United Nations–African Union Mission in Darfur

Last updated
African Union-United Nations Hybrid operation in Darfur
AbbreviationUNAMID
Formation31 July 2007;16 years ago (2007-07-31)
Dissolved31 December 2020;3 years ago (2020-12-31)
Type Peacekeeping mission
Legal statusActive
Headquarters El Fasher, Sudan
Head
Joint Special Representative
Jeremiah Kingsley Mamabolo
Parent organization
 United Nations Security Council
African Union
Website unamid.unmissions.org
A UNAMID Honor Guard greets SE Gration's arrival into the UNAMID compound in El Geneina, West Darfur, 19 November 2009. Sudan Envoy - Honor Guard.jpg
A UNAMID Honor Guard greets SE Gration's arrival into the UNAMID compound in El Geneina, West Darfur, 19 November 2009.

The African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (known by its acronym UNAMID) was a joint African Union (AU) and United Nations (UN) peacekeeping mission formally approved by United Nations Security Council Resolution 1769 on 31 July 2007, [1] to bring stability to the war-torn Darfur region of Sudan while peace talks on a final settlement continue. [2]

Contents

Its initial 12-month mandate was extended to 31 July 2010. [3] As of 2008, its budget was approximately US $106 million per month. [4] Its force of about 26,000 personnel began to deploy to the region in October 2007. The 9,000-strong African Union Mission in Sudan (AMIS), which was previously responsible for peacekeeping, had completely merged into this new force by 31 December 2007. [5]

The mandate is for a force of up to 19,555 military personnel and 3,772 police, along with a further "19 formed police units comprising up to 140 personnel each." [6] The peacekeepers are allowed to use force to protect civilians and humanitarian operations. UNAMID is the first joint UN/AU force and the largest peacekeeping mission.

As of December 2008, it had deployed 15,136 total uniformed personnel, including 12,194 troops, 175 military observers, and 2,767 police officers, who were supported by 786 international civilian personnel, 1,405 local civilian staff, and 266 UN volunteers. [7]

On 22 December 2020, the UN Security Council unanimously adopted Resolution 2559 (2020) to end the UNAMID mandate on 31 December 2020, with full withdrawal to be completed by 30 June 2021. [8]

Authorisation

Initial authorization for the mission was given by the UN Security Council in resolution 1769 of 31 July 2007. [9] This resolution set the strength of the mission as "... up to 19,555 military personnel, including 360 military observers and liaison officers, and an appropriate civilian component including up to 3,772 police personnel and 19 formed police units comprising up to 140 personnel each". The mission's authorisation was extended in essentially unchanged form for each of the following five years: UN Security Council resolution 1828 adopted on 31 July 2008, resolution 1881 on 30 July 2009, resolution 1935 on 30 July 2010, resolution 2003 on 29 July 2011, and resolution 2063 adopted on 31 July 2012.

Security Council resolution 2113 of 30 July 2013 extended the mandate of UNAMID for 13 months – to 31 August 2014 – but reduced the permitted force strength to 16,200 military personnel, 2,310 police personnel and 17 formed police units of up to 140 personnel. [10] The following year saw the mandate extended once again to 30 June 2015 (Security Council resolution 2173 of 27 August 2014).

Security Council resolution 2228 of 29 June 2015 further reduced the force strength, to no more than 15,845 military personnel, 1,583 police personnel and 13 formed police units of up to 140 personnel each. [11] This force authorisation was extended by another 12 months through Security Council resolution 2296 of 29 June 2016. [12]

Drawdown

The new Trump Administration in Washington argued for a reduction in UN peacekeeping budgets during the first half of 2017. Possibly arising from this, when the UNAMID mandate was renewed for a further 12 months by the UN Security Council on 29 June 2017, significant reductions in deployed personnel were announced. [13] The approved Force strength was to be reduced in two stages. By the end of 2017 the authorized numbers of troops and police would be 11,395 and 2,888, respectively. To be further reduced by mid-2018 to 8,735 troops (eight battalions) and 2,500 police. [14] Reductions in Mission civilian staff were reported to be 426 in Phase 1 (i.e. to 31 December 2017) and a further 147 positions lost in Phase 2 (i.e. to 30 June 2018). [15]

Leadership and command

United Nations' missions come under a civilian Head of Mission, usually called the Special Representative of the UN Secretary General. UNAMID, as a joint mission, has a civilian head appointed by both the UN Secretary General and AU Commission Chairman. In October 2015 Martin Ihoeghian Uhomoibhi (of Nigeria) was appointed as Joint Special Representative for Darfur and Head of UNAMID, succeeding Abiodun Oluremi Bashua (also of Nigeria). [16] On 3 April 2017 it was announced that Jeremiah Nyamane Kingsley Mamabolo of South Africa had been appointed as Joint Special Representative and Head of the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur. [17]

Force Commanders

No.NameNationalityFromToNotes
1Gen. Martin Luther Agwai [18] Flag of Nigeria.svg  Nigeria 1 January 200831 August 2009
2Lt. Gen. Patrick Nyamvumba [19] Flag of Rwanda.svg  Rwanda 1 September 200931 March 2013
3Lt. Gen. Paul Ignace Mella [20] Flag of Tanzania.svg  Tanzania 4 June 201331 December 2015
4Lt. Gen. Frank Mushyo Kamanzi [21] Flag of Rwanda.svg  Rwanda 1 January 2016On 6 April 2017 it was announced that General Kamanzi had been appointed Force Commander for UNMISS in South Sudan. [22]
5Maj. Gen. Fida Hussain MalikFlag of Pakistan.svg  Pakistan Mid-2017Acting in the role.
6Lt. Gen. Leonard Muriuki Ngondi [23] Flag of Kenya.svg  Kenya August 2017incumbent

Deputy Force Commanders

No.NameNationalityFromTo
1Maj. Gen. Emmanuel Karenzi Karake Flag of Rwanda.svg  Rwanda 1 January 2008 [24] April 2009 [25]
2Maj. Gen. Duma Dumisani MdutyanaFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa 31 May 2009 [26]
3Maj. Gen. Wynjones Kisamba [27] Flag of Tanzania.svg  Tanzania September 20112013 [28]
4Maj. Gen. Balla Keita [29] Flag of Senegal.svg  Senegal 20132015
5Maj. Gen. Mohammad Maksudur Rahman Flag of Bangladesh.svg  Bangladesh October 2015 [30] -
6Maj. Gen. Fida Hussain MalikFlag of Pakistan.svg  Pakistan May 2017incumbent

Structure

UNAMID vehicle in Addis Ababa, April 2017 United Nations African Union Mission in Darfur vehicle, Addis Ababa, 5 April 2017.jpg
UNAMID vehicle in Addis Ababa, April 2017

The USAF's 786th Air Expeditionary Squadron helped arrange airlift into Darfur for the 55th Battalion of the Rwandan Army to join UNAMID in 2007. [31]

Sectors

The preceding African Union Mission in Sudan (AMIS) was organised in a number of Sectors, each under the command of a Colonel. When UNAMID took over from AMIS some of these sectors were merged and Sectors became Brigadier's commands. [32] Initially the Force was divided into three Sectors:

By mid-2015 a further two Sectors had been established:

Major Units

A UNAMID map showing force deployment in December 2016 showed the force then comprised 14 infantry battalions (in addition to engineer, signals, medical and other support units). [33] These battalions were deployed as follows (with changes to December 2017 noted, by when the Force was reduced to 11 battalions. [34] ):

Sector North

Sector West

Sector Central

Sector South

Sector East

Drawdown

During mid-2017 UN Security Council authorisation of the Mission imposed personnel reductions [13] The approved Force strength was to be reduced in two phases: Phase 1 levels to be reached by 31 December 2017 and Phase 2 reductions by 30 June 2018. Along with reductions in personnel UNAMID was to close eleven bases during Phase 1. During September four 'team sites' were closed and handed over to Sudanese Government officials: Mellit, Malha and Um Kadada in North Darfur and Muhajeria in East Darfur. [35] During October another seven bases were closed: Abu Shouk, Tine, Habila Eid, Al Fursan (12 October), Tulus (15 October), Forobaranga (17 October) and, finally, Zam Zam (21 October). [15]

Participants

On 12 August 2007, Alpha Oumar Konare, chairman of the AU, announced that UNAMID was likely to be an all-African peacekeeping force. [36] [37] As of 30 June 2013, the total number of personnel in the mission was 19,735: [38] [39]

CountryPoliceExpertsTroops
Flag of Algeria.svg  Algeria 1258619
Flag of Bangladesh.svg  Bangladesh [40] [41] 76416196
Flag of Benin.svg  Benin 1
Bandera de Bolivia (Estado).svg  Bolivia 2
Flag of Burkina Faso.svg  Burkina Faso 18412808
Flag of Burundi.svg  Burundi 7182
Flag of Brazil.svg  Brazil 4
Flag of Cambodia.svg  Cambodia 3
Flag of Cameroon.svg  Cameroon 14
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China [42] 233
Flag of Colombia.svg  Colombia 22
Flag of Cote d'Ivoire.svg  Ivory Coast 6
Flag of Djibouti.svg  Djibouti 151
Flag of Egypt.svg  Egypt 245241,062
Flag of Ethiopia.svg  Ethiopia 26162,549
Flag of The Gambia.svg  Gambia 156211
Flag of Germany.svg  Germany 6508
Flag of Ghana.svg  Ghana 158812
Flag of Indonesia.svg  Indonesia 15641
Flag of Iran.svg  Iran 216
Flag of Jamaica.svg  Jamaica 12
Flag of Japan.svg  Japan 22
Flag of Jordan.svg  Jordan 5311312
Flag of Kenya.svg  Kenya 580
Flag of Kyrgyzstan (2023).svg  Kyrgyzstan 72
Flag of Lesotho.svg  Lesotho 21
Flag of Libya.svg  Libya 14
Flag of Madagascar.svg  Madagascar 9
Flag of Malawi.svg  Malawi 59
Flag of Malaysia.svg  Malaysia 44214
Flag of Mali.svg  Mali 71
Flag of Mexico.svg  Mexico 4
Flag of Mongolia.svg  Mongolia 70
Flag of Namibia.svg  Namibia 103
Flag of Nepal.svg  Nepal 29718363
Flag of Nigeria.svg  Nigeria 372142,573
Flag of Oman.svg  Oman 120548
Flag of Pakistan.svg  Pakistan 2446504
Flag of Peru.svg  Peru 4
Flag of the Philippines.svg  Philippines 1428
Flag of Rwanda.svg  Rwanda [43] 212113,239
Flag of Senegal.svg  Senegal [44] 30019795
Flag of Sierra Leone.svg  Sierra Leone 951011
Flag of South Africa.svg  South Africa 16809
Flag of South Korea.svg  South Korea 2
Flag of Tajikistan.svg  Tajikistan 14
Flag of Tanzania.svg  Tanzania [45] 20821894
Flag of Thailand.svg  Thailand 87
Flag of Togo.svg  Togo 1407
Flag of Tonga.svg  Tonga 2
Flag of Tunisia.svg  Tunisia 67
Flag of Turkey.svg  Turkey 79
Flag of Vietnam.svg  Vietnam 4
Flag of Yemen.svg  Yemen 204474
Flag of Zambia.svg  Zambia 63125
Flag of Zimbabwe.svg  Zimbabwe 62

Former contributors

Casualties

UNAMID deaths by nationality

Flag of Nigeria.svg  Nigeria: 37
Flag of Rwanda.svg  Rwanda: 30
Flag of Ethiopia.svg  Ethiopia: 26
Flag of Sudan.svg  Sudan: 25
Flag of Senegal.svg  Senegal: 16
Flag of Tanzania.svg  Tanzania: 14
Flag of Burkina Faso.svg  Burkina Faso: 13
Flag of Sierra Leone.svg  Sierra Leone: 13
Flag of Egypt.svg  Egypt: 8
Flag of South Africa.svg  South Africa: 8
Flag of The Gambia.svg  Gambia: 7
Flag of Bangladesh.svg  Bangladesh: 6
Flag of Jordan.svg  Jordan: 4
Flag of Nepal.svg    Nepal: 4
Flag of Uganda.svg  Uganda: 4
Flag of Zambia.svg  Zambia: 4
Flag of Ghana.svg  Ghana: 3
Flag of Kenya.svg  Kenya: 3
Flag of Barbados.svg  Barbados: 1
Flag of Fiji.svg  Fiji: 1
Flag of Liberia.svg  Liberia: 1
Flag of Malawi.svg  Malawi: 1
Flag of Malaysia.svg  Malaysia: 1
Flag of Morocco.svg  Morocco: 1
Flag of Pakistan.svg  Pakistan: 1
Flag of Russia.svg  Russian Federation: 1
Flag of Thailand.svg  Thailand: 1
Flag of Togo.svg  Togo: 1
Flag of Yemen.svg  Yemen: 1

TOTAL: 236 [52]

As of 30 June 2017, 236 UN personnel had died whilst serving with UNAMID. [53]

Incidents

See also

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References

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  13. 1 2 United Nations Security Council Resolution2363. (2017) S/RES/2363 (2017) 29 June 2017. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
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  57. ↑ "Africa – UN peacekeeper killed in Darfur". Al Jazeera English. 17 July 2008. Retrieved 25 April 2009.
  58. ↑ "Africa | Darfur ambush kills peacekeeper". BBC News. 2008-10-07. Retrieved 25 April 2009.
  59. ↑ Alaa, Shahine (30 October 2008). "Gunmen kill South African peacekeeper in Sudan's Darfur". Reuters . Khartoum. Retrieved 18 April 2011. Unknown gunmen have killed a South African peacekeeper and wounded another in Sudan's western Darfur region, the United Nations/African Union force (UNAMID) said Thursday.
  60. ↑ "Sudan: UNAMID peacekeeper killed in South Darfur". 17 March 2009.
  61. ↑ "Økonomi - Kredittkort - Finans - Civpol.org". Archived from the original on 2013-06-16. Retrieved 2010-06-05.
  62. ↑ "Darfur peacekeeper killed during carjacking - CNN.com". CNN. 2009-05-08. Retrieved 23 April 2010.
  63. 1 2 "Peacekeeper killed in Darfur ambush – Al Jazeera English". Aljazeera.com. 29 September 2009. Retrieved 19 October 2016.
  64. ↑ Foundation, Thomson Reuters. "Humanitarian – Thomson Reuters Foundation News".{{cite web}}: |first= has generic name (help)
  65. ↑ BBC News: Two Rwandan peacekeepers killed in Darfur
  66. ↑ "Rwandan soldiers killed in Darfur". BBC News. 2009-12-05. Retrieved 23 April 2010.
  67. ↑ "Two peacekeepers killed in Darfur". BBC News. 2010-05-07.
  68. ↑ Ekenyerengozi, Michael Chima (24 January 2012). "The DARFUR Blog: UN Security Council Press Statement on Killing of Peacekeeper in Darfur".
  69. ↑ "UNAMID peacekeeper killed in East Darfur". Sudan Tribune. 19 April 2013. Retrieved 20 April 2013.
  70. ↑ "Statement attributable to the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General on the deadly attack on UNAMID peacekeepers in South Darfur". UN . Retrieved 16 July 2013.
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