Grateful dead (folklore)

Last updated
Tobit Burying the Dead by Andrea di Leone. Book of Tobit is considered an early presence of the motif in literature. Tobit Burying the Dead MET DT6144.jpg
Tobit Burying the Dead by Andrea di Leone. Book of Tobit is considered an early presence of the motif in literature.

Grateful dead (or grateful ghost) is both a motif and a group of related folktales present in many cultures throughout the world.

Contents

The most common story involves a traveler who encounters a corpse of someone who never received a proper burial, typically stemming from an unpaid debt. The traveler then either pays off the dead person's debt or pays for burial. The traveler is later rewarded or has their life saved by a person or animal who is actually the soul of the dead person; the grateful dead is a form of the donor. [1] [2] The grateful dead spirit may take many different physical forms including that of a guardian angel, animal, or fellow traveler. [3] The traveler's encounter with the deceased comes near the end of the traveler's journey. [3]

Classification

The "grateful dead" story is Aarne–Thompson–Uther type 505. [4]

Folkloristic scholarship classifies ATU types 505–508 under the umbrella term the Grateful Dead, each subtype referring to a certain aspect of the legend: [5] [6]

ATU 505: Grateful Dead

As described by Stith Thompson, all tale types begin when the hero pays the creditors of a dead man, and later he meets a man in his travels who agrees to help him, as long as they divide in half whatever reward they may gain. [6]

German folklorist Hans-Jörg Uther, in his 2004 revision of the Aarne–Thompson system, subsumed types 506, 506A, 506B, 506** and 508 under only one type, ATU 505, "The Grateful Dead". [7]

AaTh 506: The Rescued Princess

Thompson divided this type into two categories: 506A, "The Princess Rescued from Slavery", and 506B, "The Princess Rescued from Robbers". Both subtypes were essentially the same: the princess is saved from whatever peril she was in; her saviour (the true hero) is thrown overboard and left to die in the ocean; the grateful dead rescues the hero and takes him to the princess's kingdom, where he uses a ring as his token of recognition, and the grateful dead suggests they divide the reward (even the princess herself). The main difference between both stories is that in subtype 506A, the princess is rescued from slavery, while in 506B, she is saved from a den of robbers. [6]

In French academia, the archetype of the Grateful Dead is known as Jean de Calais , which is also the French name for type 506A. The name refers to a literary tale, Histoire de Jean de Calais, penned in 1723 by Mme. de Gomez. [8]

A related subtype to this cycle is AaTh 506**, wherein the grateful dead character is a saint whose image was preserved by the hero. [9]

ATU 507: The Monster's Bride

This type may also be known as "The Poisoned Maiden" or "The Dangerous Bride" (the killer monster in the nuptial chamber). [10] In this tale type, the hero is helped by a mysterious stranger in wooing a maiden whose suitors/bridegrooms have died in mysterious circumstances in her bedchamber, and the exorcising of the evil spirits that possessed her. [10]

Swedish folklorist Sven Liljeblad (sv), in his work about the tale type, tabulated two forms of the narrative: a type dubbed Asmodeus , wherein a dragon or serpent attacks the couple on the wedding night, and another named The Snake Maiden, wherein the snakes come out of the maiden's mouth. [11]

Folklorist Stith Thompson recognized three subtypes of ATU 507: 507A, "The Monster's Bride", wherein the princess possesses magical powers given by a monster; 507B, "The Monster in the Bridal Chamber", wherein a serpent or dragon enters the chamber to kill the bridegroom; and 507C, "The Serpent Maiden", wherein the monster (snakes) comes out of the maiden's mouth (although he thought that 507C was only a variation of subtype 507B). [6] Canadian folklorist Carmen Roy noted that type 507A was the "Scandinavian and Irish" form of "The Grateful Dead". [12]

In his own revision of the folktale index, German folklorist Hans-Jörg Uther subsumed previous subtypes 507A, 507B and 507C under one type, ATU 507, "The Monster's Bride". [13]

AaTh 508: The Bride Won in a Tournament

In this tale type, the grateful dead furnishes the hero with horses and weapons to win a bride as prize for the tournament and later suggests they divide the winnings (including the princess) between them. [6]

Analysis

In many cultures there is the belief that when a person dies their soul is separated from their body thus giving someone a proper burial allows their spirit to carry on into the next life. [14]

An ancient Egyptian text explains the principle of reciprocity in which the deceased calls for a blessing on the person who remembers his name and helps him into a happy afterlife:

But if there be a man, any one whomsoever, who beholdeth this writing and causeth my soul and my name to become established among those who are blessed, let it be done for him likewise after his final arriving (at the end of life's voyage) in recompense for what was done by him for me, Osiris. [15]

In ancient literature

Scholarship also recognizes the presence of the motif in the biblical Book of Tobit . [16] [17] [18] [6] [19] According to professor Dov Noy, the biblical story is the first register of the tale type in Hebrew literature. [20]

In medieval literature

According to Jurjen van der Kooi, the theme of "the grateful dead" was developed in medieval times as courtly epics and chivalric romances. [21]

Stith Thompson pointed out that the type AT 508, "The Bride Won in a Tournament", harked back to medieval chivalry literature: in the 12th century, in a French romance, an Italian novella and a German poem; in the 13th century, in an English romance and in a Swedish prose tale. [6] [22] Hans-Jörg Uther also lists medieval novel Rittertreue, from the 13th century, as another occurrence of the same narrative (see above). [23]

Hispanist Ralph Steele Boggs listed occurrences of the AT 505 in the Spanish literature of Late Middle Ages, [24] and stated that the motif is also present in the 16th-century play The Old Wives' Tale , by George Peele. [25]

The chivalric romance Amadas has the title knight pay his last coins for such a burial. [16] Due to his chivalry the deceased is resurrected and aids the hero in recovering the riches that was used to provide him with a proper burial. [26]

In the Italian tale La novella di Messer Dianese e di Messer Gigliotto, the knight, having spent his property, is given gifts by his friends, so that he may participate in a tournament that will give him the chance to become rich again. After selling the gifts for the burial, he meets the dead in the form of a rich merchant who offers to become his sponsor in the tournament in exchange for a share of the rewards. This follows the aforementioned variant AaTh 508, except that the division turns out to be a divide and choose deal between the wife and the riches won, with the knight choosing the wife. [27] [28]

Spanish scholarship also argues that the theme was explored by Spanish author Lope de Vega in his play Don Juan de Castro. [29]

In folk and fairy tales

Folklorist Ralph Steele Boggs (de) stated that the story is widespread in Europe, Asia, Africa and America. [25]

The Grateful Dead motif also appears in various fairy tales as a type of Donor, [30] such as the Italian Fair Brow , [31] French Princess Marcassa and the Dreadaine Bird (a variant of The Golden Bird ); the Swedish The Bird 'Grip' ; H. C. Andersen's The Traveling Companion (Reisekamaraten), [32] Danish folktale Den hvide Mand og Kongesønnen ("The white man and the king's son") [33] or Norwegian The Companion .

The English tale of Jack the Giant Killer contains the subtype AT 507, "The Monster's Bride". [34]

Scholar George Stephens, in his edition of Medieval romance Amadace, listed other occurrences of the grateful dead in tales from Europe and Asia, as introduction to the book. [35]

In an Irish fairy tale from County Donegal, The Snow, the Crow, and the Blood, a grateful dead, in the form of a short red man, helps a prince against three giants and exorcizes the devil's thrall on a princess. [36]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">The Frog Prince</span> German fairy tale

"The Frog Prince; or, Iron Henry" is a German fairy tale collected by the Brothers Grimm and published in 1812 in Grimm's Fairy Tales. Traditionally, it is the first story in their folktale collection. The tale is classified as Aarne-Thompson type 440.

The Aarne–Thompson–Uther Index is a catalogue of folktale types used in folklore studies. The ATU Index is the product of a series of revisions and expansions by an international group of scholars: originally composed in German by Finnish folklorist Antti Aarne (1910), the index was translated into English, revised, and expanded by American folklorist Stith Thompson, and later further revised and expanded by German folklorist Hans-Jörg Uther (2004). The ATU Index, along with Thompson's Motif-Index of Folk-Literature (1932)—with which it is used in tandem—is an essential tool for folklorists.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Maid Maleen</span> German fairy tale

"Maid Maleen" is a German fairy tale collected by the Brothers Grimm, number 198.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">The Lute Player</span> Russian fairy tale

The Lute Player, The Tsaritsa Harpist or The Tsaritsa who Played the Gusli, is a Russian fairy tale. It was published by Alexander Afanasyev in his collection Russian Fairy Tales, as number 338. Andrew Lang included it in The Violet Fairy Book (1901).

Boots and His Brothers is a Norwegian fairy tale collected by Peter Christen Asbjørnsen and Jørgen Moe in their Norske Folkeeventyr.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">The Mermaid and the Boy</span> Sámi fairy tale collection

The Mermaid and the Boy is a Sámi fairy tale first collected in the mid-19th century. It tells the story of a prince unknowingly promised to a mermaid before he was born, then obtains magical powers to transform into animals later in the story.

In folkloristics, morphology is the study of the structure of folklore and fairy tales.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">The Magic Swan Geese</span> Russian fairy tale

The Magic Swan Geese is a Russian fairy tale collected by Alexander Afanasyev in Narodnye russkie skazki, numbered 113.

The Little Bull-Calf is an English Romani fairy tale collected by Joseph Jacobs in More English Fairy Tales.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">The Norka</span> Russian and Ukrainian fairy tale

The Norka is a Russian and Ukrainian fairy tale published by Alexander Afanasyev in his collection of Russian Fairy Tales, numbered 132.

The Enchanted Maiden is a Portuguese fairy tale collected by Zófimo Consiglieri Pedroso in Portuguese Folk-Tales.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">The Gnome (fairy tale)</span> German fairy tale

"The Gnome" is a German fairy tale collected by the Brothers Grimm in Grimm's Fairy Tales, tale number 91.

"The Three Snake-Leaves" is a German fairy tale collected by the Brothers Grimm, tale number 16. It is Aarne-Thompson type 612, "The Three Snake-Leaves".

The Motif-Index of Folk-Literature is a six volume catalogue of motifs, granular elements of folklore, composed by American folklorist Stith Thompson. Often referred to as Thompson's motif-index, the catalogue has been extensively used in folklore studies, where folklorists commonly use it in tandem with the Aarne–Thompson–Uther Index (ATU), an index used for folktale type analysis.

Hans-Jörg Uther is a German literary scholar and folklorist.

The Calumniated Wife is a motif in traditional narratives, numbered K2110.1 in Stith Thompson's Motif-Index of Folk-Literature. It entails a wife being falsely accused of, and often punished for, some crime or sin. This motif is at the centre of a number of traditional plots, being associated with tale-types 705–712 in the Aarne–Thompson–Uther Index of tale-types.

In folkloristics, "The Animal as Bridegroom" refers to a group of folk and fairy tales about a human woman marrying or being betrothed to an animal. The animal is revealed to be a human prince in disguise or under a curse. Most of these tales are grouped in the international system of Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index under type ATU 425, "The Search for the Lost Husband". Some subtypes exist in the international classification as independent stories, but they sometimes don't adhere to a fixed typing.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">The Dog in the Sea</span> Northern European fairy tale

The Dog in the Sea, also known as The Dog and the Sailor is a northern European fairy tale classified as ATU 540, "The Dog in the Sea".

The Story of the Abandoned Princess is a Norwegian fairy tale published by Norwegian author Camilla Collet. It is related to the cycle of the Animal as Bridegroom and distantly related to the Graeco-Roman myth of Cupid and Psyche, in that the heroine is forced to perform difficult tasks for a witch.

"The Forgotten Bride" or "The Forgotten Fiancée" is a motif of folktales recognized in several folktale motif indices.

References

  1. ↑ "Dead FAQ: How did they get the name?" . Retrieved 2007-12-14.[ self-published source? ]
  2. ↑ "Grateful dead". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-14.
  3. 1 2 Galley, Micheline (February 2005). "Death in Folk Tales (A Brief Note)". Diogenes. 52 (1): 105–109. doi:10.1177/0392192105050613. S2CID   144634614.
  4. ↑ D.L. Ashliman. "The Grateful Dead: folktales of Aarne–Thompson–Uther type 505" . Retrieved 2008-05-20.[ self-published source? ]
  5. ↑ Régnier-Bohler, Danielle (1989). "Béances de la terre et du temps : la dette et le pacte dans le motif du Mort reconnaissant au Moyen Age" [Gap of earth and time: debt and pact in the motif of the Grateful Dead in the Middle Ages]. Homme (in French). 29 (111): 161–178. doi:10.3406/hom.1989.369155.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Thompson, Stith (1977). "The Grateful Dead". The Folktale. University of California Press. pp. 50–53. ISBN   978-0-520-03537-9.
  7. ↑ Uther, Hans-Jörg. The types of International Folktales. A Classification and Bibliography, based on the System of Antti Aarne and Stith Thompson . Volume 1: Animal tales, tales of magic, religious tales, and realistic tales, with an introduction. Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia-Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 2004. pp. 289-290. ISBN   978-951-41-0956-0.
  8. ↑ Tenèze, Marie-Louise TENÈZE. "Jean de Calais (MT. 506 A) en France: tradition écrite, tradition orale, imagerie". In: Humaniora, Essays in Literature - Folklore - Bibliographie: Honoring Archer TAYLOR on His Seventieth Birthday. New-York: 1960. pp. 286-308.
  9. ↑ Uther, Hans-Jörg. The types of International Folktales. A Classification and Bibliography, based on the System of Antti Aarne and Stith Thompson. Volume 1: Animal tales, tales of magic, religious tales, and realistic tales, with an introduction. Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia-Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 2004. p. 290. ISBN   9789514109560.
  10. 1 2 Jacobs, Naomi S. S. (2014). "'What About the Dog?' Tobit's Mysterious Canine Revisited". Canonicity, Setting, Wisdom in the Deuterocanonicals. pp. 221–246. doi:10.1515/9783110367232.221. ISBN   978-3-11-037262-5.
  11. ↑ Taylor, Archer (January 1931). "A Theory of Indo-European Marchen". The Journal of American Folklore. 44 (171): 54–60. doi:10.2307/535522. JSTOR   535522.
  12. ↑ Roy, Carmen. La Littérature Orale En Gaspésie. Bulletin / [National Museum of Canada]. no. 13. Ottawa: 1955. pp. 201, 223.
  13. ↑ Uther, Hans-Jörg (2004). "The Monster's Bride". The Types of International Folktales: A Classification and Bibliography, Based on the System of Antti Aarne and Stith Thompson. Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia, Academia Scientiarum Fennica. p. 291. ISBN   978-951-41-0963-8.
  14. ↑ Felton, D (2001). "The Grateful Dead: The History of a Folk Story (review)". Journal of American Folklore. 114 (454): 505–506. doi:10.1353/jaf.2001.0033. S2CID   162233310.
  15. ↑ "The Burden of Isis, Being the Laments of Isis and Nephthys", James Teackle Dennis, Dutton & Co, 1910
  16. 1 2 Laura A. Hibbard, Medieval Romance in England p. 74. New York Burt Franklin, 1963.
  17. ↑ Huet, G. (1915). "Le conte du «Mort reconnaissant» et le livre de Tobie" [The Tale of the 'Grateful Dead' and the Book of Tobit]. Revue de l'histoire des religions (in French). 71: 1–29. JSTOR   23662846.
  18. ↑ Jason, Heda (1990). "Study of Israelite and Jewish Oral and Folk Literature: Problems and Issues". Asian Folklore Studies. 49 (1): 69–108. doi:10.2307/1177950. JSTOR   1177950.
  19. ↑ Kushelevsky, Rella; Baumgarten, Elisheva (2017). Tales in Context: Sefer ha-ma'asim in Medieval Northern France. Wayne State University Press. pp. 571–572. ISBN   978-0-8143-4272-5. Project MUSE   book 56585.
  20. ↑ Noy, Dov. Folktales of Israel. University of Chicago Press. 1963. p. 126.
  21. ↑ Dekker, Ton; van der Kooi, Jurjen; Meder, Theo (1997). "De dankbare dode" [The Grateful Dead]. Van Aladdin tot Zwaan kleef aan Lexicon van sprookjes: ontstaan, ontwikkeling, variaties[From Aladdin to Zwaan stick to Lexicon of fairy tales: origin, development, variations] (in Dutch). Kritak SUN. p. 79. ISBN   978-90-6303-723-9. OCLC   1087536234.
  22. ↑ Thompson, Stith (1977). The Folktale. University of California Press. p. 179. ISBN   978-0-520-03537-9.
  23. ↑ Uther, Hans-Jörg. The types of International Folktales. A Classification and Bibliography, based on the System of Antti Aarne and Stith Thompson. Volume 1: Animal tales, tales of magic, religious tales, and realistic tales, with an introduction. Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia-Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 2004. p. 290. ISBN   9789514109560.
  24. ↑ Boggs, Ralph Steele (1930). Index of Spanish folktales, classified according to Antti Aarne's 'Types of the folktale'. University of Chicago. pp. 66–67. OCLC   1071947618.
  25. 1 2 Boggs, Ralph Steele; Adams, Nicholson B (1932). Spanish folktales. F.S. Crofts. p. 113. OCLC   987857114.
  26. ↑ Johnston, Michael (October 2008). "Knights and Merchants Unite: Sir Amadace, the Grateful Dead, and the Moral Exemplum Tradition". Neophilologus. 92 (4): 735–744. doi:10.1007/s11061-008-9107-y. S2CID   161452113.
  27. ↑ D'Ancona, Alessandro (1868). La Novella di Messer Dianese e di Messer Gigliotto (in Italian). Nistri.[ page needed ]
  28. ↑ Novellino, Addendum IV tale XVII [ unreliable source? ]
  29. ↑ Chevalier, Maxime (1988). "Comedia lopesca y cuento folklórico". Revista de dialectología y tradiciones populares. 43: 197–201. ProQuest   1301789787.
  30. ↑ Straparola, Giovan Francesco; Waters, W.G. (2012). "The Grateful Dead, or Bertuccio and Tarquinia: LEONORA". The Pleasant Nights - Volume 2. University of Toronto Press. pp. 446–474. doi:10.3138/9781442699533. ISBN   978-1-4426-4427-4. JSTOR   10.3138/9781442699533.35.
  31. ↑ Italo Calvino, Italian Folktales p. 725 ISBN   0-15-645489-0
  32. ↑ Andersen, Hans Christian. William A. Craigie; J. K. Craigie (transl.). "The Travelling Companion" In: Fairy Tales and Other Stories. London; Toronto: Oxford University Press. 1914. pp. 42-62.
  33. ↑ Berntsen, Klaus (1873). "Den hvide Mand og Kongesønnen" [The white man and the king's son]. Folke-aeventyr, samlede og udgivne forskolen og hjemmet (in Danish). pp. 80–88. OCLC   1084250930.
  34. ↑ Baughman, Ernest Warren. Type and Motif-index of the Folktales of England and North America. Indiana University Folklore Series No. 20. The Hague, Netherlands: Mouton & Co. 1966. p. 12.
  35. ↑ Stephens, George. Ghost-thanks: Or, The Grateful Unburied. Cheapinghaven: Michaelsen and Tillge, 1860. pp. 5-11.
  36. ↑ MacManus, Seumas (1900). "The Snow, the Crow, and the Blood". Donegal fairy stories. Doubleday. pp. 153–174. OCLC   866884339.

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.