Brodmann area 10

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Brodmann area 10
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Identifiers
Latin area frontopolaris
NeuroNames 76
NeuroLex ID birnlex_1741
FMA 68607
Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy

Brodmann area 10 (BA10, frontopolar prefrontal cortex, rostrolateral prefrontal cortex, or anterior prefrontal cortex) is the anterior-most portion of the prefrontal cortex in the human brain. [1] BA10 was originally defined broadly in terms of its cytoarchitectonic traits as they were observed in the brains of cadavers, but because modern functional imaging cannot precisely identify these boundaries, the terms anterior prefrontal cortex, rostral prefrontal cortex and frontopolar prefrontal cortex are used to refer to the area in the most anterior part of the frontal cortex that approximately covers BA10—simply to emphasize the fact that BA10 does not include all parts of the prefrontal cortex.

Contents

BA10 is the largest cytoarchitectonic area in the human brain. It has been described as "one of the least well understood regions of the human brain". [2] Present research suggests that it is involved in strategic processes in memory recall and various executive functions. During human evolution, the functions in this area resulted in its expansion relative to the rest of the brain. [3]

Anatomy

Size

The volume of the human BA10 is about 14 cm3 and constitutes roughly 1.2% of total brain volume. This is twice what would be expected in a hominoid with a human-sized brain. By comparison, the volume of BA10 in bonobos is about 2.8 cm3, and makes up only 0.74% of its brain volume. In each hemisphere, area 10 contains an estimated 250 million neurons. [3]

Location

BA10 is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined frontal region of cerebral cortex. It occupies the most rostral portions of the superior frontal gyrus and the middle frontal gyrus. In humans, on the medial aspect of the hemisphere it is bounded ventrally by the superior rostral sulcus. It does not extend as far as the cingulate sulcus. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded dorsally by the granular frontal area 9, caudally by the middle frontal area 46, and ventrally by the orbital area 47 and by the rostral area 12 or, in an early version of Brodmann's cortical map (Brodmann-1909), the prefrontal Brodmann area 11-1909. [4]

Area 10 lies underneath the air filled frontal sinus of the skull, which has limited electrophysiology research until 2009. [5]

Relation to frontal pole

In humans the frontal pole area of the prefrontal cortex includes not only area 10 but part of BA 9. BA 10 also extends beyond the pole area into its ventromedial side. In Guenon monkeys, the pole area is filled by BA 12 (and its BA 10 is found in the orbital prefrontal region). [2]

Cytoarchitecture

In humans the six cortical layers of area 10 have been described as having a "remarkably homogeneous appearance". [3] All of them are readily identified. Relative to each other, layer I is thin to medium in width making up 11% of the depth of area 10. Layer II is thin and contains small granular and pyramidal medium to dark staining cells (in terms of Nissl staining) which colors RNA and DNA. The widest layer is III. Its pyramidal neurons are smaller nearer the above layer II than the below layer IV. Like layer II its cells are medium to dark. Layers II and III make up 43% of the cortex depth. Layer IV has clear borders with layers III above and V below and it is thin. Its cells are pale to medium in staining. Layer V is wide and contains two distinct sublayers, Va and Vb. The density of cells Va is greater than in Vb and have darker staining. Layers IV and V make up 40% of cortical thickness. Layer VI below layer V and above the white matter contains dark pyramidal and fusiform neurons. It contributes 6% of area 10 thickness. [3]

Area 10 differs from the adjacent Brodmann 9 in that the latter has a more distinct layer Vb and more prominent layer II. Neighbouring Brodmann area 11 compared to area 10 has a thinner layer IV with more prominent layers Va, Vb and II. [3]

Area 10 in humans has the lowest neuron density among primate brains. [3] It is also unusual in that its neurons have particularly extensive dendritic arborization and are highly dense with dendritic spines. [6] This situation has been suggested to enable integration of inputs from multiple areas. [2]

Subareas

BA 10 is divided into three sub-areas, 10p, 10m and 10r. 10p occupies the frontal pole while the other two cover the ventromedial part of the prefrontal cortex. [7] Area 10m has thin layers II and IV and a more prominent layer V. In contrast, area 10r has a prominent layer II and a thicker layer IV. Large pyramidal cells are also present in 10r layer III and even more so in area 10p. But it is noted that the "differences between the three areas are gradual, however, and it is difficult to draw sharp boundaries between them". [7] Medial frontopolar (Area 10m) cortex also contains fewer parvalbumin- and calbindin-immunoreactive neurons relative to other frontal lobe regions, especially Area 14 in orbitofrontal cortex and Area 46 in PFC. [8]

Connections

Research upon primates suggests that area 10 has inputs and output connections with other higher-order association cortex areas particularly in the prefrontal cortex while having few with primary sensory or motor areas. Its connections through the extreme capsule link it to the auditory and multisensory areas of the superior temporal sulcus. They also continue in the medial longitudinal fasciculus in the white matter of the superior temporal gyrus areas on the superior temporal gyrus (areas TAa, TS2, and TS3) and nearby multisensory areas on the upper bank of the superior temporal sulcus (TPO). Another area connected through the extreme capsule is the ventral region of the insula. Connections through the cingulate fasciculus link area 10 to the anterior, posterior cingulate cortex, and retrosplenial cortex. The uncinate fasciculus connects it with the amygdala, temporopolar proisocortex and anterior most part of the superior temporal gyrus. There are no connections to the parietal cortex, occipital cortex nor inferotemporal cortex [9]

Its connections have been summarized as "it seems not to be interconnected with ‘downstream’ areas in the way that other prefrontal areas are. .. it is the only prefrontal region that is predominantly (and possibly exclusively) interconnected with supramodal cortex in the PFC, anterior temporal cortex and cingulate cortex." [2] It has been proposed that due to this connectivity that it can "play a major role in the highest level of integration of information coming from visual, auditory, and somatic sensory systems to achieve amodal, abstract, conceptual interpretation of the environment .. and may be the anatomical basis for the suggested role of the rostral prefrontal cortex in influencing abstract information processing and the integration of the outcomes of multiple cognitive operations". [9]

Evolution

Katerina Semendeferi and colleagues has suggested that "During hominid evolution, area 10 underwent a couple of .. changes: one involves a considerable increase in overall size, and the other involves a specific increase in connectivity, especially with other higher-order association areas." [3]

Cranial endocasts taken from the inside of the skull of Homo floresiensis show an expansion in the frontal polar region suggesting enlargement in its Brodmann's area 10. [10]

Function

Although this region is extensive in humans, its function is poorly understood. [3] Koechlin & Hyafil have proposed that processing of 'cognitive branching' is the core function of the frontopolar cortex. [11] Cognitive branching enables a previously running task to be maintained in a pending state for subsequent retrieval and execution upon completion of the ongoing one. Many of our complex behaviors and mental activities require simultaneous engagement of multiple tasks, and they suggest the anterior prefrontal cortex may perform a domain-general function in these scheduling operations. Thus, the frontopolar cortex shares features with the central executive in Baddeley's model of working memory. However, other hypotheses have also been proffered, such as those by Burgess et al.. [12] [ clarification needed ] These also take into consideration the influence of the limbic system, to which the frontopolar cortex is connected through the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. A 2006 meta-analysis found that the rostral prefrontal cortex was involved in working memory, episodic memory and multiple-task coordination. [13] This area has also been implicated in decision making prior to the decision being available to conscious awareness [14]

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See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cingulate cortex</span> Part of the brain within the cerebral cortex

The cingulate cortex is a part of the brain situated in the medial aspect of the cerebral cortex. The cingulate cortex includes the entire cingulate gyrus, which lies immediately above the corpus callosum, and the continuation of this in the cingulate sulcus. The cingulate cortex is usually considered part of the limbic lobe.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anterior cingulate cortex</span> Brain region

In the human brain, the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is the frontal part of the cingulate cortex that resembles a "collar" surrounding the frontal part of the corpus callosum. It consists of Brodmann areas 24, 32, and 33.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brodmann area</span> Region of the brain

A Brodmann area is a region of the cerebral cortex, in the human or other primate brain, defined by its cytoarchitecture, or histological structure and organization of cells. The concept was first introduced by the German anatomist Korbinian Brodmann in the early 20th century. Brodmann mapped the human brain based on the varied cellular structure across the cortex and identified 52 distinct regions, which he numbered 1 to 52. These regions, or Brodmann areas, correspond with diverse functions including sensation, motor control, and cognition.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Precuneus</span> Region of the parietal lobe of the brain

In neuroanatomy, the precuneus is the portion of the superior parietal lobule on the medial surface of each brain hemisphere. It is located in front of the cuneus. The precuneus is bounded in front by the marginal branch of the cingulate sulcus, at the rear by the parieto-occipital sulcus, and underneath by the subparietal sulcus. It is involved with episodic memory, visuospatial processing, reflections upon self, and aspects of consciousness.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Frontal lobe</span> Part of the brain

The frontal lobe is the largest of the four major lobes of the brain in mammals, and is located at the front of each cerebral hemisphere. It is parted from the parietal lobe by a groove between tissues called the central sulcus and from the temporal lobe by a deeper groove called the lateral sulcus. The most anterior rounded part of the frontal lobe is known as the frontal pole, one of the three poles of the cerebrum.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brodmann area 6</span>

Brodmann area 6 (BA6) is part of the frontal cortex in the human brain. Situated just anterior to the primary motor cortex (BA4), it is composed of the premotor cortex and, medially, the supplementary motor area (SMA). This large area of the frontal cortex is believed to play a role in planning complex, coordinated movements.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brodmann area 44</span> Brain area

Brodmann area 44, or BA44, is part of the frontal cortex in the human brain. Situated just anterior to premotor cortex (BA6) and on the lateral surface, inferior to BA9.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brodmann area 46</span> Brain area

Brodmann area 46, or BA46, is part of the frontal cortex in the human brain. It is between BA10 and BA45.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brodmann area 40</span> Part of the parietal cortex in the human brain

Brodmann area 40 (BA40) is part of the parietal cortex in the human brain. The inferior part of BA40 is in the area of the supramarginal gyrus, which lies at the posterior end of the lateral fissure, in the inferior lateral part of the parietal lobe.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brodmann area 11</span> Brain area

Brodmann area 11 is one of Brodmann's cytologically defined regions of the brain. It is in the orbitofrontal cortex which is above the eye sockets (orbitae). It is involved in decision making, processing rewards, and encoding new information into long-term memory.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Inferior frontal gyrus</span> Part of the brains prefrontal cortex

The inferior frontal gyrus (IFG),, is the lowest positioned gyrus of the frontal gyri, of the frontal lobe, and is part of the prefrontal cortex.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Prefrontal cortex</span> Part of the brain responsible for personality, decision-making, and social behavior

In mammalian brain anatomy, the prefrontal cortex (PFC) covers the front part of the frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex. It is the association cortex in the frontal lobe. The PFC contains the Brodmann areas BA8, BA9, BA10, BA11, BA12, BA13, BA14, BA24, BA25, BA32, BA44, BA45, BA46, and BA47.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gyrus</span> Ridge on the cerebral cortex of the brain

In neuroanatomy, a gyrus is a ridge on the cerebral cortex. It is generally surrounded by one or more sulci. Gyri and sulci create the folded appearance of the brain in humans and other mammals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lobes of the brain</span> Parts of the cerebrum

The lobes of the brain are the major identifiable zones of the human cerebral cortex, and they comprise the surface of each hemisphere of the cerebrum. The two hemispheres are roughly symmetrical in structure, and are connected by the corpus callosum. They traditionally have been divided into four lobes, but are today considered as having six lobes each. The lobes are large areas that are anatomically distinguishable, and are also functionally distinct to some degree. Each lobe of the brain has numerous ridges, or gyri, and furrows, the sulci that constitute further subzones of the cortex. The expression "lobes of the brain" usually refers only to those of the cerebrum, not to the distinct areas of the cerebellum.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brodmann area 32</span> Brain area

The Brodmann area 32, also known in the human brain as the dorsal anterior cingulate area 32, refers to a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined cingulate cortex. In the human it forms an outer arc around the anterior cingulate gyrus. The cingulate sulcus defines approximately its inner boundary and the superior rostral sulcus (H) its ventral boundary; rostrally it extends almost to the margin of the frontal lobe. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded internally by the ventral anterior cingulate area 24, externally by medial margins of the agranular frontal area 6, intermediate frontal area 8, granular frontal area 9, frontopolar area 10, and prefrontal area 11-1909. (Brodmann19-09).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brodmann area 25</span> Part of the brain

Brodmann area 25 (BA25) is the subgenual area, area subgenualis or subgenual cingulate area in the cerebral cortex of the brain and delineated based on its cytoarchitectonic characteristics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Superior longitudinal fasciculus</span> Association fiber tract of the brain

The superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) is an association tract in the brain that is composed of three separate components. It is present in both hemispheres and can be found lateral to the centrum semiovale and connects the frontal, occipital, parietal, and temporal lobes. This bundle of tracts (fasciculus) passes from the frontal lobe through the operculum to the posterior end of the lateral sulcus where they either radiate to and synapse on neurons in the occipital lobe, or turn downward and forward around the putamen and then radiate to and synapse on neurons in anterior portions of the temporal lobe.

Nonprimary motor cortex is a functionally defined portion of the frontal lobe. It includes two subdivisions, the premotor cortex and the supplementary motor cortex. Largely coincident with the cytoarchitecturally defined area 6 of Brodmann (human), it is located primarily in the rostral portion of the precentral gyrus and caudal portions of the superior frontal gyrus and the middle frontal gyrus, It aids in cerebral control of movement. Anatomically speaking, several nonmprimary areas exist, and make direct connections with the spinal cord.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex</span> Part of the prefrontal cortex of the brain

The ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) is a section of the prefrontal cortex located on the inferior frontal gyrus, bounded superiorly by the inferior frontal sulcus and inferiorly by the lateral sulcus. It is attributed to the anatomical structures of Brodmann's area (BA) 47, 45 and 44.

References

  1. ↑ Knowlton, Barbara J.; Morrison, Robert G.; Hummel, John E.; Holyoak, Keith J. (July 2012). "A neurocomputational system for relational reasoning". Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 16 (7): 373–381. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2012.06.002. PMID   22717468. S2CID   9968764.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Ramnani, N; Owen, AM (2004). "Anterior prefrontal cortex: insights into function from anatomy and neuroimaging". Nat Rev Neurosci. 5 (3): 184–94. doi:10.1038/nrn1343. PMID   14976518. S2CID   7353854.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Semendeferi, K; Armstrong, E; Schleicher, A; Zilles, K; Van Hoesen, GW (2001). "Prefrontal cortex in humans and apes: a comparative study of area 10". Am J Phys Anthropol. 114 (3): 224–41. doi: 10.1002/1096-8644(200103)114:3<224::AID-AJPA1022>3.0.CO;2-I . PMID   11241188.
  4. ↑ Creative Commons by small.svg  This article incorporates text available under the CC BY 3.0 license. "BrainInfo". Archived from the original on 2013-12-10. Retrieved 2013-12-03.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  5. ↑ Wallis, JD (2010). "Polar exploration". Nat Neurosci. 13 (1): 7–8. doi:10.1038/nn0110-7. PMID   20033080. S2CID   205428714.
  6. ↑ Jacobs, B; Schall, M; Prather, M; Kapler, E; Driscoll, L; Baca, S; Jacobs, J; Ford, K; Wainwright, M; Treml, M (2001). "Regional dendritic and spine variation in human cerebral cortex: a quantitative golgi study". Cereb Cortex. 11 (6): 558–71. doi: 10.1093/cercor/11.6.558 . PMID   11375917.
  7. 1 2 Ongür, D; Ferry, AT; Price, JL (2003). "Architectonic subdivision of the human orbital and medial prefrontal cortex". J Comp Neurol. 460 (3): 425–49. doi:10.1002/cne.10609. PMID   12692859. S2CID   9798173.
  8. ↑ Hogeveen, J; Medalla, M; Ainsworth, M (2022). "What Does the Frontopolar Cortex Contribute to Goal-Directed Cognition and Action?". J Neurosci. 42 (45): 8508–8513. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1143-22.2022. PMC   9665930 . PMID   36351824. S2CID   253421207.
  9. 1 2 Petrides, M; Pandya, DN (2007). "Efferent association pathways from the rostral prefrontal cortex in the macaque monkey". J Neurosci. 27 (43): 11573–86. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2419-07.2007 . PMC   6673207 . PMID   17959800.
  10. ↑ Falk, D; Hildebolt, C; Smith, K; Morwood, MJ; Sutikna, T; Brown, P; Jatmiko, Saptomo EW; Brunsden, B; Prior, F (2005). "The brain of LB1, Homo floresiensis" (PDF). Science. 308 (5719): 242–5. Bibcode:2005Sci...308..242F. doi:10.1126/science.1109727. PMID   15749690. S2CID   43166136.
  11. ↑ Koechlin, E.; Hyafil, A. (2007). "Anterior prefrontal function and the limits of human-decision making". Science. 318 (5850): 594–598. Bibcode:2007Sci...318..594K. doi:10.1126/science.1142995. PMID   17962551. S2CID   7903857.
  12. ↑ Burgess, P.W.; Dumontheil, I.; Gilbert, S.J. (2007). "The gateway hypothesis of rostral prefrontal cortex (area 10) function". Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 11 (7): 290–298. CiteSeerX   10.1.1.578.2743 . doi:10.1016/j.tics.2007.05.004. PMID   17548231. S2CID   13509187.
  13. ↑ Gilbert, Sam J.; Spengler, Stephanie; Simons, Jon S.; Steele, J. Douglas; Lawrie, Stephen M.; Frith, Christopher D.; Burgess, Paul W. (2006-06-01). "Functional specialization within rostral prefrontal cortex (area 10): a meta-analysis". Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 18 (6): 932–948. CiteSeerX   10.1.1.530.7540 . doi:10.1162/jocn.2006.18.6.932. ISSN   0898-929X. PMID   16839301. S2CID   7366161.
  14. ↑ Soon, Brass, Heinze and Haynes, 2008. Nature Neuroscience
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