Dysprosium titanate

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Dysprosium titanate
Fragment of pyrochlore lattice in spin ice state.png
Names
IUPAC name
Dysprosium titanate
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
  • InChI=1S/2Dy.7O.2Ti/q2*+3;7*-2;2*+4
  • [Dy+3].[Dy+3].[Ti+4].[Ti+4].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2]
Properties
Dy2O7Ti2
Molar mass 532.727 g·mol−1
Density 6.8 g/cm3 [1]
Structure [1]
Pyrochlore
Fd3m, cF88, No. 227
a = 1.0136 nm
8
Related compounds
Other cations
Holmium titanate
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

Dysprosium titanate (Dy 2 Ti 2 O 7 or Dy2TiO5) is an inorganic compound, specifically a ceramic of the titanate family. Two common phases of this compound exist with differing properties: Dy2Ti2O7 and Dy2TiO5. Dysprosium titanate is commonly used throughout the nuclear industry in nuclear control rods and as a host for nuclear waste. [2] [3]

Contents

History

Dysprosium titanate was one of the first materials that was discovered to be a spin ice, along with holmium titanate (Ho2Ti2O7), in 1997. [4] The existence of these materials was predicted by Linus Pauling in 1935, but neutron scattering experiments confirmed their existence as holmium titanate satisfied the model. [5]

Since its discovery as a spin ice, dysprosium titanate has continued to be a focus of research because the magnetic frustration that results from its pyrochlore lattice. In 2009, quasiparticles resembling magnetic monopoles were observed at low temperature and high magnetic field through neutron-scattering experiments. [6] The study demonstrated the existence of Dirac strings in dysprosium titanate and the presence of monopole characteristics at low temperatures. [7]

Structure

The Dy2Ti2O7 phase exhibits a cubic pyrochlore structure where the Dy3+ ions form a network of corner-sharing tetrahedra. [4] [8] It is notable for its ability to withstand structural change in the presence of radiation from high energy ions. [2]

Dy2Ti2O7 can be "stuffed" by adding additional lanthanide atoms into the pyrochlore to generate Dy2TiO5. [9] In this instance, Dy3+ is 5-coordinated with oxygen, which produces an orthorhombic structure in the Dy2TiO5 phase. This phase also possesses a large neutron absorption cross section, which makes it desirable for various nuclear applications. [3] This can, however, pose difficulties when characterizing this compound through the use of neutron diffraction. [10]

Synthesis

Dysprosium titanate can be synthesized using various methods. The traditional synthesis process involve high-frequency induction melting of dysprosium oxide and titania in a cooled crucible. Sol-gel synthesis has also been utilized as a method to produce the compound in powder form. More recent developments have displayed the viability of mechanochemical processes using anatase and dysprosium oxide as reagents to produce dysprosium titanate nanopowders. [11] [12]

Uses and Applications

Dysprosium titanate has become a desirable material in nuclear industry because of various properties. The compound has a large neutron absorption cross-section, low thermal expansion, high heat capacity, high radiation resistance, and a high melting point, [13] [14] all of which make dysprosium titanate a favorable material to use in control rods for nuclear reactors. [2] [12]

Specifically, this material is used in the control rods for industrial thermal neutron reactors such as the VVER-1000 reactor type. [15]

References

  1. 1 2 Dolgikh V.A., Lavat E.A. (1991). "Preparation of new oxide nitrides with the pyrochlore structure". Russ. J. Inorg. Chem. 36: 1389–1392.
  2. 1 2 3 Sherrod, Roman; O’Quinn, Eric C.; Gussev, Igor M.; Overstreet, Cale; Neuefeind, Joerg; Lang, Maik K. (2021-04-16). "Comparison of short-range order in irradiated dysprosium titanates". npj Materials Degradation. 5 (1): 19. Bibcode:2021npjMD...5...19S. doi: 10.1038/s41529-021-00165-6 . ISSN   2397-2106.
  3. 1 2 Risovany, V.D.; Varlashova, E.E.; Suslov, D.N. (2000). "Dysprosium titanate as an absorber material for control rods". Journal of Nuclear Materials. 281 (1): 84–89. Bibcode:2000JNuM..281...84R. doi:10.1016/S0022-3115(00)00129-X.
  4. 1 2 Gardner, Jason S. (2010). "Magnetic pyrochlore oxides". Reviews of Modern Physics. 82 (1): 53–107. arXiv: 0906.3661 . Bibcode:2010RvMP...82...53G. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.82.53.
  5. ↑ Harris, M. J. (1997). "Geometrical Frustration in the Ferromagnetic Pyrochlore Ho2Ti2O7". Physical Review Letters. 79 (13): 2554–2557. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.79.2554. hdl: 20.500.11820/f7958ee9-5fb1-4965-8ab3-70c50216943c .
  6. ↑ "Magnetic Monopoles Detected In A Real Magnet For The First Time". Science Daily . 2009-09-04. Retrieved 2009-09-04.
  7. ↑ Morris, D. J. P.; Tennant, D. A.; Grigera, S. A.; Klemke, B.; Castelnovo, C.; Moessner, R.; Czternasty, C.; Meissner, M.; Rule, K. C.; Hoffmann, J.-U.; Kiefer, K.; Gerischer, S.; Slobinsky, D.; Perry, R. S. (2009-10-16). "Dirac Strings and Magnetic Monopoles in the Spin Ice Dy2Ti2O7". Science. 326 (5951): 411–414. arXiv: 1011.1174 . doi:10.1126/science.1178868. PMID   19729617.
  8. ↑ Scharffe, S.; Kolland, G.; Valldor, M.; Cho, V.; Welter, J. F.; Lorenz, T. (2015-06-01). "Heat transport of the spin-ice materials Ho2Ti2O7 and Dy2Ti2O7". Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. Selected papers from the sixth Moscow International Symposium on Magnetism (MISM-2014). 383: 83–87. arXiv: 1406.4037 . doi:10.1016/j.jmmm.2014.11.015. ISSN   0304-8853.
  9. ↑ Aughterson, Robert D.; Lumpkin, Gregory R.; Thorogood, Gordon J.; Zhang, Zhaoming; Gault, Baptiste; Cairney, Julie M. (2015-07-01). "Crystal chemistry of the orthorhombic Ln2TiO5 compounds with Ln=La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb and Dy" . Journal of Solid State Chemistry. 227: 60–67. doi:10.1016/j.jssc.2015.03.003. ISSN   0022-4596.
  10. ↑ Shamblin, Jacob (2016). "Crystal structure and partial Ising-like magnetic ordering of orthorhombic Dy2TiO5". Physical Review B. 94 (2): 024413. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.94.024413.
  11. ↑ Sharipzyanova, G. Kh.; Eremeeva, Zh. V.; Karlina, Y. I. (2024-03-01). "Study of the mechanical properties of dysprosium-titanate and dysprosium-hafnate nanopowders" . Metallurgist. 67 (11): 1971–1977. doi:10.1007/s11015-024-01695-5. ISSN   1573-8892.
  12. 1 2 Eremeeva, Zh. V.; Panov, V. S.; Myakisheva, L. V.; Lizunov, A. V.; Nepapushev, A. A.; Sidorenko, D. A.; Vorotilo, S. (2017-11-01). "Structure and properties of mechanochemically synthesized dysprosium titanate Dy2TiO5" . Journal of Nuclear Materials. 495: 38–48. doi:10.1016/j.jnucmat.2017.07.058. ISSN   0022-3115.
  13. ↑ Panneerselvam, G; Venkata Krishnan, R; Antony, M. P; Nagarajan, K; Vasudevan, T; Vasudeva Rao, P. R (2004-05-01). "Thermophysical measurements on dysprosium and gadolinium titanates" . Journal of Nuclear Materials. 327 (2): 220–225. Bibcode:2004JNuM..327..220P. doi:10.1016/j.jnucmat.2004.02.009. ISSN   0022-3115.
  14. ↑ Lee, Byung-Ho; Kim, Han-Soo; Lee, Sang-Hyun; Sohn, Dong-Seong (2007-04-01). "Measurement of the thermal properties of gadolinium and dysprosium titanate" . Thermochimica Acta. 6th KSTP Symposium. 455 (1): 100–104. Bibcode:2007TcAc..455..100L. doi:10.1016/j.tca.2006.11.033. ISSN   0040-6031.
  15. ↑ Risovany, V. D.; Varlashova, E. E.; Suslov, D. N. (2000-09-02). "Dysprosium titanate as an absorber material for control rods" . Journal of Nuclear Materials. 281 (1): 84–89. Bibcode:2000JNuM..281...84R. doi:10.1016/S0022-3115(00)00129-X. ISSN   0022-3115.
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