Brodmann area 9

Last updated
Brodmann area 9
Brodmann area 9.png
Brodmann Cytoarchitectonics 9.png
Details
Identifiers
Latin area frontalis granularis
NeuroNames 1024
NeuroLex ID birnlex_1740
FMA 68606
Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy

Brodmann area 9, or BA9, refers to a cytoarchitecturally defined portion of the frontal cortex in the brain of humans and other primates. It contributes to the dorsolateral and medial prefrontal cortex.

Contents

Functions

The area is involved in short term memory, [1] evaluating recency, [2] overriding automatic responses, [3] verbal fluency, [4] error detection, [5] auditory verbal attention, [6] inferring the intention of others, [7] inferring deduction from spatial imagery, [8] inductive reasoning, [9] attributing intention, [10] sustained attention involved in counting a series of auditory stimuli, [11] and displays lower levels of energy consumption in individuals suffering from bipolar disorder. [12]

The area found on the left hemisphere is at least partially responsible for empathy, [13] idioms, [14] [15] processing pleasant and unpleasant emotional scenes, [16] self criticisms [17] and attention to negative emotions. [18]

On the right hemisphere the region is involved in attributing intention, [19] theory of mind, [20] suppressing sadness, [21] working memory, [22] [23] [24] spatial memory, [25] [26] recognition, [27] [28] [29] recall, [28] [30] [31] recognizing the emotions of others, [32] planning, [33] calculation, [34] [35] semantic and perceptual processing of odors, [36] religiosity, [37] and attention to positive emotions. [18]

Guenon

Brodmann area 9 also exists in the frontal lobe of the guenon. Brodmann-1909 regarded it on the whole as topographically and cytoarchitecturally homologous to the granular frontal area 9 and frontopolar area 10 in the human. Distinctive features (Brodmann-1905): Unlike Brodmann area 6 (Brodmann-1909), area 9 has a distinct internal granular layer (IV); unlike Brodmann area 6 or Brodmann area 8 (Brodmann-1909), its internal pyramidal layer (V) is divisible into two sublayers, an outer layer 5a of densely distributed medium-size ganglion cells that partially merges with layer IV, and an inner, clearer, cell-poor layer 5b; the pyramidal cells of sublayer 3b of the external pyramidal layer (III) are smaller and sparser in distribution; the external granular layer (II) is narrow, with small numbers of sparsely distributed granule cells. [38]

Image

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Broca's area</span> Speech production region in the dominant hemisphere of the hominid brain

Broca's area, or the Broca area, is a region in the frontal lobe of the dominant hemisphere, usually the left, of the brain with functions linked to speech production.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Precuneus</span> Region of the parietal lobe of the brain

In neuroanatomy, the precuneus is the portion of the superior parietal lobule on the medial surface of each brain hemisphere. It is located in front of the cuneus. The precuneus is bounded in front by the marginal branch of the cingulate sulcus, at the rear by the parieto-occipital sulcus, and underneath by the subparietal sulcus. It is involved with episodic memory, visuospatial processing, reflections upon self, and aspects of consciousness.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brodmann area 45</span> Brain area

Brodmann area 45 (BA45), is part of the frontal cortex in the human brain. It is situated on the lateral surface, inferior to BA9 and adjacent to BA46.

In the philosophy of mind, neuroscience, and cognitive science, a mental image is an experience that, on most occasions, significantly resembles the experience of "perceiving" some object, event, or scene but occurs when the relevant object, event, or scene is not actually present to the senses. There are sometimes episodes, particularly on falling asleep and waking up, when the mental imagery may be dynamic, phantasmagoric, and involuntary in character, repeatedly presenting identifiable objects or actions, spilling over from waking events, or defying perception, presenting a kaleidoscopic field, in which no distinct object can be discerned. Mental imagery can sometimes produce the same effects as would be produced by the behavior or experience imagined.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Inferior frontal gyrus</span> Part of the brains prefrontal cortex

The inferior frontal gyrus (IFG),, is the lowest positioned gyrus of the frontal gyri, of the frontal lobe, and is part of the prefrontal cortex.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Superior temporal gyrus</span> One of three gyri of the temporal lobe of the brain

The superior temporal gyrus (STG) is one of three gyri in the temporal lobe of the human brain, which is located laterally to the head, situated somewhat above the external ear.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Insular cortex</span> Portion of the mammalian cerebral cortex

The insular cortex is a portion of the cerebral cortex folded deep within the lateral sulcus within each hemisphere of the mammalian brain.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Angular gyrus</span> Gyrus of the parietal lobe of the brain

The angular gyrus is a region of the brain lying mainly in the posteroinferior region of the parietal lobe, occupying the posterior part of the inferior parietal lobule. It represents the Brodmann area 39.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Language processing in the brain</span> How humans use words to communicate

In psycholinguistics, language processing refers to the way humans use words to communicate ideas and feelings, and how such communications are processed and understood. Language processing is considered to be a uniquely human ability that is not produced with the same grammatical understanding or systematicity in even human's closest primate relatives.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Prefrontal cortex</span> Part of the brain responsible for personality, decision-making, and social behavior

In mammalian brain anatomy, the prefrontal cortex (PFC) covers the front part of the frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex. It is the association cortex in the frontal lobe. The PFC contains the Brodmann areas BA8, BA9, BA10, BA11, BA12, BA13, BA14, BA24, BA25, BA32, BA44, BA45, BA46, and BA47.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Orbitofrontal cortex</span> Region of the prefrontal cortex of the brain

The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is a prefrontal cortex region in the frontal lobes of the brain which is involved in the cognitive process of decision-making. In non-human primates it consists of the association cortex areas Brodmann area 11, 12 and 13; in humans it consists of Brodmann area 10, 11 and 47.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Posterior cingulate cortex</span> Caudal part of the cingulate cortex of the brain

The posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) is the caudal part of the cingulate cortex, located posterior to the anterior cingulate cortex. This is the upper part of the "limbic lobe". The cingulate cortex is made up of an area around the midline of the brain. Surrounding areas include the retrosplenial cortex and the precuneus.

The mismatch negativity (MMN) or mismatch field (MMF) is a component of the event-related potential (ERP) to an odd stimulus in a sequence of stimuli. It arises from electrical activity in the brain and is studied within the field of cognitive neuroscience and psychology. It can occur in any sensory system, but has most frequently been studied for hearing and for vision, in which case it is abbreviated to vMMN. The (v)MMN occurs after an infrequent change in a repetitive sequence of stimuli For example, a rare deviant (d) stimulus can be interspersed among a series of frequent standard (s) stimuli. In hearing, a deviant sound can differ from the standards in one or more perceptual features such as pitch, duration, loudness, or location. The MMN can be elicited regardless of whether someone is paying attention to the sequence. During auditory sequences, a person can be reading or watching a silent subtitled movie, yet still show a clear MMN. In the case of visual stimuli, the MMN occurs after an infrequent change in a repetitive sequence of images.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ventromedial prefrontal cortex</span> Body part

The ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) is a part of the prefrontal cortex in the mammalian brain. The ventral medial prefrontal is located in the frontal lobe at the bottom of the cerebral hemispheres and is implicated in the processing of risk and fear, as it is critical in the regulation of amygdala activity in humans. It also plays a role in the inhibition of emotional responses, and in the process of decision-making and self-control. It is also involved in the cognitive evaluation of morality.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex</span> Area of the prefrontal cortex of primates

The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is an area in the prefrontal cortex of the primate brain. It is one of the most recently derived parts of the human brain. It undergoes a prolonged period of maturation which lasts into adulthood. The DLPFC is not an anatomical structure, but rather a functional one. It lies in the middle frontal gyrus of humans. In macaque monkeys, it is around the principal sulcus. Other sources consider that DLPFC is attributed anatomically to BA 9 and 46 and BA 8, 9 and 10.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Default mode network</span> Large-scale brain network active when not focusing on an external task

In neuroscience, the default mode network (DMN), also known as the default network, default state network, or anatomically the medial frontoparietal network (M-FPN), is a large-scale brain network primarily composed of the dorsal medial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, precuneus and angular gyrus. It is best known for being active when a person is not focused on the outside world and the brain is at wakeful rest, such as during daydreaming and mind-wandering. It can also be active during detailed thoughts related to external task performance. Other times that the DMN is active include when the individual is thinking about others, thinking about themselves, remembering the past, and planning for the future.

The neuroscience of music is the scientific study of brain-based mechanisms involved in the cognitive processes underlying music. These behaviours include music listening, performing, composing, reading, writing, and ancillary activities. It also is increasingly concerned with the brain basis for musical aesthetics and musical emotion. Scientists working in this field may have training in cognitive neuroscience, neurology, neuroanatomy, psychology, music theory, computer science, and other relevant fields.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Parental brain</span>

Parental experience, as well as changing hormone levels during pregnancy and postpartum, cause changes in the parental brain. Displaying maternal sensitivity towards infant cues, processing those cues and being motivated to engage socially with her infant and attend to the infant's needs in any context could be described as mothering behavior and is regulated by many systems in the maternal brain. Research has shown that hormones such as oxytocin, prolactin, estradiol and progesterone are essential for the onset and the maintenance of maternal behavior in rats, and other mammals as well. Mothering behavior has also been classified within the basic drives.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dorsomedial prefrontal cortex</span> Area of some species brains

The dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC or DMPFC is a section of the prefrontal cortex in some species' brain anatomy. It includes portions of Brodmann areas BA8, BA9, BA10, BA24 and BA32, although some authors identify it specifically with BA8 and BA9. Some notable sub-components include the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, the prelimbic cortex, and the infralimbic cortex.

Neuromorality is an emerging field of neuroscience that studies the connection between morality and neuronal function. Scientists use fMRI and psychological assessment together to investigate the neural basis of moral cognition and behavior. Evidence shows that the central hub of morality is the prefrontal cortex guiding activity to other nodes of the neuromoral network. A spectrum of functional characteristics within this network to give rise to both altruistic and psychopathological behavior. Evidence from the investigation of neuromorality has applications in both clinical neuropsychiatry and forensic neuropsychiatry.

References

  1. ↑ Babiloni C, Ferretti A, Del Gratta C, et al. (May 2005). "Human cortical responses during one-bit delayed-response tasks: an fMRI study". Brain Research Bulletin. 65 (5): 383–90. doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2005.01.013. PMID   15833592. S2CID   8559918.
  2. ↑ Zorrilla LT, Aguirre GK, Zarahn E, Cannon TD, D'Esposito M (November 1996). "Activation of the prefrontal cortex during judgments of recency: a functional MRI study". NeuroReport. 7 (15–17): 2803–6. doi:10.1097/00001756-199611040-00079. PMID   8981471.
  3. ↑ Kübler A, Dixon V, Garavan H (August 2006). "Automaticity and reestablishment of executive control-an fMRI study". Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 18 (8): 1331–42. doi:10.1162/jocn.2006.18.8.1331. hdl: 2262/24759 . PMID   16859418. S2CID   12786454.
  4. ↑ Abrahams S, Goldstein LH, Simmons A, et al. (September 2003). "Functional magnetic resonance imaging of verbal fluency and confrontation naming using compressed image acquisition to permit overt responses". Human Brain Mapping. 20 (1): 29–40. doi:10.1002/hbm.10126. PMC   6872028 . PMID   12953304.
  5. ↑ Chevrier AD, Noseworthy MD, Schachar R (December 2007). "Dissociation of response inhibition and performance monitoring in the stop signal task using event-related fMRI". Human Brain Mapping. 28 (12): 1347–58. doi:10.1002/hbm.20355. PMC   6871417 . PMID   17274022.
  6. ↑ Nakai T, Kato C, Matsuo K (2005). "An FMRI study to investigate auditory attention: a model of the cocktail party phenomenon". Magnetic Resonance in Medical Sciences. 4 (2): 75–82. doi: 10.2463/mrms.4.75 . PMID   16340161.
  7. ↑ Goel V, Grafman J, Sadato N, Hallett M (September 1995). "Modeling other minds". NeuroReport. 6 (13): 1741–6. doi:10.1097/00001756-199509000-00009. PMID   8541472. S2CID   8560791.
  8. ↑ Knauff M, Mulack T, Kassubek J, Salih HR, Greenlee MW (April 2002). "Spatial imagery in deductive reasoning: a functional MRI study". Brain Research. Cognitive Brain Research. 13 (2): 203–12. CiteSeerX   10.1.1.15.1109 . doi:10.1016/S0926-6410(01)00116-1. PMID   11958963.
  9. ↑ Goel V, Gold B, Kapur S, Houle S (March 1997). "The seats of reason? An imaging study of deductive and inductive reasoning". NeuroReport. 8 (5): 1305–10. doi:10.1097/00001756-199703240-00049. PMID   9175134. S2CID   13586482.
  10. ↑ Fink GR, Marshall JC, Halligan PW, et al. (March 1999). "The neural consequences of conflict between intention and the senses". Brain. 122 (3): 497–512. doi: 10.1093/brain/122.3.497 . hdl: 21.11116/0000-0001-A22E-5 . PMID   10094258.
  11. ↑ Shallice T, Stuss DT, Alexander MP, Picton TW, Derkzen D (2008). "The multiple dimensions of sustained attention". Cortex. 44 (7): 794–805. doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2007.04.002. PMID   18489960. S2CID   18269906.
  12. ↑ Brooks JO, Bearden CE, Hoblyn JC, Woodard SA, Ketter TA (December 2010). "Prefrontal and paralimbic metabolic dysregulation related to sustained attention in euthymic older adults with bipolar disorder". Bipolar Disorders. 12 (8): 866–74. doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2010.00881.x. PMID   21176034.
  13. ↑ Farrow TF, Zheng Y, Wilkinson ID, et al. (August 2001). "Investigating the functional anatomy of empathy and forgiveness". NeuroReport. 12 (11): 2433–8. doi:10.1097/00001756-200108080-00029. PMID   11496124. S2CID   34437619.
  14. ↑ Maddock RJ, Buonocore MH (August 1997). "Activation of left posterior cingulate gyrus by the auditory presentation of threat-related words: an fMRI study". Psychiatry Research. 75 (1): 1–14. doi:10.1016/s0925-4927(97)00018-8. PMID   9287369. S2CID   23014601.
  15. ↑ Lauro LJ, Tettamanti M, Cappa SF, Papagno C (January 2008). "Idiom comprehension: a prefrontal task?". Cerebral Cortex. 18 (1): 162–70. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhm042 . PMID   17490991.
  16. ↑ Lane RD, Reiman EM, Bradley MM, et al. (November 1997). "Neuroanatomical correlates of pleasant and unpleasant emotion". Neuropsychologia. 35 (11): 1437–44. doi:10.1016/S0028-3932(97)00070-5. PMID   9352521. S2CID   1322021.
  17. ↑ Longe O, Maratos FA, Gilbert P, et al. (January 2010). "Having a word with yourself: neural correlates of self-criticism and self-reassurance" (PDF). NeuroImage. 49 (2): 1849–56. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.09.019. PMID   19770047. S2CID   9912957.
  18. 1 2 Kerestes R, Ladouceur CD, Meda S, et al. (January 2012). "Abnormal prefrontal activity subserving attentional control of emotion in remitted depressed patients during a working memory task with emotional distracters". Psychological Medicine. 42 (1): 29–40. doi:10.1017/S0033291711001097. PMID   21733287. S2CID   4984022.
  19. ↑ Brunet E, Sarfati Y, Hardy-Baylé MC, Decety J (February 2000). "A PET investigation of the attribution of intentions with a nonverbal task". NeuroImage. 11 (2): 157–66. doi:10.1006/nimg.1999.0525. PMID   10679187. S2CID   11846982.
  20. ↑ Gallagher HL, Jack AI, Roepstorff A, Frith CD (July 2002). "Imaging the intentional stance in a competitive game" (PDF). NeuroImage. 16 (3 Pt 1): 814–21. doi:10.1006/nimg.2002.1117. PMID   12169265. S2CID   1733601.
  21. ↑ Kaur S, Sassi RB, Axelson D, et al. (September 2005). "Cingulate cortex anatomical abnormalities in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 162 (9): 1637–43. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.9.1637. PMID   16135622.
  22. ↑ Zhang JX, Leung HC, Johnson MK (November 2003). "Frontal activations associated with accessing and evaluating information in working memory: an fMRI study". NeuroImage. 20 (3): 1531–9. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.07.016. PMID   14642465. S2CID   17878279.
  23. ↑ Pochon JB, Levy R, Fossati P, et al. (April 2002). "The neural system that bridges reward and cognition in humans: an fMRI study". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 99 (8): 5669–74. Bibcode:2002PNAS...99.5669P. doi: 10.1073/pnas.082111099 . JSTOR   3058552. PMC   122829 . PMID   11960021.
  24. ↑ Raye CL, Johnson MK, Mitchell KJ, Reeder JA, Greene EJ (February 2002). "Neuroimaging a single thought: dorsolateral PFC activity associated with refreshing just-activated information". NeuroImage. 15 (2): 447–53. doi:10.1006/nimg.2001.0983. PMID   11798278. S2CID   497926.
  25. ↑ Slotnick SD, Moo LR (2006). "Prefrontal cortex hemispheric specialization for categorical and coordinate visual spatial memory". Neuropsychologia. 44 (9): 1560–8. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.01.018. PMID   16516248. S2CID   14396813.
  26. ↑ Leung HC, Gore JC, Goldman-Rakic PS (May 2002). "Sustained mnemonic response in the human middle frontal gyrus during on-line storage of spatial memoranda". Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 14 (4): 659–71. CiteSeerX   10.1.1.211.3485 . doi:10.1162/08989290260045882. PMID   12126506. S2CID   33797492.
  27. ↑ Ranganath C, Johnson MK, D'Esposito M (2003). "Prefrontal activity associated with working memory and episodic long-term memory". Neuropsychologia. 41 (3): 378–89. CiteSeerX   10.1.1.418.2955 . doi:10.1016/S0028-3932(02)00169-0. PMID   12457762. S2CID   1281343.
  28. 1 2 Rugg MD, Fletcher PC, Frith CD, Frackowiak RS, Dolan RJ (December 1996). "Differential activation of the prefrontal cortex in successful and unsuccessful memory retrieval". Brain. 119 (6): 2073–83. doi: 10.1093/brain/119.6.2073 . hdl: 21.11116/0000-0001-A05C-3 . PMID   9010011.
  29. ↑ Tulving E, Habib R, Nyberg L, Lepage M, McIntosh AR (1999). "Positron emission tomography correlations in and beyond medial temporal lobes". Hippocampus. 9 (1): 71–82. CiteSeerX   10.1.1.538.2507 . doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-1063(1999)9:1<71::AID-HIPO8>3.0.CO;2-F. PMID   10088902. S2CID   14846471.
  30. ↑ Tulving E, Kapur S, Markowitsch HJ, Craik FI, Habib R, Houle S (March 1994). "Neuroanatomical correlates of retrieval in episodic memory: auditory sentence recognition". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 91 (6): 2012–5. Bibcode:1994PNAS...91.2012T. doi: 10.1073/pnas.91.6.2012 . JSTOR   2364162. PMC   43299 . PMID   8134341.
  31. ↑ Düzel E, Picton TW, Cabeza R, et al. (June 2001). "Comparative electrophysiological and hemodynamic measures of neural activation during memory-retrieval". Human Brain Mapping. 13 (2): 104–23. CiteSeerX   10.1.1.714.6378 . doi:10.1002/hbm.1028. PMC   6872004 . PMID   11346889.
  32. ↑ Bermpohl F, Pascual-Leone A, Amedi A, et al. (August 2006). "Attentional modulation of emotional stimulus processing: an fMRI study using emotional expectancy". Human Brain Mapping. 27 (8): 662–77. doi:10.1002/hbm.20209. PMC   6871342 . PMID   16317710.
  33. ↑ Fincham JM, Carter CS, van Veen V, Stenger VA, Anderson JR (March 2002). "Neural mechanisms of planning: a computational analysis using event-related fMRI". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 99 (5): 3346–51. Bibcode:2002PNAS...99.3346F. doi: 10.1073/pnas.052703399 . JSTOR   3058122. PMC   122521 . PMID   11880658.
  34. ↑ Xie S, Xiao J, Jiang X (June 2003). "The fMRI study of the calculation tasks in normal aged volunteers" 正常老年人计算任务的脑功能磁共振成像研究 [The fMRI study of the calculation tasks in normal aged volunteers](PDF). Journal of Peking University (in Chinese). 35 (3): 311–3. PMID   12914254. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-11-07.
  35. ↑ Rickard TC, Romero SG, Basso G, Wharton C, Flitman S, Grafman J (2000). "The calculating brain: an fMRI study". Neuropsychologia. 38 (3): 325–35. doi:10.1016/S0028-3932(99)00068-8. PMID   10678698. S2CID   2413702.
  36. ↑ Royet JP, Koenig O, Gregoire MC, et al. (January 1999). "Functional anatomy of perceptual and semantic processing for odors". Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 11 (1): 94–109. doi:10.1162/089892999563166. PMID   9950717. S2CID   20076761.
  37. ↑ Azari NP, Nickel J, Wunderlich G, et al. (April 2001). "Neural correlates of religious experience". The European Journal of Neuroscience. 13 (8): 1649–52. doi:10.1046/j.0953-816x.2001.01527.x. PMID   11328359. S2CID   22241837.
  38. ↑ Creative Commons by small.svg  This article incorporates text available under the CC BY 3.0 license.[ unreliable source? ] "BrainInfo". Archived from the original on December 7, 2013. Retrieved 2013-12-03.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.