Tumisa

Last updated
Tumisa
Cerro Tumisa
Volcan Lejia, Chile, 2016-02-08, DD 47.jpg
View of Tumisa (left) and Lejía volcano (right)
Highest point
Elevation 5,658 m (18,563 ft) [1]
Coordinates 23°28′S67°49′W / 23.467°S 67.817°W / -23.467; -67.817 [1]
Geography
Relief Map of Chile.jpg
Red triangle with thick white border.svg
Tumisa
Parent range Andes
Geology
Age of rock Pleistocene
Mountain type Stratovolcano
Volcanic belt Central Volcanic Zone
Last eruption 500,000 years ago

Tumisa (also known as Cerro Tumisa) is a Pleistocene stratovolcano in the Andes. Located east of the Salar de Atacama, it is part of the Central Volcanic Zone, which since the Miocene has been subject to extensive andesitic/dacitic effusive activity and ignimbrite eruptions. The basement on which Tumisa is built includes Paleozoic rocks and more recent volcanic products of the Lejia volcano and the Atana and Patao ignimbrites. [2]

Block flows, lava flows, lava domes and some ignimbrites of pumiceous composition form this composite volcano. [3] More than six lava domes and two major cones are part of this system and surrounded by a pyroclastic apron, [4] which covers a surface area of 300 square kilometres (120 sq mi) and is formed from many pyroclastic flows with a total volume of 21 cubic kilometres (5.0 cu mi). The pyroclastic flows contain pumice and large blocks, some of which show signs of deformation when they were still hot. The lava domes and lavas are grouped in three units. Presumably, the activity of Tumisa started with explosive eruptions that generated the ignimbrite apron, later degassed magma formed the lava domes and lava flows. [2]

Dating of the volcano indicates that it becomes younger with higher altitude, a pattern that may be explained either by a shift in the magmatic system or a progressive downslope sliding of the volcano during its history at a speed of 0.5–2 centimetres per year (0.20–0.79 in/year). [4] Tumisa developed atop lake sediments which facilitate sliding. [5] This interpretation is supported by the drainage patterns of the volcano, with channels bending outwards and curving towards the west. These channels possibly formed over faults of the slipping volcano. [4] Valleys (quebradas) were excavated less than one million years ago during the glacial stages in Tumisa's northern flank. Moraines are also found [6] and reflect the past occurrence of glaciation on the mountain; they lie at around 4,900 metres (16,100 ft) elevation. [7]

San Pedro de Atacama San Pedro de Atacama (Unsplash wq85nxw81sc).jpg
San Pedro de Atacama

The volcano has erupted dacitic lavas containing andesitic mafic inclusions. These inclusions resemble those from the Soncor flow of neighbouring Lascar to the northeast. Some rocks may have been influenced by the interaction with calcium carbonate in the magma chambers. [8] Hornblende crystals with dimensions of 5–10 millimetres (0.20–0.39 in) and megacrysts of feldspar with dimensions of up to 1.5 centimetres (0.59 in) are also present. [6] The textures of the products suggest that magma mixing occurred during activity. [9] The dacites have a white porphyritic appearance. The dome complex is dated 2.5-0.5 mya and the associated pyroclastics 1.5-0.5 mya and constructed on Tertiary ignimbrites. [10] One date of 1.2±0.6 million years was obtained from the Las Mulas dome. [2] The complex is of Pleistocene age. [3] Later, hydrothermal alteration occurred. [2]

A fault with probably postglacial activity crosses Lejía Lake and is associated with Tumisa, connecting Tumisa with a basaltic maar and an isolated lava dome. It runs in northwest-southeast direction and crosses Lejia on its southern margin. [11]

An abandoned sulfur mine lies on its eastern slope and a road leads to it. [7] Tumisa and its neighbouring mountains Lausa, Chiliques, Ipira and Miñiques are identified by the inhabitants of Socaire to be part of a giant human left hand with dimensions of 40 by 30 kilometres (25 mi × 19 mi) on the eastern horizon. [12]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lascar (volcano)</span> A stratovolcano within the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes

Lascar is a stratovolcano in Chile within the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes, a volcanic arc that spans Peru, Bolivia, Argentina and Chile. It is the most active volcano in the region, with records of eruptions going back to 1848. It is composed of two separate cones with several summit craters. The westernmost crater of the eastern cone is presently active. Volcanic activity is characterized by constant release of volcanic gas and occasional vulcanian eruptions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nevado de Longaví</span> Volcano in Chile

Nevado de Longaví is a volcano in the Andes of central Chile. The 3,242 m (10,636 ft) high volcano lies in the Linares Province, which is part of the Maule Region. It features a summit crater and several parasitic vents. The volcano is constructed principally from lava flows. Two collapses of the edifice have carved collapse scars into the volcano, one on the eastern slope known as Lomas Limpias and another on the southwestern slope known as Los Bueye. The volcano features a glacier and the Achibueno and Blanco rivers originate on the mountain.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ollagüe</span> Stratovolcano in Bolivia and Chile

Ollagüe or Ullawi is a massive andesite stratovolcano in the Andes on the border between Bolivia and Chile, within the Antofagasta Region of Chile and the Potosi Department of Bolivia. Part of the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes, its highest summit is 5,868 metres (19,252 ft) above sea level and features a summit crater that opens to the south. The western rim of the summit crater is formed by a compound of lava domes, the youngest of which features a vigorous fumarole that is visible from afar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Purico complex</span> Pleistocene volcanic complex in Chile

The Purico complex is a Pleistocene volcanic complex in Chile close to Bolivia, formed by an ignimbrite, several lava domes and stratovolcanoes and one maar. It is in the Chilean segment of the Central Volcanic Zone, one of the four volcanic belts which make up the Andean Volcanic Belt. The Central Volcanic Zone spans Peru, Bolivia, Chile and Argentina and includes 44 active volcanoes as well as the Altiplano–Puna volcanic complex, a system of large calderas and ignimbrites of which Purico is a member. Licancabur to the north, La Pacana southeast and Guayaques to the east are separate volcanic systems.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aguas Calientes (volcano)</span> Mountain in Chile

Aguas Calientes Volcano or Cerro Aguas Calientes, also called Simba, is a cone-shaped stratovolcano located 5 kilometres (3 mi) east of the Lascar volcano and 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) north of Laguna Lejía, Chile. It is located within a 500 square kilometres (190 sq mi) area where the Cordón de Puntas Negras and the Cordón Chalviri volcanic chains intersect. The volcano is constructed from andesite and dacite containing hornblende and also anhydrite and its pyroclastics are all older than Lascar. It has a diameter of about 7 kilometres (4.3 mi). Some xenoliths of calc-alkaline material are found in Aguas Calientes lavas, and magma mixing has generated lavas containing andesite inclusions in dacites. One eruption of Aguas Calientes postdates the first centre of Lascar and was originally linked to the Lascar Piedras Grandes eruption, before sampling on the deposits of this eruption indicated a relationship with the Lascar volcano itself. Effusion of lava ceased after the cone was built. One summit lava flow may be of Holocene age, but no evidence of historical activity is found.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Laguna Lejía</span> Lake in Chile

Laguna Lejía is a salt lake located in the Altiplano of the Antofagasta Region of northern Chile. The landscape of the area is dominated by the volcanoes Chiliques, Lascar, Aguas Calientes and Acamarachi. It is shallow and has no outlet, covering a surface area of about 1.9 square kilometres (0.73 sq mi) in the present-day.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">San Pedro (Chile volcano)</span> One of the tallest active volcanoes in the world

San Pedro is a Holocene composite volcano in northern Chile and at 6,155 metres (20,194 ft) in elevation one of the highest active volcanoes in the world. Part of the Chilean Andes' volcanic segment, it is part of the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes, one of the four tracts of the Andean Volcanic Belt. This region of volcanism includes the world's two highest volcanoes Ojos del Salado and Llullaillaco. San Pedro, like other Andean volcanoes, was formed by the subduction of the Nazca Plate beneath the South America Plate. It has a neighbouring volcano, San Pablo, and is itself formed by two separate edifices usually known as the Old Cone and the Young Cone. These edifices are formed by rocks ranging from basaltic andesite over andesite to dacite and are emplaced on a basement formed by Miocene volcanic rocks.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Taapaca</span> Volcano in Chile

Taapaca is a Holocene volcanic complex in northern Chile's Arica y Parinacota Region. Located in the Chilean Andes, it is part of the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andean Volcanic Belt, one of four distinct volcanic chains in South America. The town of Putre lies at the southwestern foot of the volcano.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">La Pacana</span> Large Miocene-age caldera in northern Chile

La Pacana is a Miocene age caldera in northern Chile's Antofagasta Region. Part of the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes, it is part of the Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex, a major caldera and silicic ignimbrite volcanic field. This volcanic field is located in remote regions at the Zapaleri tripoint between Chile, Bolivia and Argentina.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cerro Chao</span> Lava flow complex associated with the Cerro del León volcano in the Andes

Cerro Chao is a lava flow complex associated with the Cerro del León volcano in the Andes. It is the largest known Quaternary silicic volcano body and part of the most recent phase of activity in the Altiplano–Puna volcanic complex.

Cerro Guacha is a Miocene caldera in southwestern Bolivia's Sur Lípez Province. Part of the volcanic system of the Andes, it is considered to be part of the Central Volcanic Zone (CVZ), one of the three volcanic arcs of the Andes, and its associated Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex (APVC). A number of volcanic calderas occur within the latter.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Incapillo</span> Pleistocene caldera in Argentina

Incapillo is a Pleistocene-age caldera in the La Rioja Province of Argentina. It is the southernmost volcanic centre in the Andean Central Volcanic Zone (CVZ) that erupted during the Pleistocene. Incapillo is one of several ignimbrite or caldera systems that, along with 44 active stratovolcanoes, are part of the CVZ.

Irruputuncu is a volcano in the commune of Pica, Tamarugal Province, Tarapacá Region, Chile, as well as San Pedro de Quemes Municipality, Nor Lípez Province, Potosí Department, Bolivia. The mountain's summit is 5,163 m (16,939 ft) high and has two summit craters—the southernmost 200 m (660 ft)-wide one has active fumaroles. The volcano also features lava flows, block and ash flows and several lava domes. The volcano is part of the Andean Central Volcanic Zone (CVZ).

Jotabeche is a Miocene-Pliocene caldera in the Atacama Region of Chile. It is part of the volcanic Andes, more specifically of the extreme southern end of the Central Volcanic Zone (CVZ). This sector of the Andean Volcanic Belt contains about 44 volcanic centres and numerous more minor volcanic systems, as well as some caldera and ignimbrite systems. Jotabeche is located in a now inactive segment of the CVZ, the Maricunga Belt.

Chato Aislado is a volcano in Chile.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Apacheta-Aguilucho volcanic complex</span> Pair of volcanoes and lava domes in Chile

Apacheta-Aguilucho volcanic complex is a volcanic complex in Chile. It consists of two volcanoes Cerro Apacheta and Cerro Aguilucho, which are constructed mainly by lava flows and surrounded by outcrops of lava. A sector collapse and its landslide deposit are located on Apacheta's eastern flank. Two lava domes are associated with the volcanic complex, Chac-Inca and Pabellón.

Wheelwright caldera is a caldera in Chile. It is variously described as being between 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) and 22 kilometres (14 mi) wide and lies in the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes. A lake lies within the caldera, which is among the largest of the Central Andes. The caldera lies in the region of Ojos del Salado, the world's tallest volcano.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cerro Overo</span> Volcanic crater in Chile

Cerro Overo is a volcanic crater in Chile. It lies at the foot of Chiliques volcano and close to Laguna Lejía, over ignimbrites of Pliocene age erupted by the La Pacana volcano. It is 480 by 580 metres wide and 72 metres (236 ft) deep and formed through combined explosive-effusive eruptions. The lavas are of lower crustal provenience and are among the least silicic in the region.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nevado Tres Cruces</span> Volcanic massif in the Andes

Nevado Tres Cruces is a massif of volcanic origin in the Andes Mountains on the border of Argentina and Chile. It has two main summits, Tres Cruces Sur at 6,748 metres (22,139 ft) and Tres Cruces Centro at 6,629 m (21,749 ft) and a third minor summit, Tres Cruces Norte 6,030 m (19,780 ft). Tres Cruces Sur is the sixth highest mountain in the Andes.

Tilocálar is a group of volcanoes south of the Salar de Atacama, in Chile. It developed during the Pleistocene and consists of a small lava dome, two vents with numerous thick lava flows that reach lengths of several kilometres, and an explosion crater that was mistaken for an impact crater in the past. There are similar volcanoes nearby.

References

  1. 1 2 Gonzalez-Ferran, Oscar (1994). Volcanes de Chile (1. ed.). Santiago, Chile: Instituto geografico militar. p. 183. ISBN   978-9562020541 . Retrieved 11 October 2015.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Gardeweg, Moyra P (1988). "Petrografia y geoquimica del complejo volcánico Tumisa, Altiplano de Antofagasta, Andes del Norte de Chile" (PDF). biblioserver.sernageomin.cl (in Spanish). Santiago: SERNAGEOMIN. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 October 2015. Retrieved 11 October 2015.
  3. 1 2 Matthews, S. J. (1999). "Empirical Calibration of the Sulphur Valence Oxygen Barometer from Natural and Experimental Glasses: Method and Applications". Mineralogical Magazine . 63 (3): 421–431. CiteSeerX   10.1.1.610.1913 . doi:10.1180/002646199548510. S2CID   201642782.
  4. 1 2 3 Wooller, Luke; van Wyk de Vries, Benjamin; Murray, John B.; Rymer, Hazel; Meyer, Stephanie (2004). "Volcano spreading controlled by dipping substrata". Geology. 32 (7): 573. Bibcode:2004Geo....32..573W. doi:10.1130/G20472.1.
  5. ↑ Roverato, Matteo; Di Traglia, Federico; Procter, Jonathan; Paguican, Engielle; Dufresne, Anja (2021). "Factors Contributing to Volcano Lateral Collapse". Volcanic Debris Avalanches: From Collapse to Hazard. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. p. 96. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-57411-6_5. ISBN   978-3-030-57411-6. S2CID   228900829.
  6. 1 2 GARDEWEG, M. C.; SPARKS, R. S. J.; MATTHEWS, S. J. (1 February 1998). "Evolution of Lascar Volcano, Northern Chile". Journal of the Geological Society . 155 (1): 89–104. Bibcode:1998JGSoc.155...89G. doi:10.1144/gsjgs.155.1.0089. S2CID   128916568 . Retrieved 11 October 2015.
  7. 1 2 Jenny, Bettina; Kammer, Klaus (1996). Climate Change in den trockenen Anden (in German). Verlag des Geographischen Institutes der Universität Bern. p. 60. ISBN   3906151034.
  8. ↑ MATTHEWS, S. J.; JONES, A. P.; GARDEWEG, M. C. (1 April 1994). "Lascar Volcano, Northern Chile; Evidence for Steady-State Disequilibrium". Journal of Petrology . 35 (2): 401–432. Bibcode:1994JPet...35..401M. doi:10.1093/petrology/35.2.401 . Retrieved 11 October 2015.
  9. ↑ MATTHEWS, S. J.; JONES, A. P.; BRISTOW, C. S. (1 December 1992). "A simple magma-mixing model for sulphur behaviour in calc-alkaline volcanic rocks: mineralogical evidence from Mount Pinatubo 1991 eruption". Journal of the Geological Society. 149 (6): 863–866. Bibcode:1992JGSoc.149..863M. doi:10.1144/gsjgs.149.6.0863. S2CID   129704995 . Retrieved 11 October 2015.
  10. ↑ Calder, E.S.; Sparks, R.S.J.; Gardeweg, M.C. (December 2000). "Erosion, transport and segregation of pumice and lithic clasts in pyroclastic flows inferred from ignimbrite at Lascar Volcano, Chile". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research . 104 (1–4): 201–235. Bibcode:2000JVGR..104..201C. doi:10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00207-9.
  11. ↑ Matthews, Steve; Vita-Finzi, Claudio (23 September 1993). "Neotectonics at Laguna Lejia, Atacama Desert, Northern Chile" (PDF). Horizon pleins textes. Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 November 2006. Retrieved 11 October 2015.
  12. ↑ Moyano, Ricardo; Uribe, Carlos (2012). "El Volcán Chiliques y el "morar-En-El-Mundo" de Una Comunidad Atacameña del Norte de Chile". Estudios Atacameños (in Spanish) (43): 187–208. doi: 10.4067/S0718-10432012000100010 . ISSN   0718-1043.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.