San Fernando, California

Last updated

San Fernando, California
City
Santa Rosa Catholic Church, San Fernando, CA.JPG
Santa Rosa Church
Casa de Lopez (Lopez Adobe), San Fernando, CA.JPG
Lopez Adobe
Saint Ferdinand Catholic Church, San Fernando, CA.JPG
Saint Ferdinand Catholic Church
Seal of San Fernando, California.jpg
Seal
San Fernando, California
San Fernando, California
San Fernando, California
San Fernando, California
Coordinates: 34°17′14″N118°26′20″W / 34.28722°N 118.43889°W / 34.28722; -118.43889
Country Flag of the United States.svg United States
State Flag of California.svg  California
County Los Angeles
Incorporated August 31, 1911 [1]
Named for St. Ferdinand
Government
 • Type Council-Manager
 •  Mayor Celeste T. Rodriguez
 •  Vice Mayor Mary Mendoza
 •  City council [2] Joel Fajardo
Vacant
Mary Solorio
Area
[3]
 • Total2.37 sq mi (6.15 km2)
 • Land2.37 sq mi (6.15 km2)
 • Water0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2)  0%
Elevation
[4]
1,070 ft (326 m)
Population
 (2020)
 • Total23,946
 • Estimate 
(2022) [5]
23,685
 • Density10,086.80/sq mi (26,124.69/km2)
Time zone UTC-8 (PST)
 • Summer (DST) UTC-7 (PDT)
ZIP Code
91340-91342, 91344-91346 [6]
Area code(s) 818, 747 [7]
FIPS code 06-66140
GNIS feature IDs 1652786, 2411785
Website www.ci.san-fernando.ca.us

San Fernando (Spanish for "St. Ferdinand") is a general-law city [8] in the San Fernando Valley region of Los Angeles County, California, in the Los Angeles metropolitan area. It is an enclave in the City of Los Angeles. As of the 2020 census the population of San Fernando was 23,946. [5]

Contents

History

Mission Hotel in San Fernando, ca. 1888 Exterior view of the Mission Hotel in San Fernando, ca.1888 (1874%3F) (CHS-9501).jpg
Mission Hotel in San Fernando, ca. 1888

Prior to the arrival of Spanish missionaries and soldiers, the area of San Fernando was in the northwestern extent of Tovaangar, or the homelands of the Tongva. The nearby village of Pasheeknga was a major site for the Tongva, being the most populous village in the San Fernando Valley at the time. The homelands of the Tataviam could be found to the north and the Chumash to the west. [9] [10]

Spanish colonial period

The Mission San Fernando Rey de España (named after St. Ferdinand) was founded in 1797 at the site of Achooykomenga, an agricultural rancho established by Juan Francisco Reyes for Pueblo de Los Ángeles worked by Ventureño Chumash, Fernandeño (Tongva), and Tataviam laborers. [9] [11]

In 1833, the mission was secularized by the Mexican government. During its time as a mission, 1,367 native children were baptized at San Fernando, of which 965 died in childhood. The high death rate of children and adults at the missions sometimes led those kept at the mission to run away. [12] [13]

Rancho land grant

In 1846, the area became part of the Mexican land grant of Rancho Ex-Mission San Fernando. In 1874, Charles Maclay, bought 56,000 acres (227 km2) of the Rancho.

In 1882, cousins George K. Porter and Benjamin F. Porter, of future Porter Ranch, each received one-third of the total land. In 1885, Maclay founded the Maclay School of Theology, a Methodist seminary in San Fernando. [14] After his death it became an affiliate and moved to the campus of the University of Southern California and then the Claremont School of Theology.

While most of the towns in the surrounding San Fernando Valley agreed to annexation by Los Angeles in the 1910s, eager to tap the bountiful water supply provided by the newly opened Los Angeles Aqueduct, San Fernando's abundant groundwater supplies allowed it to remain a separate city.

Incorporation

In the first half of the 20th century after incorporation in 1911, the city of San Fernando tried to extend its city limits to Sylmar, Mission Hills and Pacoima, but the city of Los Angeles kept up their rapid annexation and caused many attempts to fail.

By the 1950s, the city said that annexation was hard to do, due to the large bureaucracy of Los Angeles. As the San Fernando Valley transitioned from an agricultural area to a suburban one in the decades after World War II, San Fernando retained its independence.

As with much of the San Fernando Valley east of the San Diego Freeway, the city of San Fernando has seen a significant demographic shift in recent years. Declining birth-rates and an aging population of middle-class whites, who once dominated the area in the 1950s, has contributed to the movement into other parts of the San Fernando Valley. There has also been movement into the Santa Clarita and Antelope Valleys to the north.

Geography and climate

San Fernando is completely surrounded by the city of Los Angeles, with the neighborhoods of Sylmar to the north, Lake View Terrace to the east, Pacoima to the south, and Mission Hills to the west. It is served by the Golden State (Interstate 5), Foothill (Interstate 210), Ronald Reagan (State Route 118), and San Diego (Interstate 405) freeways.

Climate data for San Fernando, California
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °F (°C)92
(33)		92
(33)		98
(37)		103
(39)		105
(41)		114
(46)		113
(45)		112
(44)		114
(46)		106
(41)		97
(36)		90
(32)		114
(46)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C)66
(19)		68
(20)		70
(21)		75
(24)		78
(26)		84
(29)		92
(33)		93
(34)		88
(31)		81
(27)		72
(22)		66
(19)		78
(26)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C)43
(6)		45
(7)		44
(7)		46
(8)		51
(11)		55
(13)		58
(14)		60
(16)		58
(14)		53
(12)		46
(8)		43
(6)		50
(10)
Record low °F (°C)23
(−5)		26
(−3)		28
(−2)		30
(−1)		32
(0)		36
(2)		40
(4)		41
(5)		39
(4)		31
(−1)		28
(−2)		26
(−3)		23
(−5)
Average precipitation inches (mm)4.14
(105)		4.52
(115)		3.85
(98)		0.96
(24)		0.25
(6.4)		0.07
(1.8)		0.03
(0.76)		0.15
(3.8)		0.34
(8.6)		0.52
(13)		1.48
(38)		2.27
(58)		18.58
(472)
Source: [15]

Demographics

Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
1920 3,204—
1930 7,567136.2%
1940 9,09420.2%
1950 12,99242.9%
1960 16,09323.9%
1970 16,5713.0%
1980 17,7317.0%
1990 22,58027.3%
2000 23,5644.4%
2010 23,6450.3%
2020 23,9461.3%
2022 (est.)23,685 [16] −1.1%
U.S. Decennial Census [17]

2020

At the 2020 census San Fernando had a population of 23,946. The racial makeup of San Fernando was (93.2%) Hispanic or Latino, (4.2%) Non-Hispanic White, (2.3%) Asian, (1.3%) American Indian, and (0.8%) Black of African American. San Fernando had a population density of 10,086.80/sq miles or 26,124.69/sq km. [5]

The same 2020 Census data also shows that the population is evenly divided with 50% of the population reporting as Male and 50% reporting as Female. Persons under the age of 18 made up 23.1% of the population while persons 65 years of age or older made up 11.8%. The median age in San Fernando was estimated to be 33.9 years of age.

The City of San Fernando’s Annual Report states that the median household income was $77,334 with a total of 6,504 households. [18] The same report states that 73.1% of residents speak a language other than English at home, that 71.2% of residents speak Spanish at home, and 28.1% of residents have limited English-speaking abilities.

2010

At the 2010 census San Fernando had a population of 23,645. The population density was 9,959.9 inhabitants per square mile (3,845.5/km2). The racial makeup of San Fernando was 12,068 (51.0%) White (5.3% Non-Hispanic White), [19] 222 (0.9%) African American, 314 (1.3%) Native American, 248 (1.0%) Asian, 33 (0.1%) Pacific Islander, 9,877 (41.8%) from other races, and 883 (3.7%) from two or more races. There were 21,687 Hispanic or Latino residents, of any race (92.5%). [20]

The census reported that 23,531 people (99.5% of the population) lived in households, 46 (0.2%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 68 (0.3%) were institutionalized.

There were 5,967 households, 3,247 (54.4%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 3,282 (55.0%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 1,098 (18.4%) had a female householder with no husband present, 592 (9.9%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 476 (8.0%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 34 (0.6%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 731 households (12.3%) were one person and 295 (4.9%) had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 3.94. There were 4,972 families (83.3% of households); the average family size was 4.18.

The age distribution was 6,941 people (29.4%) under the age of 18, 2,659 people (11.2%) aged 18 to 24, 7,132 people (30.2%) aged 25 to 44, 4,920 people (20.8%) aged 45 to 64, and 1,993 people (8.4%) who were 65 or older. The median age was 30.7 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.2 males.

There were 6,291 housing units at an average density of 2,649.9 per square mile, of the occupied units 3,252 (54.5%) were owner-occupied and 2,715 (45.5%) were rented. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.1%; the rental vacancy rate was 3.9%. 13,425 people (56.8% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 10,106 people (42.7%) lived in rental housing units.

According to the 2010 United States Census, San Fernando had a median household income of $55,192, with 16.9% of the population living below the federal poverty line. [21]

2000

At the 2000 census there were 23,564 people in 5,774 households, including 4,832 families, in the city. The population density was 9,880.7 inhabitants per square mile (3,815.0/km2). There were 5,932 housing units at an average density of 2,487.4 per square mile (960.4/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 42.76% White, 0.98% African American, 1.69% Native American, 1.12% Asian, 0.11% Pacific Islander, 49.35% from other races, and 3.98% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 89.28%. [22]

Of the 5,774 households 52.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.1% were married couples living together, 16.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 16.3% were non-families. 12.4% of households were one person and 5.6% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 4.07 and the average family size was 4.33.

The age distribution was 34.4% under the age of 18, 11.4% from 18 to 24, 32.1% from 25 to 44, 15.0% from 45 to 64, and 7.0% 65 or older. The median age was 27 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.9 males.

The median household income was $39,909 and the median family income was $40,138. Males had a median income of $26,068 versus $22,599 for females. The per capita income for the city was $11,485. 15.3% of families and 19.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22.5% of those under age 18 and 15.6% of those age 65 or over.

Economy

Top employers

According to the City of San Fernando’s 2022 annual report, [23] the top ten employers in the city (not including the city itself as an employer) are:

#Employer# of Employees
1 Los Angeles Unified School District 2145
2 Pharmavite LLC 343
3 Pepsi Bottling Company 320
4 Home Depot 300
5 County of Los Angeles 250
6PureTek196
7Production Resource Group LLC151
8Northeast Valley Health Group150
9 Vallarta Supermarkets 144
10Ricon Corp118

As of 2021, the City of San Fernando has a total labor force of 11,000 with 3,943 (35.85%) working for the top ten employers listed. The City of San Fernando also employs 132 people as of 2021. [24]

Arts and culture

The city hosts public celebrations such as 4 July festivities and summer movie nights in city parks. Mexican-American culture is prevalent and the city hosts Día de los Muertos festivals and community classes teaching "Aztec" and Folklórico dances. [25]

Parks and recreation

The San Fernando Recreation and Community Services (RCS) Department maintains multiple parks and recreation centers in the city and provides residents with recreational amenities, programs and services. Various social clubs cater to senior residents providing them with crafting and gardening programs and social events. [25]

List of city parks in San Fernando [26]
NameAddressNotes
Casa de López Adobe 1100 Pico StreetSmall park on a historic site
César E. Chávez Memorial Park Wolfskilll Street & Truman StreetMemorial park honoring César E. Chávez at an entrance to the city
Las Palmas Park505 South Huntington StreetNeighborhood park with sports and recreational facilities
Layne Park120 North Huntington StreetSmall neighborhood park with recreational facilities
Pioneer Park828 Harding StreetNeighborhood park with sports facilities
Rudy Ortega Sr. Park 2025 Fourth StreetNeighborhood park with walking trails and a tea house
San Fernando Recreation Park208 Park AvenueAKA San Fernando Regional Park; includes sports facilities and a recreation center
San Fernando Regional Pool300 Park AvenuePublic pools adjacent to the San Fernando Recreation Park
Cindy Montañez Natural Park [27] 801 8th StreetFormerly Pacoima Wash Natural Park; built by the MRCA with walking trails and a picnic area

Government

Municipal government

San Fernando City Hall San Fernando California 2024 February 03.jpg
San Fernando City Hall

The City of San Fernando is governed by a city council. Members of the City Council are elected at-large and serve four year terms. [8] The mayor is appointed every year, on a rotating basis, by a majority vote of the council. The Council meets on the first and third Monday of each month at 6:00 pm in the Council Chambers.

State and federal representation

In the California State Legislature, San Fernando is in the 20th Senate District , represented by Democrat Caroline Menjivar, and in the 43rd Assembly District , represented by Democrat Luz Rivas. [28]

In the United States Senate, San Fernando is represented by California's senators Alex Padilla and Laphonza Butler. [29] In the United States House of Representatives, San Fernando is in California's 29th congressional district , represented by Democrat Tony Cárdenas. [30]

Education

San Fernando Middle School Auditorium San Fernando California 2024 February 04.jpg
San Fernando Middle School Auditorium
Maclay School of Theology, in San Fernando c. 1890. MaclaySchoolofTheology-1890.jpg
Maclay School of Theology, in San Fernando c. 1890.

San Fernando is served by the Los Angeles Unified School District. [31]

San Fernando is served by the following LAUSD schools:

The nearest community college to San Fernando is Los Angeles Mission College in the Sylmar neighborhood of Los Angeles.

PUC Schools operates some charter schools in San Fernando. They include Nueva Esperanza Charter Academy (MS and HS) and PUC Inspire Charter Academy. [33] [34] At one time Lakeview Charter Academy and Triumph Charter Academy, both of PUC Schools, were located in San Fernando now they are located in Sylmar. [35] [36]

A private school, The Concordia Schools San Fernando, was in the city. [37] First Lutheran Schools was previously located where Concordia San Fernando was later now located. [38] In 2011 the middle and high school consolidated into Concordia Junior Senior High School. [39]

Public library

San Fernando branch San Fernando California 2024 February 02.jpg
San Fernando branch

The County of Los Angeles Public Library operates the San Fernando Library at 217 North Maclay Avenue. [40]

Infrastructure

The Los Angeles County Department of Health Services operates the Pacoima Health Center in Pacoima in Los Angeles, serving the City of San Fernando. [41]

The City of San Fernando produces, treats, sells and maintains its own water supply. [42] The City began the construction of a $11.2 million rainwater infiltration system on the site of San Fernando Regional Park on April 4, 2022, which is meant to protect the Pacoima Wash and, in turn, Los Angeles River from further impurities and to support groundwater recharge for the San Fernando Valley Groundwater Basin, benefiting the city of Los Angeles. The new system also reduces the impact of heavy rain in the city, capturing runoff from a 940 acre drainage area including approximately 70% of the city's area. [43] [44] [45] [46] The project will be surfaced by a baseball field, as was originally on the site of the project. [47]

The United States Postal Service operates the San Fernando Post Office. [48]

Police

San Fernando Police Department San Fernando California 2024 February 05.jpg
San Fernando Police Department

Police services in San Fernando is provided by the San Fernando Police Department. The police department has 35 sworn police officers and 25 non-sworn personnel. The department is also augmented by 20 sworn reserve police officers. In times of need, the police department can deploy a total of 55 sworn police officers.[ citation needed ]

The San Fernando Police Department is a member of the Los Angeles County Disaster Management Area "C". Area "C" consists of the cities of Burbank, Pasadena, Glendale, San Fernando, San Gabriel, Monterey Park, Alhambra and South Pasadena. [49] The San Fernando Police have, in the past, requested mutual aid from the LAPD during major incidents.[ citation needed ]

Fire

The Los Angeles Fire Department provides fire protection services for the city of San Fernando, which serves the community from three nearby fire stations (Station 75, Station 91, and Station 98), all of which are located in the City of Los Angeles. [50]

Fire Station 75 in Mission Hills serves western San Fernando. [51] Fire Station 91 in Sylmar serves northeast San Fernando [52] Fire Station 98 in Pacoima serves southeast San Fernando. [53]

Transportation

The Sylmar/San Fernando Metrolink station serves the city on the Antelope Valley Line that passes through the city on a route adjacent to and parallel with San Fernando Boulevard. The officials and citizens have expressed their concern about the impact of the California High-Speed Rail if it follows the same route through the city. [54] The city will become the future northern terminus of the East San Fernando Valley Light Rail Transit Project, the valley's first light rail line by 2027. [55] [56]

See also

Notable people

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References

  1. ↑ "California Cities by Incorporation Date". California Association of Local Agency Formation Commissions. Archived from the original (Word) on November 3, 2014. Retrieved August 25, 2014.
  2. ↑ "City Council". City of San Fernando.
  3. ↑ "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 1, 2020.
  4. ↑ "San Fernando". Geographic Names Information System . United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior . Retrieved October 13, 2014.
  5. 1 2 3 "QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau . July 1, 2022. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
  6. ↑ "USPS - ZIP Code Lookup - Find a ZIP+ 4 Code By City Results" . Retrieved January 18, 2007.
  7. ↑ "Number Administration System - NPA and City/Town Search Results". Archived from the original on November 4, 2009. Retrieved January 18, 2007.
  8. 1 2 "Elections". City of San Fernando. Archived from the original on November 30, 2021 – via The Wayback Machine, The Internet Archive.
  9. 1 2 Johnson, John R. (2006). Ethnohistoric Overview for the Santa Susana Pass State Historic Park Cultural Resources Inventory Project (PDF). Southern Service Center, State of California, Department of Parks and Recreation.
  10. ↑ Whiteman Airport Master Plan Update (PDF). County of Los Angeles Department of Public Works. 2014. p. 14.
  11. ↑ Johnson, John R. (1997). "The Indians of Mission San Fernando". Southern California Quarterly. 79 (3): 249–290. doi:10.2307/41172612. ISSN   0038-3929. JSTOR   41172612.
  12. ↑ Guinn, James Miller (1907). History of the State of California and Biographical Record to Oakland and Environs: Also Containing Biographies of Well-known Citizens of the Past and Present. Historic record Company. p. 63.
  13. ↑ Champagne, Duane (2021). A coalition of lineages : the Fernandeño Tataviam Band of Mission Indians. Carole E. Goldberg. Tucson. p. 56. ISBN   978-0-8165-4285-7. OCLC   1245673178.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  14. ↑ Hunt, Thomas C.; James C. Carper (1996). Religious Higher Education in the United States: A Source Book. Taylor & Francis. p. 474. ISBN   978-0-8153-1636-7 . Retrieved February 1, 2009.
  15. ↑ "Zipcode 91340". www.plantmaps.com. Retrieved April 18, 2021.
  16. ↑ "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". United States Census Bureau. May 24, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
  17. ↑ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  18. ↑ City of San Fernando 2022 Annual Report
  19. ↑ 'United States Census Bureau
  20. ↑ "2010 Census Interactive Population Search: CA - San Fernando city". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
  21. ↑ "Community Facts American FactFinder, United States Census Bureau" . Retrieved October 14, 2014.
  22. ↑ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau . Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  23. ↑ [Page 5] San Fernando Annual 2022 Report
  24. ↑ https://ci.san-fernando.ca.us/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/ACFR-FY-2020-2021.pdf[Page 149]
  25. 1 2 "Recreation & Community Services | City of San Fernando" . Retrieved December 26, 2022.
  26. ↑ "Park Facilities | City of San Fernando" . Retrieved December 26, 2022.
  27. ↑ "Cindy Montañez Natural Park". MRCA. Retrieved September 19, 2023.
  28. ↑ https://findyourrep.legislature.ca.gov/
  29. ↑ California Senators accessed November 7, 2018
  30. ↑ "California's 29th Congressional District - Representatives & District Map". Civic Impulse, LLC.
  31. ↑ https://ci.san-fernando.ca.us/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Zoning-Map.pdf elementary and middle schools in the city limits are on this map
  32. ↑ "Home." Gridley Elementary School. Retrieved on April 27, 2014. "1907 Eighth St. Sylmar, CA 91340"
  33. ↑ "Nueva Esperanza Charter Academy Archived 2010-11-24 at the Wayback Machine ." PUC Schools. Retrieved on November 27, 2011.
  34. ↑ "Lakeview Charter High School Archived 2011-12-06 at the Wayback Machine ." PUC Schools. Retrieved on November 27, 2011. "Lakeview Charter High School 919 Eighth Street San Fernando, CA 91340-1312"
  35. ↑ "Triumph Charter Academy." PUC Schools. June 14, 2008. Retrieved on November 27, 2011.
  36. ↑ "Lakeview Charter Academy." PUC Schools. June 14, 2008. Retrieved on November 27, 2011.
  37. ↑ "Home." Concordia San Fernando. Retrieved on September 1, 2011. "777 N. Maclay, San Fernando, CA 91340"
  38. ↑ "Home." First Lutheran Schools. Retrieved on September 1, 2011. "Elementary School: 777 N. Maclay San Fernando, CA 91340 • Phone: 818-361-4800 Jr./Sr. High School: 13361 Glenoaks Blvd., Sylmar, CA 91342"
  39. ↑ Lin, C.J. "Valley private school options dwindling Archived 2012-08-13 at the Wayback Machine ." August 17, 2011. Retrieved on August 31, 2011.
  40. ↑ "San Fernando Library". County of Los Angeles Public Library. Accessed 8/22/2010.
  41. ↑ "Pacoima Health Center." Los Angeles County Department of Health Services. Retrieved on March 17, 2010.
  42. ↑ "San Fernando Water & Sewer." Retrieved on November 20, 2019.
  43. ↑ Arizon, Gabriel (April 21, 2022). "Infiltration System Being Built to Improve San Fernando Water". The San Fernando Valley Sun. Retrieved September 19, 2023.
  44. ↑ Arizon, Gabriel (September 15, 2022). "City of San Fernando Infiltration Project Nearly Halfway Completed". The San Fernando Valley Sun. Retrieved September 19, 2023.
  45. ↑ "Regional Infiltration System at Rec Park Nears Completion". The San Fernando Valley Sun. November 17, 2022. Retrieved September 19, 2023.
  46. ↑ "SF Regional Park Infiltration Project | City of San Fernando" . Retrieved September 19, 2023.
  47. ↑ Sol, Gabriel Arizon, San Fernando Valley Sun/El (June 22, 2023). "San Fernando Infiltration Project to be Operational in August". The San Fernando Valley Sun. Retrieved September 19, 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  48. ↑ "Post Office Location - SAN FERNANDO MAIN Archived 2010-03-07 at the Wayback Machine ." United States Postal Service. Retrieved on March 17, 2010.
  49. ↑ "List of Los Angeles County Operational Area Disaster Management Area Cities" (PDF). County of Los Angeles - Chief Executive Office. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
  50. ↑ "Fire Protection Service Archived 2009-03-26 at the Wayback Machine " City of San Fernando Website Retrieved on March 16, 2009.
  51. ↑ "Fire Station 75 Archived 2010-01-24 at the Wayback Machine ." Los Angeles Fire Department. Retrieved on March 17, 2010.
  52. ↑ "Fire Station 91 Archived 2010-03-27 at the Wayback Machine ." Los Angeles Fire Department. Retrieved on March 17, 2010.
  53. ↑ "Fire Station 98 Archived 2010-01-24 at the Wayback Machine ." Los Angeles Fire Department. Retrieved on March 17, 2010.
  54. ↑ Vartabedian, Ralph (May 30, 2015). "San Fernando leaders confront state officials over bullet train route". Los Angeles Times .
  55. ↑ http://media.metro.net/projects_studies/east_sfv/images/map_corridor_esfv.pdf [ bare URL PDF ]
  56. ↑ "East San Fernando Valley Transit Corridor". www.metro.net.
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