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Many American sports team names and mascots are based upon or use religious symbolism. The majority are scholastic teams at institutions founded by various denominations of Christianity, both Catholic and Protestant. Saints is the most popular of these names not only at religious schools but public schools. However, the latter are often indirect, the schools being located in places named for saints. The only team name that has become controversial is Crusaders, many having changed in recent years. The term, once associated with protectors of the faith is now also associated with oppression.[ by whom? ] Many Christian schools use "Knights" as their team names with imagery similar to crusaders, but it is difficult to establish religious symbolism in these cases. There are also a number of teams whose name includes demons or devils, which are mythological creatures from many cultures. However, the devil imagery in sports used by professional sports teams as well as public and non-sectarian schools are an example of the Devil in the arts and popular culture more than religion. There are also a few team identities based upon Norse mythology in popular culture.
Team names and their associated sports mascots are examples of totems in the social sciences; symbols that serve both social and psychological functions with many implicit meanings. [1] [2] The social function is to connect individuals into a community; the psychological function is to symbolize desired qualities with which fans can identify. Mascots are also stereotypes, social constructs which are not always inappropriate when they provide valid, if simplified, perceptions of group differences. [3] Participation in sports either as a player or a fan is a significant determinant of social status for college students, in particular for men. [4] The most popular category of sports mascots are animals, with Eagles (symbolic of America) at the top of the list followed by Tigers, Bulldogs and Panthers (symbolic of aggression). Of religious meanings, only Saints is in the top 100 in popularity with Catholic, Protestant, and public schools represented. [5] However, many Saints teams currently have a St. Bernard dog as their mascot, often portrayed by a costumed performer.
Schools where the boy's teams are Vikings and the girl's teams are Valkyries, mythical figures in Norse mythology
Many Catholic, and some Protestant schools adopted the Crusader for their teams. The University of the Incarnate Word decided in 2004 that its Crusader mascot was inappropriate for its multicultural mission. [23] Corlis McGee, president of Eastern Nazarene College, said, "There's a growing awareness that the connotation of the word has changed, and the Crusader no longer represents the positive message of Christian love we want to share with the world."
Other universities have decided to keep the mascot as a way to honor their histories and constantly remind students to "communicate our desire to bring the good news and cross into every situation we encountered." [24] The remaining college-level Crusaders are Belmont Abbey College (Belmont, North Carolina), Christendom College (Front Royal, Virginia), College of the Holy Cross (Worcester, Massachusetts), [25] [26] Madonna University (Livonia, Michigan), and North Greenville University (Tigerville, South Carolina) who changed their mascot from the Mounties to the Crusaders in 2017. [27] [28]
School Name | City | State | New Mascot | Year Changed | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alvernia University | Reading | Pennsylvania | Golden Wolves | 2017 | Sr. Madonna Marie Harvath, a member of the Bernardine Sisters stated; "The idea of changing the name has been brewing for quite some time because there was a lot of prejudice and persecution associated with the Crusades, and that's not what Alvernia stands for." [29] |
Bushnell University | Eugene | Oregon | Beacons | 2020 | The change coincided with Northwest Christian University becoming Bushnell. [30] |
Capital University | Bexley | Ohio | Comets | 2021 | Although the change was based upon recognition that the name had become outdated and divisive, there was pushback from alumni. [31] |
Clarke University | Dubuque | Iowa | The Pride | 2017 | [32] |
Eastern Nazarene College | Quincy | Massachusetts | Lions | 2009 | The college president stated that the connotations of crusader have changed over the years to become associated with atrocities. [33] |
Evangel University | Springfield | Missouri | Valor | 2021 | The university president stated; "Today, we recognize that the Crusader often inhibits the ability of students and alumni to proudly represent the university in their areas of global work and ministry." [34] |
Northwest Nazarene University | Nampa | Idaho | Nighthawks | 2017 | [35] |
Point Loma Nazarene University | Point Loma, San Diego | California | Sea Lions | 2003 | [36] |
Susquehanna University | Selinsgrove | Pennsylvania | River Hawks | 2015 | [37] |
University of the Incarnate Word | San Antonio | Texas | Cardinals | 2004 | |
Valparaiso University | Valparaiso | Indiana | Beacons | 2021 | [38] |
Wheaton College | Wheaton | Illinois | The Thunder | 2000 | Billy Graham, who called his annual evangelistic campaigns "Crusades", was the most notable alumnus of the school. [39] |
The manner in which fans defend their right to hold on to and embrace their cherished symbols of the team reflects a type of totemism. [...] Team logos and mascots take on this totem quality for devout fans. It seems odd that people in the 21st century embrace totems, or symbols, with the same level of enthusiasm as primitive, pagan worshippers. However, sports often bring out the primitive inner being of people - including a passionate devotion to a belief or symbol.
This chapter explores how media-attentive sports fans internalize victory and externalize defeat by charting the simultaneous developments in the 1970s of social identity theory, advanced by European social psychologists...which are rooted in a landmark study on college students wearing school-identifying apparel after the university football team won. The chapter also examines how social identity has served and can continue to be utilized as the theoretical backbone for research on mass-mediated sports fandom.
The term 'segregation academy' in the South has come to mean an institution which is one of 'a system of private schools operated on a racially segregated basis as an alternative available to white students seeking to avoid desegregated public schools.' Coffey v. State Educ. Fin. Comm'n, 296 F. Supp. 1389, 1392 (S.D. Miss. 1969). "The quality of instruction, teachers, and physical plant varies widely among such schools. Some private white schools are well-equipped and boast an excellent staff. For example, the Briarcrest Baptist School System, Inc., in Memphis, Tennessee, offers all the standard academic subjects in addition to religious training. All of Briarcrest's staff are certified by the state, and 20 hold master's degrees. Wall Street Journal, supra note 14, at 1, col. 4. However, many southern private schools are woefully inadequate.