Arabic-based pidgins and creoles

There have been a number of Arabic-based pidgins and creoles throughout history, including a number of new ones emerging today. These share a common ancestry, and incipient immigrant pidgins. Additionally, Maridi Arabic may have been an 11th-century pidgin.

Arabic creoles and pidgins

The Arabic creoles and pidgins are:

• Bimbashi Arabic, a colonial-era pidgin of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan and the ancestor of the other Sudanic pidgins and creoles.
• Turku Arabic, a pidgin of colonial Chad
• Juba Arabic, spoken in South Sudan
• Nubi language, spoken in Uganda and Kenya
• Bongor Arabic, which could be a descendant of Turku Arabic, spoken in and around the town of Bongor, Chad. ^[1]
  • There may be other Turku-like Arabic pidgins in Chad today, but they have not been described. ^[1]

Immigrant pidgins in the Arabian Peninsula

In the modern era, pidgin Arabic is most notably used by the large number of migrants to Arab countries. Examples include:

• Gulf Pidgin Arabic, used by mostly immigrant laborers in the Arabian Peninsula (and not necessarily a single language variety). ^{[2] [3]}
• Jordanian Bengali Pidgin Arabic, used by Bengali immigrants in Jordan. ^[4]
• Pidgin Madam, used by Sinhalese domestic workers in Lebanon. ^{[5] [6]}
• Romanian Pidgin Arabic, spoken by Romanian oil-field workers in Iraq from the 1970s to the 1990s. ^{[7] [8]}

Due to the nature of pidgins, this list is likely incomplete. New pidgins may continue to develop and emerge due to language contact in the Arab world.

Para-Arabic

Para-Arabic, also known as Pseudo-Arabic, is a descendant of the Arabic language that is no longer fully classified as Arabic. This is a mixed language that undergoes a process of code mixing or code switching where Arabic vocabulary and grammar or lexicon are mixed with other languages.

• Condet dialect, a dialect of Betawi language with a more pronounced influence of Arabic vocabulary than other dialects, as well as a slight influence of Malay language. ^{[9] [10]} Arabic-Malay script (Jawi) was also quite often used by the indigenous people of Condet in East Jakarta, especially during the Dutch colonial era. ^[11]

Nubi language can also be considered a Para-Arabic language because its vocabulary is not entirely derived from Arabic but has absorbed a lot of Bantu languages. But it is excluded, because its lexicon is 90% derived from Arabic. ^[12]

See also

• Varieties of Arabic

References

1. Tosco & Manfredi (2013).
2. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Pidgin Gulf Arabic". Glottolog 3.0 . Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
3. Bakir, Murtadha (2010). "Notes on the verbal system of Gulf Pidgin Arabic". JBE Platform: 201–228. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
4. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Jordanian Bengali Pidgin Arabic". Glottolog 3.0 . Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
5. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Pidgin Madam". Glottolog 3.0 . Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
6. Fida Bizri, 2005. Le Pidgin Madam: Un nouveau pidgin arabe, La Linguistique 41, p. 54–66
7. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Romanian Pidgin Arabic". Glottolog 3.0 . Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
8. Avram, Andrei (2010-01-01). "An Outline of Romanian Pidgin Arabic". Journal of Language Contact. 3 (1): 20–38. doi: 10.1163/000000010792317884 . ISSN   1877-4091.
9. Diar, Khairina (2015). "Hubungan Bahasa Melayu dengan Bahasa Betawi di Wilayah Condet". Program Studi Indonesia, Fakultas Ilmu Pengetahuan Budaya (in Indonesian). Jakarta, Indonesia: University of Indonesia.
10. Husin; Andini, Rizka (2021). "Analisis Makna dan Tatanan Gramatikal Bahasa Arab Pada Masyarakat Condet". Konferensi Linguistik Tahunan Atma Jaya (in Indonesian). Jakarta, Indonesia: Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia. ISSN   2828-5034.
11. Rifai, Ahmad (2016). "Tsanā'iyyah al-lughah fī mujtama' condet ('arab-betawi) dirāsah 'ilm al-lughah al-ijtimā'i". Fakultas Adab dan Humaniora (in Arabic). Jakarta, Indonesia: UIN Syarif Hidayatullah.
12. Ineke Wellens. The Nubi Language of Uganda: An Arabic Creole in Africa. BRILL, 2005 ISBN   90-04-14518-4

Sources

• Tosco, Mauro; Manfredi, Stefani (2013). "Pidgins and Creoles". In Owens, Jonathan (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Arabic Linguistics. Oxford University Press. ISBN   9780199764136.
• Manfredi, Stefano and Mauro Tosco (eds.) 2014. Arabic-based Pidgins and Creoles. Special Issue of the Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages, 29:2