Inferior parietal lobule

Inferior parietal lobule
Lateral surface of left cerebral hemisphere, viewed from the side. (Inferior parietal lobule is shown in orange.)
Superficial anatomy of the inferior parietal lobule.   Purple: Supramarginal gyrus   Blue: Angular gyrus LS: Lateral sulcus (Sylvian fissure), CS: Central sulcus, IPS: Intraparietal sulcus, STS:Superior temporal sulcus, PN: Preoccipital notch.
Details
Part of	Parietal lobe
Identifiers
Latin	Lobulus parietalis inferior
NeuroNames	107
NeuroLex ID	birnlex_1194
TA98	A14.1.09.125
TA2	5471
FMA	77536
Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy [ edit on Wikidata]

The inferior parietal lobule (subparietal district) lies below the horizontal portion of the intraparietal sulcus, and behind the lower part of the postcentral sulcus. Also known as Geschwind's territory after Norman Geschwind, an American neurologist, who in the early 1960s recognised its importance. ^[1] It is a part of the parietal lobe.

Structure

It is divided from rostral to caudal into two gyri:

• One, the supramarginal gyrus (BA 40), arches over the upturned end of the lateral fissure; it is continuous in front with the postcentral gyrus, and behind with the superior temporal gyrus.
• The second, the angular gyrus (BA 39), arches over the posterior end of the superior temporal sulcus, behind which it is continuous with the middle temporal gyrus.

In males, the inferior parietal lobule is significantly more voluminous in the left hemisphere compared to the right. This extreme asymmetry is not present in females and this may contribute to cognitive differences between the sexes. ^[2]

In macaque neuroanatomy, this region is often divided into caudal and rostral portions, cIPL and rIPL, respectively. The cIPL is further divided into areas Opt and PG whereas rIPL is divided into PFG and PF areas. ^[3]

Function

Inferior parietal lobule has been involved in the perception of emotions in facial stimuli, ^[4] and interpretation of sensory information. The Inferior parietal lobule is concerned with language, mathematical operations, and body image, particularly the supramarginal gyrus and the angular gyrus. ^[5]

Clinical significance

Destruction to the inferior parietal lobule of the dominant hemisphere results in Gerstmann's syndrome: left–right confusion, finger agnosia, dysgraphia and dyslexia, dyscalculia, contralateral hemianopia, or lower quadrantanopia. Destruction to the inferior parietal lobule of the non-dominant hemisphere results in topographic memory loss, anosognosia, construction apraxia, dressing apraxia, contralateral hemispatial neglect, contralateral hemianopia, or lower quadrantanopia.

In other animals

Functional imaging experiments suggest that the left anterior supramarginal gyrus (aSMG) of the human inferior parietal lobule exhibits an evolved specialization related to tool use. It is not currently known if this functional specialization is unique to humans as complementary experiments have only been performed with macaque monkeys and not apes. The habitual use of tools by chimpanzees makes the uniqueness of the human aSMG an open question as its function may have evolved prior to the split from our last common ancestor. ^[6]

Additional images

• 
  Animation. Inferior parietal lobule is shown in red.
• 
  Lateral view of a human brain, main gyri labeled.
• 
  Cerebrum. Lateral view. Deep dissection.
• 
  Cerebrum. Lateral view. Deep dissection.
• 
  Cerebrum. Lateral view. Deep dissection.
• 
  Inferior parietal lobule, right hemisphere view.
• 
  Inferior parietal lobule highlighted in green on coronal T1 MRI images
• 
  Inferior parietal lobule highlighted in green on sagittal T1 MRI images
• 
  Inferior parietal lobule highlighted in green on transversal T1 MRI images

See also

• Temporoparietal junction

References

This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 823 of the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)

1. "The Brain from top to bottom". 2011.
2. Frederikse, M. E.; Lu, A.; Aylward, E.; Barta, P.; Pearlson, G. (December 1999). "Sex differences in the inferior parietal lobule". Cerebral Cortex. 9 (8): 896–901. doi: 10.1093/cercor/9.8.896 . ISSN   1047-3211. PMID   10601007.
3. Pandya, D. N.; Seltzer, B. (1982-01-10). "Intrinsic connections and architectonics of posterior parietal cortex in the rhesus monkey". The Journal of Comparative Neurology. 204 (2): 196–210. doi:10.1002/cne.902040208. ISSN   0021-9967. PMID   6276450. S2CID   34281911.
4. Radua, Joaquim; Phillips, Mary L.; Russell, Tamara; Lawrence, Natalia; Marshall, Nicolette; Kalidindi, Sridevi; El-Hage, Wissam; McDonald, Colm; et al. (2010). "Neural response to specific components of fearful faces in healthy and schizophrenic adults". NeuroImage. 49 (1): 939–946. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.08.030. PMID   19699306. S2CID   6209163.
5. "Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry". 2003.
6. Peeters et al. 2009

General

• Peeters, R.; Simone, L.; Nelissen, K.; Fabbri-Destro, M.; Vanduffel, W.; Rizzolatti, G.; Orban, G. A. (September 16, 2009). "The Representation of Tool Use in Humans and Monkeys: Common and Uniquely Human Features". The Journal of Neuroscience. 29 (37): 11523–11539. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2040-09.2009 . PMC   6665774 . PMID   19759300.