Albania
 Albania | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Latin name | Endonym | Notes |
| Durrës | Dyrrachium | Durrës | |
| Lezhë | Lissus | Lezhë | |
| Vlorë | Aulon | Vlorë | |
Below is list of Latin exonyms for places outside of the core of the Roman empire during the time Latin was in common use:
| Albania | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Latin name | Endonym | Notes |
| Durrës | Dyrrachium | Durrës | |
| Lezhë | Lissus | Lezhë | |
| Vlorë | Aulon | Vlorë | |
 Austria | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Latin name | Endonym | Notes |
| Eisenstadt | Ferreum Castrum | Eisenstadt | |
| Graz | Graecia | Graz | |
| Innsbruck | Pons Aeni | Innsbruck | |
| Linz | Lentia | Linz | |
| Salzburg | Salisburgum | Salzburg | |
| Sankt Pölten | Cetium | Sankt Pölten | |
| Vienna | Vindobona | Wien | |
 Belgium | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Latin name | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| Ghent | Gandavum | |||
| Kortrijk | Cortoriacum | |||
| Tongeren | Atuatuca Tungrorum | |||
 Bulgaria | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Latin name | Endonym | Notes |
| Balchik | Dionysopolis | ||
| Kyustendil | Pautalia | ||
| Lom | Almus | ||
| Lovech | Melta | ||
| Pleven | Storgozia | ||
| Plovdiv | Philippopolis | ||
| Razgrad | Abrittus | ||
| Ruse | Sexaginta Prista | ||
| Silistra | Durostorum | ||
| Sofia | Serdica | ||
| Sozopol | Apollonia Pontica | ||
| Stara Zagora | Augusta Trajana | ||
| Svishtov | Novae | ||
| Varna | Odessus | ||
| Vidin | Bononia | ||
 Czech Republic Cechia | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Latin name | Endonym | Notes |
| Brno | Bruna | Brno | |
| Krnov | Carnovia | Krnov | |
| Prague | Praga | Praha | |
 Denmark Dania | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Latin name | Endonym | Notes |
| Copenhagen | Hafnia | København | |
 Egypt Aegyptus | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Latin name | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| Akhmim | Panopolis | |||
| Al-Arish | Rhinocolura | |||
| Al-Ashumein | Hermopolis | |||
| Aswan | Lycopolis | |||
| Asyut | Syene | |||
| Farama | Pelusium | |||
| Luxor | Thebae | |||
| Marsa Matruh | Paraetonium | |||
| Qift | Coptos | |||
 France Gallia | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Latin name | Endonym | Notes |
| Avignon | Avenio | ||
| Lyon | Ludgunum | ||
| Marseille | Massilia | ||
| Nice | Nicaea | ||
| Paris | Lutetia | ||
| Strasbourg | Argentoratum | ||
| Toulouse | Tolosa | ||
 Germany Germania | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Latin name | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| Aachen | Aquisgrana | |||
| Augsburg | Augusta Vindelicorum | |||
| Baden-Baden | Aurelia Aquensis | |||
| Berlin | Berolinum | |||
| Bonn | Bonna | |||
| Castra Bonnensis | ||||
| Cologne | Colonia Agrippina | |||
| Essen | Navalia | |||
| Hamburg | Hamburgum | |||
| Kempten | Cambodunum | |||
| Konstanz | Constantia | |||
| Mainz | Mogontiacum | |||
| Passau | Bojodurum | |||
| Regensburg | Castra Regina | |||
| Speyer | Noviomagus | |||
| Trier | Augusta Trevorum | |||
| Wiesbaden | Aquae Mattiacorum | |||
| Worms | Vormatia | |||
 Greece Graecia | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Latin name | Endonym | Notes |
| Athens | Athenae | ||
| Corinth | Corinthus | ||
| Gytheio | Gythium | ||
| Heraklion | Heraclium | ||
| Karystos | Carystus | ||
| Kechries | Cencrheae | ||
| Laurium | Laurium | ||
| Nafpaktos | Naupactus | ||
| Nafplio | Nauplia | ||
| Thessaloniki | Thessalonica | ||
 Hungary Hungaria | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Latin name | Endonym | Notes |
| Debrecen | Debrecinum | ||
| Dunakeszi | Contra Constantiam | ||
| Dunaújváros | Intercisa | ||
| Eger | Agria | ||
| Esztergom | Solva | ||
| Győr | Arrabona | ||
| Kőszeg | Ginsium | ||
| Mosonmagyaróvár | Ad Flexum | ||
| Nagytétény | Campona | ||
| Óbuda | Aquincum | ||
| Pécs | Sopianae | ||
| Pest | Contra Aquincum | ||
| Sopron | Scarbantia | ||
| Százhalombatta | Matrica | ||
| Szeged | Partiscum | ||
| Székesfehérvár | Alba Regia | ||
| Szekszárd | Alisca | ||
| Szentendre | Ulcisia Castra | ||
| Szombathely | Savaria | ||
| Tác | Gorsium | ||
| Hibernia | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Latin name | Endonym | Notes |
| Connacht | Connocia | Connacht | |
| Hill of Tara | Temro | Teamhair na Ríogh | |
| Leinster | Lagenia | Laighin | |
| Meath | Midia | Mí | |
| Munster | Momonia | Mumhain | |
| Ulster | Ultonia | Ulaidh | |
 Netherlands Batavia | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Latin name | Endonym | Notes |
| Alphen aan den Rijn | Albania | Alphen aan den Rijn | |
| Leiden | Lugdunum Batavorum | Leiden | Meant Katwijk until the Renaissance |
| Maastricht | Trajectium Mosae | Maastricht | |
| Nijmegen | Ulpia Noviomagus Batavorum | Nijmegen | |
| Utrecht | Ultrajectum | Utrecht | |
| Valkenburg, South Holland | Praetorium Agrippinae | Valkenburg | |
| Vechten | Fectio | Vechten | |
| Voorburg | Forum Hadriani | Voorburg | |
| Wijk bij Duurstede | Levefanum | Wijk bij Duurstede | |
| Woerden | Laur(i)um | Woerden | |
| Zwammerdam | Nigrum Pullum | Zwammerdam | |
 Poland Polonia | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Latin name | Endonym | Notes |
| Kraków | Cracovia | Kraków | |
| Warsaw | Varsovia | Warszawa | |
| Wrocław | Vratislavia | Wrocław | |
| Świnoujście | Suenemundum | Świnoujście | |
| Poznań | Posnania | Poznań | |
 Portugal Lusitania | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Latin name | Endonym | Notes |
| Azores | Azores | Açores | |
| Lisbon | Olisipo | Lisboa | |
 Romania | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Latin name | Endonym | Notes |
| Alba-Iulia | Apullum | ||
| Black Sea | Pontus Euxinus | ||
| Caransebeș | Tibiscum | ||
| Cluj-Napoca | Napoca | ||
| Iglița-Turcoaia | Troesmis | ||
| Mangalia | Callatis | ||
| Turda | Potaissa | ||
| Turnu-Severin | Drobeta | ||
| Zalău | Porolissum | ||
 Russia | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Latin name | Endonym | Notes |
| Moscow | Moscua | Moskva | |
 Saudi Arabia Arabia Saudita | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Latin name | Endonym | Notes |
| Medina | Jathrippa | Madina | |
| Mecca | Macoaraba | Makka | |
 Serbia | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Latin name | Endonym | Notes |
| Belgrade | Singidunum, Belgradum | Beograd | |
| Sremska Mitrovica | Sirmium, Civitas Sancti Demetrii | Sremska Mitrovica | |
| Niš | Naissus | Niš | |
| Gamzigrad | Felix Romuliana | Gamzigrad | |
 Slovakia | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Latin name | Endonym | Notes |
| Bratislava | Istropolis | ||
| Posonium | |||
| Banská Bystrica | Neosolium | ||
| Košice | Cassovia | ||
| Prešov | Fragopolis | ||
| Trenčín | Laugaricio | ||
| Zvolen | Solium | ||
 Spain Hispania | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Latin name | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| Alcalá de Henares | Complutum | |||
| Alicante | Lucentum | |||
| Almería | Urci | |||
| Barcelona | Barcino | |||
| Cádiz | Gades | |||
| Calatayud | Bilbilis | |||
| Cartagena | Carthago Nova | |||
| Córdoba | Corduba | |||
| Girona | Gerunda | |||
| Granada | Granata | |||
| Huelva | Onuba | |||
| Huesca | Osca | |||
| Jaca | Jacca | |||
| Léon | Legio VII Gemina | |||
| Lleida | Ilerda | |||
| Lugo | Lucus Augusti | |||
| Madrid | Matritum | |||
| Matrix | ||||
| Mérida | Emerita Augusta | |||
| Palma de Mallorca | Palmaria | |||
| Salamanca | Salamantica | |||
| Seville | Hispalis | |||
| Tarragona | Tarraco | |||
| Toledo | Toletum | |||
| Valencia | Valentia | |||
| Zaragoza | Caesar Augusta | |||
 Sweden Suecia | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Latin name | Endonym | Notes |
| Gävle | Gevalia | Gävle | |
| Gothenburg | Gothoburgum | Göteborg | |
| Malmö | Malmogia | Malmö | |
| Stockholm | Holmia | Stockholm | |
 Switzerland Helvetia | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Latin name | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| Bern | Berna | Bern | German | |
| Geneva | Genava | Gèneve | French | |
| Zürich | Turicum | Zürich | German | |
 Turkey Turcia | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Latin name | Endonym | Notes |
| Antakya | Antiochia ad Orontem | Antakya | |
| Edirne | Hadrianopolis | Edirne | |
| Edremit | Adramyttium | Edremit | |
| Ereǧli | Heraclea Cybistra | Ereǧli | |
| Erzurum | Theodosiopolis | Erzurum | |
| Eskişehir | Dorylaeum | Eskişehir | |
| Gaziantep | Antiochia ad Taurum | Gaziantep | |
| İstanbul | Byzantium | İstanbul | |
| Constantinopolis | |||
| Nova Roma | |||
| İzmir | Smyrna | İzmir | |
| İzmit | Nicomedia | İzmit | |
| İznik | Nicaea | İznik | |
| Karadeniz Ereğli | Heraclea Pontica | Karadeniz Ereğli | |
| Kayseri | Caesarea | Kayseri | |
| Konya | Iconium | Konya | |
| Kütahya | Cotaeum | Kütahya | |
| Malatya | Melitene | Malatya | |
| Marmara Ereǧlisi | Heraclea Perinthus | Marmara Ereǧlisi | |
| Niksar | Neocaesarea | Niksar | |
 Ukraine | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Latin name | Endonym | Notes |
| Lviv | Leopolis | ||
 United Kingdom Britannium Regnum | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Latin name | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| Bath | Aquae Sulis | Bath | English | |
| Britain | Britannia | Britain | English | |
| Canterbury | Durovernum Cantiacorum | Canterbury | English | |
| Carlisle | Luguvalium | Carlise | English | |
| Chelmsford | Caesaromagus | Chelmsford | English | |
| Chester | Deva Victrix | Chester | English | |
| Colchester | Camulodunum | Colchester | English | |
| Colonia Victricensis | ||||
| Cornwall | Cornubria | Kernow | Cornish | |
| Dover | Portus Dubris | Dover | English | |
| Edinburgh | Edina | Dùn Èideann | Scottish Gaelic | |
| Edinburgh | English, Scots | |||
| England | Anglia | England | English | |
| Gloucester | Glevum | Gloucester | English | |
| Colonia Nervia Glevensium | ||||
| Isle of Wight | Vectis | Isle of Wight | English | |
| Leicester | Ratae Corieltauvorum | Leicester | English | |
| Lincoln | Lindum Colonia | Lincoln | English | |
| London | Londinium | London | English | |
| Manchester | Mamucium | Manchester | English | |
| Newcastle upon Tyne | Pons Aelius | Newcastle upon Tyne | English | |
| Richborough | Rutupiae | Richborough | English | |
| Saint Albans | Verulamium | Saint Albans | English | |
| Scotland | Scotia | Alba | Scottish Gaelic | |
| Scotland | English, Scots | |||
| Wales | Cambria | Cymru | Welsh | |
| Winchester | Venta Belgarum | Winchester | English | |
| Wroxeter | Viroconium Cornoviorum | Wroxete | English | |
| York | Eboracum | York | English | |
Toponymy, toponymics, or toponomastics is the study of toponyms, including their origins, meanings, usage and types. Toponym is the general term for a proper name of any geographical feature, and full scope of the term also includes proper names of all cosmographical features.
Ruthenian and Ruthene are exonyms of Latin origin, formerly used in Eastern and Central Europe as common ethnonyms for East Slavs, particularly during the late medieval and early modern periods. The Latin term Rutheni was used in medieval sources to describe all Eastern Slavs of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, as an exonym for people of the former Kievan Rus', thus including ancestors of the modern Belarusians, Rusyns and Ukrainians. The use of Ruthenian and related exonyms continued through the early modern period, developing several distinctive meanings, both in terms of their regional scopes and additional religious connotations.
Ruthenian is an exonymic linguonym for a closely related group of East Slavic linguistic varieties, particularly those spoken from the 15th to 18th centuries in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and in East Slavic regions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Regional distribution of those varieties, both in their literary and vernacular forms, corresponded approximately to the territories of the modern states of Belarus and Ukraine. By the end of the 18th century, they gradually diverged into regional variants, which subsequently developed into the modern Belarusian, Ukrainian, and Rusyn languages.
An endonym is a common, native name for a group of people, individual person, geographical place, language or dialect, meaning that it is used inside a particular group or linguistic community to identify or designate themselves, their homeland, or their language.
Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture is an autonomous prefecture in Southeast-Central Yunnan Province, China, bordering Vietnam's Lào Cai and Lai Châu provinces to the south. Its name is derived from the Hong (Red) River and the two major ethnic minority groups who live there: the Yi and the Hani. Honghe has an area of 32,929 square kilometres (12,714 sq mi) and its seat is Mengzi. The total population is 4.8 million, of which 61.3% belong to ethnic minorities.
Below is list of Dutch language exonyms for places in non-Dutch-speaking areas.
Below is a list of German language exonyms for formerly German places and other places in non-German-speaking areas of the world. Archaic names are in italics.
The following is a list of Czech exonyms, that is to say names for places that do not speak Czech that have been adapted to Czech phonological system and spelling rules, or are simply native names from ancient times. Note that a large number of the names on the list below are archaic, no longer in use in contemporary Czech.
An English exonym is a name in the English language for a place, or occasionally other terms, which does not follow the local usage. Exonyms and endonyms are features of all languages, and other languages may have their own exonym for English endonyms, for example Llundain is the Welsh exonym for the English endonym "London".
As a general rule, modern Norwegian does not use exonyms for names with endonyms in Latin script. Historically, several Danish/German exonyms have been in use, due to the Danish roots of the Bokmål variety of Norwegian, but these exonyms should be considered archaic, and are no longer used officially.
Below is a list of modern-day Greek language exonyms for mostly European places outside of Greece and Cyprus. Place names that are not mentioned are generally referred to in Greek by their respective names in their native languages, or with the closest pronunciation in Greek.
The ethnonyms for the Poles (people) and Poland include endonyms and exonyms. Endonyms and most exonyms for Poles and Poland derive from the name of the West Slavic tribe of Polans (Polanie), while in some languages the exonyms for Poland to derive from the name of another tribe – the Lendians (Lędzianie).
Below is a list of Armenian language exonyms for places. This list only includes names that are significantly different from the local toponym, some exonyms are marked as historical, modern exonyms may match the toponyms.