Liberator (1945)
• de Havilland Mosquito (1946–1961)
• Hawker Tempest (1947–1949)
• Bristol Brigand (1949–1952)
• de Havilland Vampire FB.9 (1952–1955)
• de Havilland Venom FB.1/FB.4 (1955–1960)
• Gloster Meteor FR.9 (1958–1961)
• Hawker Hunter (1960–1971)
• Avro Shackleton AEW.2 (1973–1991)
• Boeing E-3 Sentry AEW1 (1991–2021)

Magic Roundabout and the RAF

Avro Shackleton AEW.2s WL795 of No. VIII Squadron in 1976

8 Squadron's Avro Shackleton airborne early warning aircraft were named after characters from The Magic Roundabout and The Herbs : ^[40]

• WL741: PC Knapweed
• WL745: Sage
• WL754: Paul
• WL756: Mr Rusty
• WL757: Brian
• WL790: Mr McHenry (later renamed Zebedee) (now in Pima Air and Space Museum, Arizona, USA)
• WL793: Ermintrude
• WL795: Rosalie
• WR960: Dougal (now in the Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester in the UK)
• WR963: Parsley (later Ermintrude II)
• WR965: Dill (later Rosalie II) (sometimes referred to as Dylan) – crashed on Isle of Harris on 30 April 1990, killing all ten on board.

See also

• List of Royal Air Force aircraft squadrons

• Armed forces in Scotland

• Military history of Scotland

References

Citations

1. Bozyk, Piotr (10 October 2022). "RAF Lossiemouth Base preparing for arrival of UK E-7 Wedgetail fleet".
2. Pine, L.G. (1983). A dictionary of mottoes (1 ed.). London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. p.  243. ISBN   0-7100-9339-X.
3. Allison, George (16 March 2024). "E-7 Wedgetail to enter service next year". U.K. Defence Journal.
4. "Ministry of Defence: The Equipment Plan 2019 to 2029" (PDF). National Audit Office. 27 February 2020. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
5. "RAF E-3D Sentry returning to Waddington after final mission". The Lincolnite. 4 August 2021.
6. "Boeing Names STS Aviation Services in Birmingham as Key Wedgetail Supplier". Boeing. 20 May 2020. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
7. Allison, George (16 March 2024). "E-7 Wedgetail to enter service next year". U.K. Defence Journal.
8. Rawlings 1982, p. 19.
9. Bruce 1982, pp. 379, 382, 384.
10. Ashworth 1989, p. 43.
11. Halley 1980, p. 29.
12. Halley 1980, p. 30.
13. Fuller 1920, pp. 242–4, 248.
14. "Air Commodore Ferdinand Maurice Felix West VC CBE MC - A Biography". 8 Squadron Royal Air Force. 19 May 2012. Retrieved 16 September 2012.
15. Fuller 1920, pp. 246–7.
16. "8 Squadron" Archived 4 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Royal Air Force. Retrieved 16 September 2012.
17. Ashworth 1989, pp. 43–44.
18. ""Exile" - Between The Wars - 1920-1939: No 8 Squadron is Posted Overseas". 8 Squadron Royal Air Force. 4 September 2006. Retrieved 16 September 2012.
19. "Editorial Comment: The RAF in Iraq". Flight , 23 November 1922, pp. 681–682.
20. "8 Squadron Moves to Aden" Archived 15 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine . 8 Squadron Royal Air Force. 4 September 2006. Retrieved 16 September 2012.
21. Thetford Aeroplane Monthly May 1994, pp. 34–35.
22. Ashworth 1989, p. 44.
23. Shores 1996, p. 18–19.
24. "The Ethiopian Campaign - 1940-1941" Archived 15 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine . 8 Squadron Royal Air Force, 4 September 2006. Retrieved 19 September 2012.
25. Shores 1996, pp. 45–54.
26. Halley, 1988, p. 35
27. Halley, 1988, p. 34
28. "Hawker Hunter FGA9". RAF Museum. Retrieved 7 June 2019.
29. "Magnificent men and their 'shack' flying machines". The Press and Journal. 6 October 2018. Retrieved 7 June 2019.
30. Hughes, Jim (1993). Airfield Focus 11: Lossiemouth. Peterborough: GMS Enterprises. p. 19. ISBN   978-1-870384-24-7.
31. March 1992, p. 74.
32. March 1993, p. 86.
33. "No. 8 Squadron celebrating 100 years". Insight. Retrieved 7 June 2019.
34. "The E-3D Sentry Arrives in RAF Akrotiri". forces.tv. 28 January 2015. Archived from the original on 2 February 2015. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
35. Hoyle, Craig (2 March 2015). "UK details extent of combat activity over Iraq". Flight Global. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
36. Ripley, Tim (28 June 2021). "UK retires Sentry AEW1". Janes.com. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
37. "UK Sentry fleet stands down as disposal options considered". key.aero. 6 August 2021. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
38. Jennings, Gareth (28 September 2021). "UK retires Sentry AEW1". Janes.com. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
39. Jennings, Gareth (17 July 2019). "RAF announces AEW&C, space, 'drone' test squadrons". IHS Janes. London. Retrieved 18 July 2019.
40. "Airborne Early Warning: The Shackleton Years 1972–1991 – The Importance of Airborne Early Warning" Archived 15 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 23 August 2013.

Bibliography

• Ashworth, C. Encyclopedia of Modern Royal Air Force Squadrons. Wellingborough, UK:PSL, 1989. ISBN   1-85260-013-6.
• Bruce, J. M. The Aeroplanes of the Royal Flying Corps (Military Wing). London, UK: Putnam, 1982. ISBN   0-370-30084-X.
• Fuller, J. F. C. Tanks in the Great War: 1914-1918. New York: E. P. Dutton and Company, 1920.
• Halley, J. J. The Squadrons of the Royal Air Force. Tonbridge, UK: Air-Britain (Historians), 1980. ISBN   0-85130-083-9.
• Halley, J. J. The Squadrons of the Royal Air Force & Commonwealth 1918-1988. Air-Britain (Historians), 1988. Tonbridge, UK. ISBN   0-85130-164-9.
• Lewis, P. Squadron Histories: R.F.C, R.N.A.S and R.A.F., 1912–59. London, UK: Putnam, 1959.
• March, P. (1992). Royal Air Force Yearbook 1992. Fairford, UK: Royal Air Force Benevolent Fund.
• March, P. (1993). Royal Air Force Yearbook 1993. Fairford, UK: Royal Air Force Benevolent Fund.
• Rawlings, John D. R. Coastal, Support and Special Squadrons of the RAF and their Aircraft. London, UK: Jane's Publishing Company, 1982. ISBN   0-7106-0187-5.
• Shores, C. Dust Clouds in the Middle East: The Air War for East Africa, Iraq, Syria, Iran and Madagascar, 1940–42. London, UK: Grub Street, 1996. ISBN   1-898697-37-X.
• Thetford, O. "By Day and By Night: Fairey IIIF and Gordon in Service". Aeroplane Monthly , Vol 22 No 5, May 1994. pp. 32–38. ISSN 0143-7240.

External links

• Royal Air Force website – 8 Squadron
• 8 Squadron Association