Vietnamese exonyms

Below is a list of Vietnamese exonyms for various places around the world:

History

Historical exonyms include place names of bordering countries, namely Thailand, Laos, China, and Cambodia.

During the expansion of Vietnam (Nam tiến) some place names have become Vietnamized. Consequently, as control of different places and regions has shifted among China, Vietnam, and other Southeast Asian countries, the Vietnamese names for places can sometimes differ from the names residents of aforementioned places use, although nowadays it has become more common for the Vietnamese names of places to simply be Vietnamese transcriptions of the local placenames.

Many non-Vietnamese places may have more than one Vietnamese name, as shown below.

Sino-Vietnamese exonyms

Before modernity, sources of names of foreign places in Vietnam came from documents that were mostly written in Classical Chinese. So many exonyms derive directly from Chinese pronunciations (see: Chinese exonyms). This in turn got transliterated into the Vietnamese, sinoxenic pronunciations of the Chinese characters (also called Sino-Vietnamese pronunciation). For example, Scotland is rendered as 蘇格蘭 in Chinese. This is pronounced as Sū-gé-lán in Mandarin Chinese, a somewhat faithful transcription of the original name. However, as applied to all Chinese characters, 蘇格蘭 can be transliterated into Vietnamese as Tô Cách Lan, which strays a bit further from the native English and Scots name. A major issue using Chinese characters to transcribe words is the fact that Chinese characters can be pronounced drastically differently among all the spoken languages and dialects that use them, which include Mandarin, Cantonese, Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese among several others, the majority of which have dramatically different phonologies and phonemes from each other. By the nature of the writing system itself, Chinese characters tend to preserve a word's syllable count, morphemes, and meanings more reliably than they do as an accurate representation of the word's pronunciation, considering that the Chinese character system itself primarily represents logograms (though some have elements of phonetic information) as opposed to phonemes of the language. The use of Sino-Vietnamese exonyms has become archaic during recent times, and only some countries, such as France, the US, Russia, Australia, India and most European countries, retain the Sino-Vietnamese pronunciations. Even so, many of the aforementioned countries also have exonyms more accurate to the native pronunciations of their respective endonyms. Currently, the countries still called by their Sino-Vietnamese names are: China, Egypt, India, Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia, Thailand, Turkey, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the UK, England, the US and Australia. London and Pyongyang are the only two cities in Europe and Korea known by the Sino-Vietnamese name.

Exonyms from other languages

In modern times, Vietnamese has relied less on Sino-Vietnamese-derived exonyms and it has become more common for Vietnamese exonyms to more accurately transcribe the endonym according to its native language. Thus, place names outside of East Asia can often be respelled in a way that Vietnamese can pronounce it using a transcription method called Vietnamization. For example, although Scotland can be called by its Sino-Vietnamese exonym, Tô Cách Lan, spellings such as Xcốt-len and Scôtlen are also acceptable. This method has more general patterns than steadfast rules, depending on the writer. For example, the name 'Saddam Hussein' can be spelled as Sađam Hutxen, Sátđam Hutxen, or Saddam Hudsein. This is similar to native to how English speakers spelled their own names in various and inconsistent ways before English spelling became fossilized. For example, William Shakespeare spelled his own surname at least 3 different ways.

See also: Spelling of Shakespeare's name

However, it has recently become more common for the English exonym or the romanization of the endonym to be written without any changes to spelling, though Vietnamese readers may still pronounce the name using a Vietnamese accent. In some cases, the name may retain an unchanged spelling, but a footnote may appear regarding how to pronounce the name in Vietnamese. For example, in the Harry Potter series of novels, the spelling of names for characters "Marge" and "Filch" remains unchanged, but footnotes exist to help Vietnamese speakers pronounce their names, which are written as "Mạc" and "Fít" respectively. ^[1]

There are a few country names borrowed from French and Russian as Vietnam's history is closely linked to France and Russia. Countries whose names borrow from French are: Morocco, Cyprus, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Czech. And the countries whose names borrowed from Russian are Georgia and Lithuania. Vienna (Viên in Vietnamese) is the only city whose name in Vietnamese is borrowed from French^{[ citation needed ]}. Hong Kong and Macau names are borrowed from English by direct transliteration into Hồng Kông and Ma Cao instead of Hương Cảng and Áo Môn in Sino-Vietnamese pronunciation.

Other cases

The names of Cambodia and Laos are directly transcribed from Khmer កម្ពុជាKâmpŭchéa and Lao ລາວLav into Vietnamese as Campuchia and Lào. The names of Phnom Penh, Vientiane and Bangkok are directly transcribed from Khmer ភ្នំពេញPhnum Pénh, Lao ວຽງຈັນViangchan and Thai บางกอกBāngkxk into Vietnamese as Phnôm Pênh, Viêng Chăn and Băng Cốc. Ivory Coast is translated into Vietnamese as Bờ Biển Ngà, and at times it is transcribed from French as Cốt Đivoa.

Afghanistan

Afghanistan A Phú Hãn, Áp-ga-ni-xtan [2]
English name	Vietnamese name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Kabul	Ka-bun [3]	Kābol (کابل)	Persian
		Kābəl (کابل)	Pashto

Albania

Albania An-ba-ni [4]
English name	Vietnamese name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Tirana	Ti-ra-na [5]	Tiranë	Albanian

Algeria

Algeria An-giê-ri
English name	Vietnamese name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Algiers	thủ đô nước An-giê-ri	Al-Jazāʾir (الجزائر)	Standard Arabic

Argentina

Argentina Á Căn Đình, Ác-hen-ti-na [6]
English name	Vietnamese name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Buenos Aires	Lương Phong, Bu-ê-nốt Ai-rết [7]	Buenos Aires	Spanish

Australia

Australia Úc Đại Lợi, Úc
English name	Vietnamese name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Melbourne	Miêu Bình, Mai Bình [8]	Melbourne	English
Sydney	Xích-ni	Sydney	English

Austria

Austria Áo Địa Lợi, Áo
English name	Vietnamese name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Vienna	Viên	Wien	German

Bahrain

Bahrain Ba-ranh

Bangladesh

Bangladesh Băng-la-đét
English name	Vietnamese name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Dhaka	Đắc-ca	Dhaka (ঢাকা)	Bengali

Belarus

Belarus Bê-la-rút, Bạch Nga [9]
English name	Vietnamese name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Minsk	Min-xcơ [10]	Minsk (Мінск)	Belarusian

Belgium

Belgium Bỉ Lợi Thời, Biên Xích, [11] Bỉ [12]
English name	Vietnamese name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Brussels	Bức San, Brúc-xen [13]	Brussel	Dutch
		Bruxelles	French

Brazil

Brazil Ba Tây, [14] Bi Lê Diên Lô, [15] Bra-xin [16]
English name	Vietnamese name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Brasilia	Ba Tây thành, Bra-xi-li-a [17]	Brasilia	Portuguese
Rio de Janeiro	Ri-ô đề Gia-nây-rô	Rio de Janeiro	Portuguese
São Paulo	Thánh Phao Lồ	São Paulo	Portuguese

Bulgaria

Bulgaria Bun-ga-ri [18]
English name	Vietnamese name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Sofia	Xô-phi-a [19]	Sofija (София)	Bulgarian

Cambodia

Cambodia (Giản Bộ Trại, Cao Miên, Campuchia)
English	Vietnamese	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Angkor	Đế Thiên Đế Thích	Ângkôr (អង្គរ)	Khmer
Banteay Meas	Sài Mạt	Bântéay Méas (បន្ទាយមាស)	Khmer
Battambang	Bát Tầm Bôn	Băt Dâmbâng (បាត់ដំបង)	Khmer
Bavet	Truông Cát	Bavĭt (បាវិត)	Khmer
Bokor	Tà Lơn	Bok Koŭ (បូកគោ)	Khmer
Damrei Mountains	Tượng Sơn	Phnum Dâmri (ភ្នំដំរី)	Khmer
Kampot	Cần Bột	Kâmpôt (កំពត)	Khmer
Kep	Bạch Mã	Kêb (កែប)	Khmer
Kiri Vong	Linh Quỳnh	Kĭrivóng (គិរីវង់)	Khmer
Koh Tang	Hòn Thăng	Kaôh Tang (កោះតាង)	Khmer
Koh Wai	Hòn Trọc, Hòn Vây	Kaôh Puluvey (កោះពូលូវៃ)	Khmer
Kompong Chhnang	Xà Năng	Kâmpóng Chhnăng (កំពង់ឆ្នាំង)	Khmer
Kratié	Cần Ché	Krâchéh (ក្រចេះ)	Khmer
Lavek/Longvek	La Bích	Lvêk (ល្វែក) Lôngvêk (លង្វែក)	Khmer
Neak Loeung	Hối Lương, [20] Cầu Nam	'nâk Lœăng (អ្នកលឿង)	Khmer
Peam Chor	Biên Chúc	Péam Chôr (ពាមជរ)	Khmer
Phnom Penh	Nam Vang, Nam Vinh, Kim Biên, [21] Phnôm Pênh [22]	Phnum Pénh (ភ្នំពេញ)	Khmer
Pursat	Phú Túc	Poŭthĭsăt (ពោធិ៍សាត់)	Khmer
Siem Reap	Xiêm Riệp [23]	Siĕm Réab (សៀមរាប)	Khmer
Sihanoukville	Kâm Póng Sao, [24] Hương Úc, Vũng Thơm	Krŏng Preăh Seihânŭ (ក្រុងព្រះសីហនុ) Kâmpóng Saôm (កំពង់សោម)	Khmer
Svay Rieng	Tuy Lạp, Xoài Riêng	Svay Riĕng (ស្វាយរៀង)	Khmer
Tonlé Sap	Đồng Lê, Biển Hồ	Tônlé Sab (ទន្លេសាប)	Khmer

Canada

Canada Gia Nã Đại
English name	Vietnamese name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
British Columbia	Columbia Thuộc Anh	British Columbia	English
Montreal	Mông Triệu, Ngự Sơn	Montréal	French
Ottawa	Ốc Đa Hoa, Ốt-ta-goa [25]	Ottawa	English
Quebec	Quế Bích	Québec	French
Toronto	Tô Luân	Toronto	English
Vancouver	Văn Cầu	Vancouver	English

China

China Trung Hoa, Trung Quốc
English name	Vietnamese name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Beijing	Bắc Kinh	Běijīng (北京)	Mandarin
Changchun	Trường Xuân	Chángchūn (长春)	Mandarin
Chengdu	Thành Đô	Chéngdū (成都)	Mandarin
Chongqing	Trùng Khánh	Chóngqìng (重庆)	Mandarin
Fujian	Phúc Kiến	Fújiàn (福建)	Mandarin
		Hok-kiàn	Hokkien
Guangzhou	Quảng Châu	Guǎngzhōu (广州)	Mandarin
Guilin	Quế Lâm	Guìlín (桂林)	Mandarin
Hainan	Hải Nam	Hǎinán (海南)	Mandarin
Harbin	Cáp Nhĩ Tân	Hā'ĕrbīn (哈尔滨)	Mandarin
Hohhot	Hô Hòa Hạo Đặc, Hồi Hột	Hūhéhàotè (呼和浩特)	Mandarin
		Kökeqota (ᠬᠥᠬᠡᠬᠣᠲᠠ)	Mongolian script
Hong Kong	Hương Cảng, Hồng Kông	Xiānggǎng (香港)	Mandarin
		Hēunggóng	Cantonese
		Hong Kong	English
Inner Mongolia	Nội Mông (Cổ)	Nèi Měnggǔ (内蒙古)	Mandarin
		Öbür Monggol (ᠥᠪᠥᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ)	Mongolian script
Macau	Áo Môn, Ma Cao	Àomén(澳門)	Mandarin
		Ōumún	Cantonese
		Macau	Portuguese
Nanjing	Nam Kinh	Nánjīng (南京)	Mandarin
Sanya	Tam Á	Sānyà (三亚)	Mandarin
Shanghai	Thượng Hải	Shànghǎi (上海)	Mandarin
Shenzhen	Thâm Quyến	Shēnzhèn (深圳)	Mandarin
Sichuan	Tứ Xuyên	Sìchuān (四川)	Mandarin
Ürümqi	U-rum-xi, Urumsi, Ô Lỗ Mộc Tề	Wūlǔmùqí (乌鲁木齐)	Mandarin
		Ürümchi (ئۈرۈمچی)	Uyghur
Wuhan	Vũ Hán	Wǔhàn (武汉)	Mandarin
Xiamen	Hạ Môn	Xiàmén (厦门)	Mandarin
Xi'an	Tây An	Xī'ān (西安)	Mandarin
Yangtze River	Trường Giang	Cháng Jiāng (长江)	Mandarin
Zhengzhou	Trịnh Châu	Zhèngzhōu (郑州)	Mandarin

Cyprus

Cyprus Đảo Síp [26]
English name	Vietnamese name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Nicosia	Ni-cô-xi-a [27]	Lefkosía (Λευκωσία)	Greek
		Lefkoşa	Turkish

Czechia

Czechia Tiệp Khắc, Séc [28]
English name	Vietnamese name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Prague	Thiệp Khẩu, Pra-ha [29]	Praha	Czech

Denmark

Denmark Đan Mạch
English name	Vietnamese name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Copenhagen	Cô-pen-ha-ghen, Cô-pen-ha-gen [30]	København	Danish
Greenland	Grin-len, [31] Thanh Đảo	Grønland	Danish
Nuuk	Nu-úc [32]	Godthåb	Danish

East Timor

East Timor Đông Ti-mo, Đông Timor, Ti-mo Le-xte
English name	Vietnamese name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Dili	Đi-li [33]	Dili	Tetum

Egypt

Egypt Ai Cập, Y Diệp, Ê-díp-tô
English name	Vietnamese name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Alexandria	A-lếch-xan-đri-a	al-Iskandarīyya (الإسكندرية)	Standard Arabic
		Rakoti (Ⲣⲁⲕⲟϯ)	Coptic
Cairo	Kê Thành	al-Qāhirah (القاهرة‎)	Standard Arabic
		Maṣr (مَصر)	Egyptian Arabic	Maṣr is the same name as the Arabic name for the country. As Cairo is the country's primate city, the endonym can sometimes be used to identify the city as well.
Port Said	thành phố Cảng (Port) Said [34]	Bor Sa3yīd(بورسعيد)	Egyptian Arabic

Eritrea

Eritrea Ê-ri-tơ-rê-a [35]

Estonia

Estonia E-xtô-ni-a
English name	Vietnamese name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Tallinn	Ta-lin [36]	Talin	Estonian

Ethiopia

Ethiopia Ê-thi-óp, Ê-thi-ô-bi, Ê-ti-ô-pi-a [37]
English name	Vietnamese name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Addis Ababa	A-đi A-ba-ba	አዲስ አበባ (Addis Abeba) [38]	Amharic

Finland

Finland Phần Lan
English name	Vietnamese name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Helsinki	Hiệu Sinh Kì	Helsinki	Finnish

France

France Pháp Lan Tây, Pháp, Phú Lãng Sa
English name	Vietnamese name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Lyon	Li-ông	Lyon	French
Marseille	Ma-xai [39]	Marseille	French
Nice	Niết-xa [40]	Nice	French
Nouvelle Calédonie	Tân Thế Giới	Nouvelle Calédonie	French
Paris	Ba Lê, Pha Lí, [39] Pa-ri [41]	Paris	French
Sète	Xét-ta [42]	Sète	French
Toulon	Thu-long [39]	Toulon	French

Georgia

Georgia Gruzia, Gru-di-a, Giê-oóc-gi-a [43]
English name	Vietnamese name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Tbilisi	Tbi-li-xi [44]	Tbilisi (თბილისი)	Georgian

Germany

Germany Đức, An-lê-mân [45]
English name	Vietnamese name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Berlin	Bá Linh, Béc-lin [46]	Berlin	German
Cologne	Côn, Cô-lô-nhơ	Köln / Koeln	German
Hamburg	Hàm Phủ	Hamburg	German
Hanover	An-nô-vi [47]	Hannover	German

Greece

Greece Hy Lạp, Cự Liệt, Cừ Sách, [48] Gờ-réc
English name	Vietnamese name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Athens	Nhã Điển, Á Thiên, A-ten [49]	Athína (Αθήνα)	Greek
Ionian Islands	Y Du Nhiên		Greek
Santorini	Đảo San Hô	Thíra (Θήρα)	Greek
Thessalonica	Salonica	Thessaloníki (Θεσσαλονίκη)	Greek
Zakynthos	San-tê	Zákynthos (Ζάκυνθος)	Greek

Iceland

Iceland Băng Đảo, Ai-xơ-len [50]
English name	Vietnamese name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Reykjavik	Rây-ki-a-vích [51]	Reykjavík	Icelandic

India

India Ấn Độ, Thiên Trúc
English name	Vietnamese name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Ganges	sông Hằng	Gangā (गंगा)	Hindi
Goa	Cô Á	Gōvā (गोवा)	Hindi
New Delhi	Tân Đề Li, Niu Đê-li [52]	Naī Dillī (नई दिल्ली)	Hindi

Indonesia

Indonesia Nam Dương, Vạn Đảo, In-đô-nê-xi-a [53]
English name	Vietnamese name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Aceh	A Chinh [54]	Aceh	Indonesian
Batavia	Ba Thiềng			modern-day Jakarta
Jakarta	Giang Lưu Ba	Jakarta	Indonesian
Java	Trảo Oa	Java	Indonesian
Palembang	Tam Phật Tề [55]	Palembang	Indonesian

Iran

Iran Ba Tư
English name	Vietnamese name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Tehran	Tề Lan, Tê-hê-ran [56]	Ťehrân (تهران‎)	Persian

Iraq

Iraq Y Lạp
English name	Vietnamese name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Baghdad	Bác Đạt, Bát-đa	Baghdad (بغداد‎)	Standard Arabic

Ireland

Ireland Ái Nhĩ Lan, Ai-len
English name	Vietnamese name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Dublin	Đạp Lân, Đu-blin [57]	Baile Átha Cliath	Irish	English name also used locally

Israel

Israel Do Thái, I-xra-en, Y-sơ-ra-ên, Ít-ra-en
English name	Vietnamese name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Acre	Akko	Ako (עכו)	Hebrew
Bethlehem	Bê-lem, Bết-lê-hem	Bayt Laḥm (בית לחם)	Hebrew	currently in Palestinian territories
Jerusalem	Gia Liêm, Giê-ru-xa-lem, Giê-ru-sa-lem [58]	Yerushaláyim (ירושלים)	Hebrew	partially in Palestinian territories
Judea	Do Thái	Yehuda (יהודה)	Hebrew	currently in Palestinian territories

Italy

Italy Ý Đại Lợi, Ý
English name	Vietnamese name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Capri	Ca Pha Lí [59]	Capri	Italian
Genoa	Giai Noa [60]	Genoa	Italian
Naples	Nạp Bồ Lê [60]	Napoli	Italian
Rome	La Mã	Roma	Italian
Venice	Vơ-ni-dơ	Venezia	Italian

Japan

Japan Nhật Bản, Nhật, Nhựt Bổn
English name	Vietnamese name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Hiroshima	Quảng Ðảo	Hiroshima (広島)	Japanese
Hokkaido	Bắc Hải Ðạo	Hokkaidō (北海道)	Japanese
Honshu	Bổn Châu	Honshū (本州)	Japanese
Kansai	Quan Tây	Kansai (関西)	Japanese
Kanto	Quan Ðông	Kantō (関東)	Japanese
Kobe	Thần Hộ	Kōbe (神戸)	Japanese
Kyoto	Kinh Ðô	Kyōto (京都)	Japanese
Kyushu	Cửu Châu	Kyūshū (九州)	Japanese
Nagasaki	Tràng Kỳ	Nagasaki (長崎)	Japanese
Okinawa	Xung Thằng	Okinawa (沖縄)	Japanese
Osaka	Đại Phản	Ōsaka (大阪)	Japanese
Ryukyu	Lưu Cầu	Ryūkyū (琉球)	Japanese
Sapporo	Trát Hoảng	Sapporo (札幌)	Japanese
Sendai	Tiên Ðài	Sendai (仙台)	Japanese
Senkaku	Tiêm Các	Senkaku Shotō (尖閣諸島)	Japanese
Shikoku	Tứ Quốc	Shikoku (四国)	Japanese
Tokyo	Đông Kinh	Tōkyō (東京)	Japanese

While some Japanese have Sino-Japanese names, others have native Japanese names (yamato kotoba), or a combination of both, the Vietnamese names for these cities are based on the Sino-Vietnamese pronunciations of the kanji used to write their names. However, using the endonym is far more common than the Vietnamese exonym.

Jordan

Jordan Gióc-đan, Gioóc-đa-ni [61]

Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan Ca-dắc-xtan [62]
English name	Vietnamese name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Nur-Sultan	A-xta-na [63]	Nur-Sultan (Нұр-Сұлтан)	Kazakh

Kyrgyzstan

Kyrgyzstan Cư-rơ-gư-dơ-xtan, Ki-rơ-ghi-zi-a
English name	Vietnamese name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Bishkek	Bi-sơ-kếch	Bishkek (Бишкек)	Kyrgyz
			Russian

Laos

Laos Ai Lao, Lào
English name	Vietnamese name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Champasak	Ba Thắc	Cham Pasak (ຈຳ ປາສັກ)	Lao
Houaphanh	Sầm Châu	Huaphan (ຫົວພັນ)	Lao
Kingdom of Luang Phrabang	Nam Chưởng
Khamkeut	Cam Cát	Khamkoed (ຄຳເກີດ)	Lao
Khammouane	Cam Môn	Kham Muan (ຄຳ ມ່ວນ)	Lao
Luang Phrabang	Luông Pha Băng, [64] Lão Qua	Luangphabang (ຫລວງພະບາງ)	Lao
Samneua	Sầm Nứa	Sam Neu (ຊຳ ເໜືອ)	Lao
Sam Tai	Sầm Tộ	Muang Xam Tai (ຊຳໃຕ້)	Lao
Vientiane	Vạn Tượng, Viêng Chăn [65]	Viangchan (ວຽງຈັນ)	Lao	Transcription based on native pronunciation as opposed to English spelling
Xiangkhoang	Trấn Ninh	Siangkhuaang (ຊຽງຂວາງ)	Lao
Xiengkho	Trình Cố	Siangkho (ຊຽງຄໍ້)	Lao

Latvia

Latvia Lát-vi-a [66]
English name	Vietnamese name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Riga	Ri-ga [66]	Riga	Latvian

Libya

Libya Li-bi [67]
English name	Vietnamese name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Tripoli	Tri-po-li [68]	Ṭarābulus (طرابلس)	Standard Arabic

Lithuania

Lithuania Lít-va [69]
English name	Vietnamese name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Vilnius	Vin-ni-út [70]	Vilnius	Lithuanian

Luxembourg

Luxembourg Lục Xâm Bảo [71]
English name	Vietnamese name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Luxembourg City	Thành phố Lúc-xăm-bua	Lëtzebuerg	Luxembourgish

Malaysia

Malaysia Mã Lai Tây Á, Ma-lai-xi-a
English name	Vietnamese name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Bidong Island	Hòn Rắn	Pulau Bidong	Malay
Kuala Lumpur	Cát Long Pha	Kuala Lumpur	Malay
Penang Island	Cù lao Cau	Pulau Pinang	Malay

Moldova

Moldova Môn-đô-va [72]
English name	Vietnamese name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Chisinau	Ki-si-nhốp [73]	Chișinău	Moldovan

Mongolia

Mongolia Mông Cổ [74]
English name	Vietnamese name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Ulaanbaatar	Ulan Bato [75]	Ulaanbaatar (Улаанбаатар)	Mongolian Cyrillic
		Ulaghanbaghator (ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨᠪᠠᠭᠠᠲᠤᠷ)	Mongolian script

Montenegro

Montenegro Môn-tê-nê-grô [76]
English name	Vietnamese name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Podgorica	Pốt-gô-ri-xa	Podgorica (Подгорица)	Montenegrin

Morocco

Morocco Ma-rốc
English name	Vietnamese name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Casablanca	Bạch Ốc	ad-Dār al-Bayḍā' (الدار البيضاء) / Kazablanka (كازابلانكا)	Arabic
		Anfa (ⴰⵏⴼⴰ)	Berber languages
Rabat	Ra-bát	ar-Rabat (الرباط)	Arabic

Mexico

Mexico Mễ Tây Cơ, Mễ Ti Cơ, Mê-hi-cô [77]
English name	Vietnamese name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Mexico City	Thành phố Mễ Tây Cơ, Mê-hi-cô Xi-ti [78]	Ciudad de México	Spanish

Myanmar

Myanmar Mi-an-ma, Miến Điện, [79] Diến Điện
English name	Vietnamese name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Naypyidaw	Nây-pi-tô [80]	Nay Pyi Taw (နေပြည်တော်)	Burmese
Yangon	Ngưỡng Quang, Ragoon [81]	Raankone (ရန်ကုန်)	Burmese

Netherlands

Netherlands Hà Lan, Hòa Lan, Hoa Lang
English name	Vietnamese name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Amsterdam	Am-tước-đàm, Am-xtéc-đam [82]	Amsterdam	Dutch
Rotterdam	Luật Tước Đàm	Rotterdam	Dutch
The Hague	Hạc Phủ	Den Haag	Dutch

New Zealand

New Zealand Tân Tây Lan, Niu Di-lân [83]
English name	Vietnamese name	Notes
Wellington	Oen-ling-tơn [84]

North Korea

North Korea Bắc Triều Tiên
English name	Vietnamese name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Pyongyang	Bình Nhưỡng	Phyŏngyang (평양)	Korean
Hamhung	Hàm Hưng	Hamhǔng (함흥)	Korean
Rason	La Tiên	Rasŏn (라선)	Korean
Sinuiju	Tân Nghĩa Châu	Sinŭiju (신의주)	Korean
Kaesong	Khai Thành	Kaesŏng (개성)	Korean
Chongjin	Thanh Tân	Chŏngjin (청진)	Korean
Nampo	Nam Phổ	Nampho (남포)	Korean
Wonsan	Nguyên Sơn	Wŏnsan (원산)	Korean

North Macedonia

North Macedonia Bắc Macedonia [85]
English name	Vietnamese name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Skopje	Xcốp-pi-ê [86]	Скопје (Skopje)	Macedonian

Norway

Norway Na Uy
English name	Vietnamese name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Oslo	Ốt-xlô	Oslo	Norwegian

Pakistan

Pakistan Pa-ki-xtan
English name	Vietnamese name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Islamabad	I-xla-ma-bát [87]	Islamabad (اسلام آباد)	Urdu

Philippines

Philippines Phi Luật Tân, Phi-líp-pin
English name	Vietnamese name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Manila	Ma Ní	Manila	Tagalog
Luzon	Lữ Tống	Luzon	Tagalog

Poland

Poland Ba Lan
English name	Vietnamese name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Warsaw	Vác-sa-va	Warszawa	Polish

Portugal

Portugal Bồ Đào Nha
English name	Vietnamese name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Lisbon	Lisboa	Lisboa	Portugal

Qatar

Qatar Ca-ta

Romania

Romania Ru-ma-ni [88]
English name	Vietnamese name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Bucharest	Bu-ca-rét [89]	București	Romanian

Russia

Russia Nga La Tư, Nga
English name	Vietnamese name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Kamchatka	Cam-sát-ca	Kamchatka (Камчатка)	Russian
Moscow	Mạc Tư Khoa, Mát-xcơ-va	Moskva (Москва)	Russian
Novosibirsk	Nô-vô-xi-biếc	Novosibirsk (Новосибирск)	Russian
Saint Petersburg	Bá Đa Phủ, Bỉ Đắc	Sankt-Peterburg (Санкт-Петербург)	Russian
Sevastopol	Tô Bồ Lô [90]	Sevastopol' (Севастополь)	Russian
Vladivostok	Hải Sâm Uy, Thắng Đông, Viễn Đông	Vladivostok (Владивосток)	Russian
Volgagrad	Vôn-ga-grát	Volgagrad (Волгоград)	Russian

Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia Ả Rập Xê Út
English name	Vietnamese name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Riyadh	E-ri-át	ar-Riyadh (لرياض)	Standard Arabic

Singapore

Singapore Xinh-ga-po, Tân Gia Ba

South Africa

South Africa Nam Phi
English name	Vietnamese name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Bloemfontein	Blô-phông-ten [91]	Bloemfontein	English
Cape Town	Hảo Vọng Giác, Kếp-tao [92]	Cape Town	English
Pretoria	Pri-tơ-ri-a [93]	Pretoria	English

South Korea

South Korea Đại Hàn, Nam Triều Tiên, Hàn Quốc
English name	Vietnamese name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Busan	Phủ Sơn	Busan (부산)	Korean
Chungju	Trung Châu	Chungju (충주)	Korean
Daegu	Đại Khâu	Daegu (대구)	Korean
Gangnam	Giang Nam	Gangnam (강남)	Korean
Incheon	Nhân Xuyên	Incheon (인천)	Korean
Jeju	Tế Châu	Jeju (제주)	Korean
Seoul	Hán Thành Xơ-un	Hanseong (한성) Seoul (서울)	Korean

Spain

Spain Tây Ban Nha, Y Pha Nho
English name	Vietnamese name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Alicante	A Li Căn [94]	Alicante	Spanish
Almansa	An-ma-gia [95]	Almansa	Spanish
Barcelona	Ba Xà Luân [96]	Barcelona	Spanish
Cadiz	Ca-đích [97]	Cádiz	Spanish
Madrid	Ma Địch Lí, Ma Lí, [98] Ma-đrít [99]	Madrid	Spanish
Menorca	Mi-nô-ca [94]	Menorca	Spanish
Valencia	Ba-linh-xa [97]	València	Spanish

Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka Tích Lan, Sai Lăng, [100] Xri Lan-ca [101]
English name	Vietnamese name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Colombo	Kha Luân Bố, Cô-lôm-bô [102]	Kolamba (කොළඹ)	Sinhala
		Koḻumpu (கொழும்பு)	Tamil

Sweden

Sweden Thụy Điển, Xu Y Đà [103]
English name	Vietnamese name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Stockholm	Tốc Hàm, Xtốc-khôm [104]	Stockholm	Swedish

Switzerland

Switzerland Thụy Sĩ [105]
English name	Vietnamese name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Bern	Bơn [106]	Bern	German
		Bärn	Alemannic German
		Berne	French
		Berna	Italian
		Berna	Romansch
Geneva	Genève [107]	Genève	French

Taiwan

Taiwan Đài Loan
English name	Vietnamese name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Hualien	Hoa Liên	Huālián (花蓮)	Mandarin
Kaohsiung	Cao Hùng	Gāoxióng (高雄)	Mandarin
Keelung	Cơ Long [108]	Jīlóng (基隆)	Mandarin
Taichung	Đài Trung	Táizhōng (台中 / 臺中)	Mandarin
Tainan	Đài Nam	Táinán (台南 / 臺南)	Mandarin
Taipei	Đài Bắc	Táiběi (台北 / 臺北)	Mandarin
Taitung	Đài Đông	Táidōng (台东 / 臺東)	Mandarin

Thailand

Thailand (Thái Lan, Thái Quốc)
English name	Vietnamese name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Ayutthaya	Thượng Thành	Ayutthaya (อยุธยา)	Thai
Bangkok	Vọng Các, Băng Cốc	Krung Thep (กรุงเทพ)	Thai
Chanthaburi	Chân Bôn	Chanthaburi (จันทบุรี)	Thai
Chiang Mai	Chiêng Mài, Xương Mại	Chiang Mai (เชียงใหม่)	Thai
Chiang Rai	Chiềng Rai	Chiang Rai (เชียงราย)	Thai
	Chiềng Hai	Jiang Hai (ᨩ᩠ᨿᨦᩁᩣ᩠ᨿ)	Northern Thai
Ko Chang	Dương Khảm	Ko Chang (เกาะช้าง)	Thai
Ko Kut	Cổ Cốt	Ko Kut (เกาะกูด)	Thai
Lopburi	La Hộc	Lop Buri (ลพบุรี)	Thai
Nakhon Phanom	Na Khổng Phù Nam	Nakhon Phanom (นครพนม)	Thai
Nakhon Ratchasima	Cổ Lạc	Nakhon Ratchasima (นครราชสีมา)	Thai
Nakhon Si Thammarat	Na Khổng Tam Hoạt	Nakhon Si Thammarat (นครศรีธรรมราช)	Thai
Nongkhai	Mường Nông	Nongkhai (หนองคาย)	Thai
Pattani	Tà Nê	Pattani (ปัตตานี)	Thai
Sukhothai	Xụ-khổ-thay	Sukhothai (สุโขทัย)	Thai

Tajikistan

Tajikistan
English name	Vietnamese name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Dushanbe	Đu-san-be	Dushanbe (Душанбе)	Tajik

Tunisia

Tunisia Tuy-ni-di [109]
English name	Vietnamese name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Tunis	Tuy-nít	Tunis (تونس)	Standard Arabic

Turkey

Turkey Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ, Tu-ru-cô, Tu-ru-ky [110]
English name	Vietnamese name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Ephesus	Ê-phê-sô	Efes	Turkish
Istanbul	Tân La Mã	İstanbul	Turkish

Ukraine

Ukraine U-crai-na, Ukraina
English name	Vietnamese name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Kyiv	Ki-ép	Kyiv (Київ)	Ukrainian

United Arab Emirates

United Arab Emirates Các Tiểu vương quốc Ả Rập Thống nhất
English name	Vietnamese name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Abu Dhabi	ʼAbū Ẓaby	Abu Dhabi (أبوظبي)	Arabic
Dubai	Đu-bai	Dubey (دبيّ)	Arabic

United Kingdom

United Kingdom Đại Anh, Anh Cát Lợi, Anh, Anh Quốc, Vương quốc Anh, Liên hiệp Anh
English name	Vietnamese name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Edinburgh	Ê-đin-brơ	Edinburgh	English
			Scots
England	Anh Cát Lợi, Hồng Mao	England	English
Northern Ireland	Bắc Ái Nhĩ Lan	Northern Ireland	English
London	Luân Đôn, Long-đôn	London	English
Scotland	Tô Cách Lan, Y Cốt, Xcốt-len, Scôtlen [111]	Scotland	English
Wales	Uy Nhĩ Sĩ, Huệ Châu, xứ Gan, xứ Wales	Wales	English

United States

United States Á Mĩ Lợi Gia, Mỹ, Hoa Kỳ
English name	Vietnamese name	Notes
Arlington, VA	Ái Linh Tân
Arlington, TX
Baltimore	Bạt Đế Mỗ
Boston	Bật Tân
California	Ca-li, Ca-li--ni-a, Ca-li-phoóc-nha
Harlem	Hắc Lem
Hawaii	Hạ Uy Di
Hollywood	Hoa Lệ Ước, Hồ Ly Vọng
Honolulu	Hòn Lau
Los Angeles	Lốt, Lộc Án Gia Lê
Manhattan	Mã Nhật Tân [112]
New Orleans	Ngọc Lân, [113] Tân Linh
New York	Nữu Ước, Niu Gioóc, Tiểu bang New York [114]
New York City	Thành phố New York
North Carolina	Bắc Carolina
North Dakota	Bắc Dakota
Orange County	Quận Cam
Philadelphia	Huynh Đệ thành
San Francisco	Cựu Kim Sơn, Xăng Phăng, Phàn thành
Seven Corners	Ngã Bảy [115]
South Carolina	Nam Carolina
South Dakota	Nam Dakota
Washington	Hoa Thịnh Đốn, Hoa Sinh Tân
Washington, D.C.	Oa-xinh-tơn
West Virginia	Tây Virginia

The most common name for America in Vietnamese, Hoa Kỳ, means "Flower Flag" in Vietnamese, in reference to the United States' flag.

Uzbekistan

Uzbekistan
English name	Vietnamese name	Endonym		Notes
		Name	Language
Tashkent	Ta-sơ-ken	Toshkent	Uzbek

Other

English name	Vietnamese name	Notes
Alps	Ân Lô Bi, [40] An-pơ, dãy Anpơ
Annamite Mountains	Dãy (núi) Trường Sơn
Aral Sea	Hàm Hải, Biển Aral
Atlantic Ocean	Đại Tây
Dead Sea	Biển Chết
East China Sea	Biển Hoa Đông
Euphrates	Uông Phát, Ơ-phơ-rát, sông Euphrates
Mount Everest	đỉnh Everest
Himalayas	Hi Mã Lạp Sơn, dãy Himalaya
Indian Ocean	Ấn Độ Dương
Indus River	Sông Ấn (Độ)
Issyk-Kul	Nhiệt Hải, hồ Issyk-Kul
Mediterranean Sea	(Biển) Địa Trung Hải
Mekong River	Mê Kông, Cửu Long
Nile River	Sông Nin, sông Nhĩ Lô
Pacific Ocean	Thái Bình Dương
Palestine	Ba-lạc-đĩnh, vùng Palestine
Persian Gulf	Vịnh Ba Tư
Red Sea	Xích hải, Hồng Hải, Biển Đỏ
Rocky Mountains	Thạch Sơn, dãy núi Rocky
Sahara Desert	Sa mạc Lớn, Sa mạc Sahara
Sea of Japan	Biển Nhật Bản	See also: Sea of Japan naming dispute
Sunda Strait	Cửa Song Đề, [116] eo biển Sunda
South China Sea	Hoa Nam hải, Đông hải (from East Sea), Biển Đông
Tigris	Tích Giang, Ti-gơ-rơ, Tigrơ, sông Tigris
Baltic Sea	Ba La Đích hải, biển Baltic

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