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An opposing force (alternatively enemy force, abbreviated OPFOR or OpFor) is a military unit tasked with representing an enemy, usually for training purposes in war game scenarios. The related concept of aggressor squadron is used by some air forces.
At a basic level, a unit might serve as an opposing force for a single scenario, differing from its 'opponents' only in the objectives it is given. However, major armies commonly maintain specialized groups trained to accurately replicate real-life enemies, to provide a more realistic experience for their training opponents. (To avoid the diplomatic ramifications of naming a real nation as a likely enemy, training scenarios often use fictionalized versions with different names but similar military characteristics to the expected real-world foes.)
The Canadian Armed Forces has OPFOR units from the Canadian Manoeuvre Training Centre. [1]
In the French Army, a FORAD (FORce ADverse, enemy force) is used to train the army, in both the centre d'entraînement au combat (CENTAC, Combat Training Center) of Mailly-le-Camp [2] and in the centre d'entraînement aux actions en zone urbaine (CENZUB, Urban Operations Training Centre). [3] Declassed AMX-30 tanks were used to simulate Soviet T-72s, [2] until 2018. [4]
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There are three major training centers that utilize home-based OPFOR units for the US Army:
Various US military installations or major units have their own local versions of opposing force used for training exercises. The joint Australian–US military exercise "Crocodile '03" featured an Australian-led opposing force in which soldiers from a range of Australian units worked together with a US Marine Corps contingent. [8]
Several state defense forces have served as OPFOR units when training with the National Guard. The California State Guard, [9] the Georgia State Defense Force, [10] and the New York Guard [11] have provided OPFOR services to their respective National Guard counterparts. In 2018, the Georgia State Defense Force established the OPFOR Battalion [12] to assist National Guard Soldiers with pre-deployment training.
Rank group | General / flag officers | Senior officers | Junior officers | |||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aggressor Army (1953–1962) [13] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Marshal | General of army | General of corps | General of division | General of brigade | Colonel | Commandant | Major | Captain | Lieutenant | Sub-lieutenant | Warrant officer | |||||||||||||
Aggressor Army (1962–?) [14] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Marshal | General of army | General of corps | General of division | General of brigade | Colonel | Commandant | Major | Captain | Lieutenant | Sub-lieutenant | Warrant officer | |||||||||||||
Rank group | General / flag officers | Senior officers | Junior officers | |||||||||||||||||||||
Aggressor Air Force (1953–1962) [15] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Air marshal | General of air | General of air army | General of air corps | General of air division | Colonel | Commandant | Major | Captain | Lieutenant | Sub-lieutenant | Warrant officer | |||||||||||||
Aggressor Air Force (1962–?) [16] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Air marshal | General of air | General of air army | General of air corps | General of air division | Colonel | Commandant | Major | Captain | Lieutenant | Sub-lieutenant | Warrant officer |
Rank group | Senior NCOs | Junior NCOs | Enlisted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aggressor Army (1953–1962) [17] | No insignia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sergeant major | Staff sergeant | Senior sergeant | Platoon sergeant | Section sergeant | Corporal | Senior private | Private | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Aggressor Army (1962–?) [18] | No insignia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sergeant major | Staff sergeant | Senior sergeant | Platoon sergeant | Section sergeant | Corporal | Senior private | Private | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Rank group | Senior NCOs | Junior NCOs | Enlisted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Aggressor Air Force (1953–1962) [19] | No insignia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sergeant major | Staff sergeant | Senior sergeant | Platoon sergeant | Section sergeant | Corporal | Senior airman | Airman | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Aggressor Air Force (1962–?) [20] | No insignia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sergeant major | Staff sergeant | Senior sergeant | Platoon sergeant | Section sergeant | Corporal | Senior airman | Airman |
In military organizations, a colour guard is a detachment of soldiers assigned to the protection of regimental colours and the national flag. This duty is highly prestigious, and the military colour is generally carried by a young officer (ensign), while experienced non-commissioned officers are assigned to the protection of the national flag. These non-commissioned officers, accompanied in several countries by warrant officers, can be ceremonially armed with either sabres or rifles to protect the colour. Colour guards are generally dismounted, but there are also mounted colour guard formations as well.
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