Rawene

Rawene
Rawene, as viewed from the water
Coordinates: 35°23′46″S173°30′18″E / 35.39611°S 173.50500°E / -35.39611; 173.50500
Country	New Zealand
Region	Northland Region
District	Far North District
Ward	Kaikohe/Hokianga
Community	Kaikohe-Hokianga
Subdivision	South Hokianga
Electorates	Northland Te Tai Tokerau
Government
• Territorial Authority	Far North District Council
• Regional council	Northland Regional Council
•  Northland MP	Grant McCallum
•  Te Tai Tokerau MP	Mariameno Kapa-Kingi
Area [1]
• Total	2.15 km2 (0.83 sq mi)
Population  (June 2024) [2]
• Total	540
• Density	250/km2 (650/sq mi)

Rawene is a town on the south side of the Hokianga harbour, in Northland, New Zealand. State Highway 12 passes to the south. ^[3] The town lies at the apex of a peninsula. A car ferry links it to Kohukohu and the northern Hokianga. ^[4]

History

This strange shaped building was originally a joinery factory making doors, windows and coffins.

Rawene started as a timber centre, with a mill and shipyards ^[5] established in the early 19th century. An attempted settlement by the first New Zealand Company in 1826 failed. ^[4] Captain James Herd in 1822 had taken out the first shipment of kauri from the Hokianga in his ship Providence. In 1825 he returned as an agent for the Company, sailing the Rosanna in company with the Lambton, ^[6] and 60 settlers between the two vessels. Starting at Stewart Island / Rakiura, ^[7] Herd sailed up the east coast eventually rounding North Cape to enter Hokianga - his old stamping ground. Herd negotiated to buy a vast tract of land. ^[8] The deal was contested^{[ by whom? ]} but for decades Europeans referred to the town as "Herd's Point". ^[9] Later it was called "Hokianga Township", and in 1884 it became "Rawene", possibly to identify the post office and telegraph. ^{[10] [ need quotation to verify ]}

The post office had started operating by 1845 - one of eight in the country. ^[11]

Aperahama Taonui, chief of Te Popoto hapū, allegedly operated a school at Rawene in the mid-19th century. ^[12]

James Reddy Clendon, previously the United States Consul to New Zealand, settled in Rawene in 1862 and served as the local magistrate under the Native Circuit Courts Act until 1867. ^[13] His house still stands and is open to the public. ^[14]

By 1872 Rawene had two hotels and two stores. There was a Wesleyan church, and the Roman Catholics owned a section. Von Sturmer was the Postmaster, Customs Officer and Magistrate. ^[15]

During the Dog Tax War of 1898 the residents of Rawene left for Kohukohu or took refuge on a steamer after the tax rebels threatened to march on the town. ^[16] On 5 May 1898 120 men marched from Rawene to Waima to deal with the "rebels", but the dispute was settled without them. ^[17]

View of Rawene in 1918

A small cottage hospital was built on a hill overlooking the town in 1910. ^[18] A new hospital was completed in 1928. ^[19] Dr George McCall Smith headed the hospital from 1914 to 1948 and developed a unique health-system for the Hokianga. ^[20]

Dr Smith became a practitioner of "painless childbirth" in the early 1930s, using premedication with the barbiturate Nembutal combined with Hyoscine. This proved very popular and attracted women to Rawene from far afield. The annual average of thirty births per year now peaked at two hundred. In 1937 a "Commission of Inquiry into Maternity Services" investigated Smith's practice. Smith fronted up with case notes on his last two hundred patients, and his results could not be bettered anywhere. ^[21]

Parliament declared a special health area in the 1940s. ^[22] This meant that all medical officers in the Hokianga were salaried, and all consultations, pharmaceuticals, investigations and hospital admissions were free. The whole scheme was funded through a per-capita grant. ^{[4] [23] [24]}

Demographics

Statistics New Zealand describes Rawene as a rural settlement. It covers 2.15 km² (0.83 sq mi) ^[1] and had an estimated population of 540 as of June 2024, ^[2] with a population density of 251 people per km². The settlement is part of the larger Hokianga South statistical area.

Historical population for Rawene

Year	Pop.	±% p.a.
2006	441	—
2013	471	+0.94%
2018	495	+1.00%
2023	474	−0.86%
Source: [25] [26]

Rāwene had a population of 474 in the 2023 New Zealand census, a decrease of 21 people (−4.2%) since the 2018 census, and an increase of 3 people (0.6%) since the 2013 census. There were 237 males and 237 females in 207 dwellings. ^[27] 2.5% of people identified as LGBTIQ+. The median age was 55.4 years (compared with 38.1 years nationally). There were 72 people (15.2%) aged under 15 years, 57 (12.0%) aged 15 to 29, 177 (37.3%) aged 30 to 64, and 168 (35.4%) aged 65 or older. ^[26]

People could identify as more than one ethnicity. The results were 55.7% European (Pākehā); 61.4% Māori; 8.2% Pasifika; 2.5% Asian; 0.6% Middle Eastern, Latin American and African New Zealanders (MELAA); and 1.3% other, which includes people giving their ethnicity as "New Zealander". English was spoken by 96.2%, Māori language by 24.7%, Samoan by 1.3% and other languages by 7.0%. No language could be spoken by 2.5% (e.g. too young to talk). New Zealand Sign Language was known by 1.3%. The percentage of people born overseas was 15.2, compared with 28.8% nationally.

Religious affiliations were 39.2% Christian, 4.4% Māori religious beliefs, and 1.9% New Age. People who answered that they had no religion were 46.2%, and 7.6% of people did not answer the census question.

Of those at least 15 years old, 54 (13.4%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, 201 (50.0%) had a post-high school certificate or diploma, and 126 (31.3%) people exclusively held high school qualifications. The median income was $25,100, compared with $41,500 nationally. 18 people (4.5%) earned over $100,000 compared to 12.1% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 99 (24.6%) people were employed full-time, 66 (16.4%) were part-time, and 18 (4.5%) were unemployed. ^[26]

Hokianga South statistical area

The statistical area of Hokianga South, which also includes Whirinaki, covers 126.04 km² (48.66 sq mi) ^[1] and had an estimated population of 1,390 as of June 2024, ^[28] with a population density of 11.0 people per km².

Historical population for Hokianga South

Year	Pop.	±% p.a.
2006	1,065	—
2013	1,239	+2.19%
2018	1,236	−0.05%
2023	1,359	+1.92%
Source: [29] [30]

Hokianga South had a population of 1,359 in the 2023 New Zealand census, an increase of 123 people (10.0%) since the 2018 census, and an increase of 120 people (9.7%) since the 2013 census. There were 669 males and 693 females in 480 dwellings. ^[31] 2.6% of people identified as LGBTIQ+. The median age was 49.4 years (compared with 38.1 years nationally). There were 261 people (19.2%) aged under 15 years, 180 (13.2%) aged 15 to 29, 567 (41.7%) aged 30 to 64, and 345 (25.4%) aged 65 or older. ^[30]

People could identify as more than one ethnicity. The results were 55.4% European (Pākehā); 62.3% Māori; 6.2% Pasifika; 1.8% Asian; 0.7% Middle Eastern, Latin American and African New Zealanders (MELAA); and 2.2% other, which includes people giving their ethnicity as "New Zealander". English was spoken by 95.6%, Māori language by 27.4%, Samoan by 0.7% and other languages by 4.9%. No language could be spoken by 2.9% (e.g. too young to talk). New Zealand Sign Language was known by 0.9%. The percentage of people born overseas was 10.6, compared with 28.8% nationally.

Religious affiliations were 38.9% Christian, 4.4% Māori religious beliefs, 0.2% Buddhist, 1.1% New Age, and 1.3% other religions. People who answered that they had no religion were 48.8%, and 5.7% of people did not answer the census question.

Of those at least 15 years old, 150 (13.7%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, 573 (52.2%) had a post-high school certificate or diploma, and 327 (29.8%) people exclusively held high school qualifications. The median income was $24,900, compared with $41,500 nationally. 39 people (3.6%) earned over $100,000 compared to 12.1% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 342 (31.1%) people were employed full-time, 198 (18.0%) were part-time, and 57 (5.2%) were unemployed. ^[30]

Education

Rawene School is a coeducational full primary (years 1-8) school ^[32] has a roll of 76 students as of August 2024. ^[33]

A room for secondary students was added to Rawene Primary School in 1922. In 1947 a stand-alone Rawene District High School was built. It was extended in 1952, but was destroyed by fire in 1972. ^{[10] [34]}

The Rawene Learning Centre is a campus of NorthTec polytechnic. ^{[35] [36]}

Notable people

• Norm Maxwell, rugby union footballer and All Black.
• Ron Guthrey, mayor of Christchurch (1968 to 1971).
• Gordon Cochrane, WWII RNZAF bomber pilot.
• René Shadbolt, nurse in Spanish Civil War, Hokianga hospital matron
• George McCall Smith, doctor, medical superintendent, community leader

References

1. "ArcGIS Web Application". statsnz.maps.arcgis.com. Retrieved 13 November 2023.
2. "Aotearoa Data Explorer". Statistics New Zealand . Retrieved 26 October 2024.
3. Roger Smith, GeographX (2005). The Geographic Atlas of New Zealand. Robbie Burton. map 22. ISBN   1-877333-20-4.
4. "Hokianga district". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand .
5. Most shipbuilding in the Hokianga occurred at Kohukohu, New Zealand and Horeke
6. Moon, Paul (2012). A Savage Country. Penguin Books Limited. ISBN   9781742532431 . Retrieved 2016-05-03. The company acquired two ships – the Rosanna and the Lambton – with James Herd, whom the Company had appointed to lead the expedition, as captain of the former.
7. Moon, Paul (2013). "Thomas Shepherd and the First New Zealand Company" (PDF). New Zealand Journal of History. 47.
8. The deed lies in National Archives in Wellington, with a photocopy held by the Hokianga Historical Society.
9. McDonnell, Hilda (2002). "Northern New Zealand". The Rosanna Settlers (PDF). p. 72.
10. Irvine, Jean (1976). Township of Rawene.
11. "POST OFFICE - HISTORY". Encyclopedia of New Zealand (1966) .
12. "TAONUI, Aperahama". Encyclopedia of New Zealand (1966) .
13. "Clendon, James Reddy". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography.
14. "Northland Heritage Sites". Heritage New Zealand.
15. Olive Harris and Chris Lancaster, ed. (2006). "The Pioneers Reminisce - Memoirs of Alfred Cooke Yarborough". Remember the Hokianga. O. Harris. p. 162. ISBN   978-0-473-11859-4.
16. Alfred Cooke Yarborough in Remember the Hokianga p 164
17. "HOKIANGA AND HARBOUR". Encyclopedia of New Zealand (1966) . In May 1898 Hokianga was the scene of the famous "Dog Tax Rebellion". This arose when the Mahurehure hapu of Ngapuhi tribe refused to pay a dog tax recently instituted by the local county council. On 5 May 120 men of the Permanent Force under Colonel Newall marched from Rawene to Waima, the seat of the "rebellion", only to find that Hone Heke, M.H.R., had already interceded to preserve the peace.
18. "Northland - Hospital services". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand .
19. "History: The Hospital in 1928". Hokianga Health Enterprise Trust.
20. Parkes, W. F. (August 2004). A Northland Legend: Dr G.M. Smith of Rawene 1883 – 1958. The Auckland Medical History Society. ISBN   0-476-00851-4.
21. Parkes, pp 18-19
22. Parliament gazetted the scheme on 1 September 1941 (NZ Gazette, 28 August 1941, p2702, but it lay in limbo until September 1945 before a "trial period" could begin. By 1947 the hospital boards in Northland were amalgamated but Hokianga retained its special area - it was finally official.
23. Parkes, pp 22-23
24. "History: Dr G M Smith". Hokianga Health Enterprise Trust.
25. "Statistical area 1 dataset for 2018 Census". Statistics New Zealand. March 2020. 7000324–7000326.
26. "Totals by topic for individuals, (RC, TALB, UR, SA3, SA2, Ward, Health), 2013, 2018, and 2023 Censuses". Stats NZ – Tatauranga Aotearoa – Aotearoa Data Explorer. Rāwene (1018). Retrieved 3 October 2024.
27. "Totals by topic for dwellings, (RC, TALB, UR, SA3, SA2, Ward, Health), 2013, 2018, and 2023 Censuses". Stats NZ – Tatauranga Aotearoa – Aotearoa Data Explorer. Retrieved 3 October 2024.
28. "Aotearoa Data Explorer". Statistics New Zealand . Retrieved 26 October 2024.
29. "Statistical area 1 dataset for 2018 Census". Statistics New Zealand. March 2020. Hokianga South (102100). 2018 Census place summary: Hokianga South
30. "Totals by topic for individuals, (RC, TALB, UR, SA3, SA2, Ward, Health), 2013, 2018, and 2023 Censuses". Stats NZ – Tatauranga Aotearoa – Aotearoa Data Explorer. Hokianga South (102100). Retrieved 3 October 2024.
31. "Totals by topic for dwellings, (RC, TALB, UR, SA3, SA2, Ward, Health), 2013, 2018, and 2023 Censuses". Stats NZ – Tatauranga Aotearoa – Aotearoa Data Explorer. Retrieved 3 October 2024.
32. Education Counts: Rawene School
33. "New Zealand Schools Directory". New Zealand Ministry of Education. Retrieved 17 September 2024.
34. "Arson suspected in two fires". The New Zealand Herald. 20 April 2006.
35. "CAMPUSES : RAWENE". NorthTec.
36. "Rawene". NorthTec. Retrieved 4 March 2010.

External links

• Rawene travel guide from Wikivoyage
• Rawene - Hokianga's Picturesque Port Town
• rawene.nz