Afghanistan
 Afghanistan A Phú Hãn, Áp-ga-ni-xtan [2] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| Kabul | Ka-bun [3] | Kābol (کابل) | Persian | |
| Kābəl (کابل) | Pashto | |||
Below is a list of Vietnamese exonyms for various places around the world:
Historical exonyms include place names of bordering countries, namely Thailand, Laos, China, and Cambodia.
During the expansion of Vietnam (Nam tiến) some place names have become Vietnamized. Consequently, as control of different places and regions has shifted among China, Vietnam, and other Southeast Asian countries, the Vietnamese names for places can sometimes differ from the names residents of aforementioned places use, although nowadays it has become more common for the Vietnamese names of places to simply be Vietnamese transcriptions of the local placenames.
Many non-Vietnamese places may have more than one Vietnamese name, as shown below.
Before modernity, sources of names of foreign places in Vietnam came from documents that were mostly written in Classical Chinese. So many exonyms derive directly from Chinese pronunciations (see: Chinese exonyms). This in turn got transliterated into the Vietnamese, sinoxenic pronunciations of the Chinese characters (also called Sino-Vietnamese pronunciation). For example, Scotland is rendered as 蘇格蘭 in Chinese. This is pronounced as Sū-gé-lán in Mandarin Chinese, a somewhat faithful transcription of the original name. However, as applied to all Chinese characters, 蘇格蘭 can be transliterated into Vietnamese as Tô Cách Lan, which strays a bit further from the native English and Scots name. A major issue using Chinese characters to transcribe words is the fact that Chinese characters can be pronounced drastically differently among all the spoken languages and dialects that use them, which include Mandarin, Cantonese, Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese among several others, the majority of which have dramatically different phonologies and phonemes from each other. By the nature of the writing system itself, Chinese characters tend to preserve a word's syllable count, morphemes, and meanings more reliably than they do as an accurate representation of the word's pronunciation, considering that the Chinese character system itself primarily represents logograms (though some have elements of phonetic information) as opposed to phonemes of the language. The use of Sino-Vietnamese exonyms has become archaic during recent times, and only some countries, such as France, the US, Russia, Australia, India and most European countries, retain the Sino-Vietnamese pronunciations. Even so, many of the aforementioned countries also have exonyms more accurate to the native pronunciations of their respective endonyms. Currently, the countries still called by their Sino-Vietnamese names are: China, Egypt, India, Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia, Thailand, Turkey, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the UK, England, the US and Australia. London and Pyongyang are the only two cities in Europe and Korea known by the Sino-Vietnamese name.
In modern times, Vietnamese has relied less on Sino-Vietnamese-derived exonyms and it has become more common for Vietnamese exonyms to more accurately transcribe the endonym according to its native language. Thus, place names outside of East Asia can often be respelled in a way that Vietnamese can pronounce it using a transcription method called Vietnamization. For example, although Scotland can be called by its Sino-Vietnamese exonym, Tô Cách Lan, spellings such as Xcốt-len and Scôtlen are also acceptable. This method has more general patterns than steadfast rules, depending on the writer. For example, the name 'Saddam Hussein' can be spelled as Sađam Hutxen, Sátđam Hutxen, or Saddam Hudsein. This is similar to native to how English speakers spelled their own names in various and inconsistent ways before English spelling became fossilized. For example, William Shakespeare spelled his own surname at least 3 different ways.
However, it has recently become more common for the English exonym or the romanization of the endonym to be written without any changes to spelling, though Vietnamese readers may still pronounce the name using a Vietnamese accent. In some cases, the name may retain an unchanged spelling, but a footnote may appear regarding how to pronounce the name in Vietnamese. For example, in the Harry Potter series of novels, the spelling of names for characters "Marge" and "Filch" remains unchanged, but footnotes exist to help Vietnamese speakers pronounce their names, which are written as "Mạc" and "Fít" respectively. [1]
There are a few country names borrowed from French and Russian as Vietnam's history is closely linked to France and Russia. Countries whose names borrow from French are: Morocco, Cyprus, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Czech. And the countries whose names borrowed from Russian are Georgia and Lithuania. Vienna (Viên in Vietnamese) is the only city whose name in Vietnamese is borrowed from French[ citation needed ]. Hong Kong and Macau names are borrowed from English by direct transliteration into Hồng Kông and Ma Cao instead of Hương Cảng and Áo Môn in Sino-Vietnamese pronunciation.
The names of Cambodia and Laos are directly transcribed from Khmer កម្ពុជាKâmpŭchéa and Lao ລາວLav into Vietnamese as Campuchia and Lào. The names of Phnom Penh, Vientiane and Bangkok are directly transcribed from Khmer ភ្នំពេញPhnum Pénh, Lao ວຽງຈັນViangchan and Thai บางกอกBāngkxk into Vietnamese as Phnôm Pênh, Viêng Chăn and Băng Cốc. Ivory Coast is translated into Vietnamese as Bờ Biển Ngà, and at times it is transcribed from French as Cốt Đivoa.
| Afghanistan A Phú Hãn, Áp-ga-ni-xtan [2] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| Kabul | Ka-bun [3] | Kābol (کابل) | Persian | |
| Kābəl (کابل) | Pashto | |||
 Albania An-ba-ni [4] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| Tirana | Ti-ra-na [5] | Tiranë | Albanian | |
 Algeria An-giê-ri | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| Algiers | thủ đô nước An-giê-ri | Al-Jazāʾir (الجزائر) | Standard Arabic | |
 Argentina Á Căn Đình, Ác-hen-ti-na [6] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| Buenos Aires | Lương Phong, Bu-ê-nốt Ai-rết [7] | Buenos Aires | Spanish | |
 Australia Úc Đại Lợi, Úc | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| Melbourne | Miêu Bình, Mai Bình [8] | Melbourne | English | |
| Sydney | Xích-ni | Sydney | English | |
 Austria Áo Địa Lợi, Áo | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| Vienna | Viên | Wien | German | |
 Bahrain Ba-ranh |
|---|
 Bangladesh Băng-la-đét | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| Dhaka | Đắc-ca | Dhaka (ঢাকা) | Bengali | |
 Belarus Bê-la-rút, Bạch Nga [9] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| Minsk | Min-xcơ [10] | Minsk (Мінск) | Belarusian | |
 Belgium Bỉ Lợi Thời, Biên Xích, [11] Bỉ [12] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| Brussels | Bức San, Brúc-xen [13] | Brussel | Dutch | |
| Bruxelles | French | |||
 Brazil Ba Tây, [14] Bi Lê Diên Lô, [15] Bra-xin [16] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| Brasilia | Ba Tây thành, Bra-xi-li-a [17] | Brasilia | Portuguese | |
| Rio de Janeiro | Ri-ô đề Gia-nây-rô | Rio de Janeiro | Portuguese | |
| São Paulo | Thánh Phao Lồ | São Paulo | Portuguese | |
 Bulgaria Bun-ga-ri [18] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| Sofia | Xô-phi-a [19] | Sofija (София) | Bulgarian | |
 Cambodia (Giản Bộ Trại, Cao Miên, Campuchia) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | Vietnamese | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| Angkor | Đế Thiên Đế Thích | Ângkôr (អង្គរ) | Khmer | |
| Banteay Meas | Sài Mạt | Bântéay Méas (បន្ទាយមាស) | Khmer | |
| Battambang | Bát Tầm Bôn | Băt Dâmbâng (បាត់ដំបង) | Khmer | |
| Bavet | Truông Cát | Bavĭt (បាវិត) | Khmer | |
| Bokor | Tà Lơn | Bok Koŭ (បូកគោ) | Khmer | |
| Damrei Mountains | Tượng Sơn | Phnum Dâmri (ភ្នំដំរី) | Khmer | |
| Kampot | Cần Bột | Kâmpôt (កំពត) | Khmer | |
| Kep | Bạch Mã | Kêb (កែប) | Khmer | |
| Kiri Vong | Linh Quỳnh | Kĭrivóng (គិរីវង់) | Khmer | |
| Koh Tang | Hòn Thăng | Kaôh Tang (កោះតាង) | Khmer | |
| Koh Wai | Hòn Trọc, Hòn Vây | Kaôh Puluvey (កោះពូលូវៃ) | Khmer | |
| Kompong Chhnang | Xà Năng | Kâmpóng Chhnăng (កំពង់ឆ្នាំង) | Khmer | |
| Kratié | Cần Ché | Krâchéh (ក្រចេះ) | Khmer | |
| Lavek/Longvek | La Bích | Lvêk (ល្វែក) Lôngvêk (លង្វែក) | Khmer | |
| Neak Loeung | Hối Lương, [20] Cầu Nam | 'nâk Lœăng (អ្នកលឿង) | Khmer | |
| Peam Chor | Biên Chúc | Péam Chôr (ពាមជរ) | Khmer | |
| Phnom Penh | Nam Vang, Nam Vinh, Kim Biên, [21] Phnôm Pênh [22] | Phnum Pénh (ភ្នំពេញ) | Khmer | |
| Pursat | Phú Túc | Poŭthĭsăt (ពោធិ៍សាត់) | Khmer | |
| Siem Reap | Xiêm Riệp [23] | Siĕm Réab (សៀមរាប) | Khmer | |
| Sihanoukville | Kâm Póng Sao, [24] Hương Úc, Vũng Thơm | Krŏng Preăh Seihânŭ (ក្រុងព្រះសីហនុ) Kâmpóng Saôm (កំពង់សោម) | Khmer | |
| Svay Rieng | Tuy Lạp, Xoài Riêng | Svay Riĕng (ស្វាយរៀង) | Khmer | |
| Tonlé Sap | Đồng Lê, Biển Hồ | Tônlé Sab (ទន្លេសាប) | Khmer | |
 Canada Gia Nã Đại | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| British Columbia | Columbia Thuộc Anh | British Columbia | English | |
| Montreal | Mông Triệu, Ngự Sơn | Montréal | French | |
| Ottawa | Ốc Đa Hoa, Ốt-ta-goa [25] | Ottawa | English | |
| Quebec | Quế Bích | Québec | French | |
| Toronto | Tô Luân | Toronto | English | |
| Vancouver | Văn Cầu | Vancouver | English | |
 China Trung Hoa, Trung Quốc | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| Beijing | Bắc Kinh | Běijīng (北京) | Mandarin | |
| Changchun | Trường Xuân | Chángchūn (长春) | Mandarin | |
| Chengdu | Thành Đô | Chéngdū (成都) | Mandarin | |
| Chongqing | Trùng Khánh | Chóngqìng (重庆) | Mandarin | |
| Fujian | Phúc Kiến | Fújiàn (福建) | Mandarin | |
| Hok-kiàn | Hokkien | |||
| Guangzhou | Quảng Châu | Guǎngzhōu (广州) | Mandarin | |
| Guilin | Quế Lâm | Guìlín (桂林) | Mandarin | |
| Hainan | Hải Nam | Hǎinán (海南) | Mandarin | |
| Harbin | Cáp Nhĩ Tân | Hā'ĕrbīn (哈尔滨) | Mandarin | |
| Hohhot | Hô Hòa Hạo Đặc, Hồi Hột | Hūhéhàotè (呼和浩特) | Mandarin | |
| Kökeqota (ᠬᠥᠬᠡᠬᠣᠲᠠ) | Mongolian script | |||
| Hong Kong | Hương Cảng, Hồng Kông | Xiānggǎng (香港) | Mandarin | |
| Hēunggóng | Cantonese | |||
| Hong Kong | English | |||
| Inner Mongolia | Nội Mông (Cổ) | Nèi Měnggǔ (内蒙古) | Mandarin | |
| Öbür Monggol (ᠥᠪᠥᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ) | Mongolian script | |||
| Macau | Áo Môn, Ma Cao | Àomén(澳門) | Mandarin | |
| Ōumún | Cantonese | |||
| Macau | Portuguese | |||
| Nanjing | Nam Kinh | Nánjīng (南京) | Mandarin | |
| Sanya | Tam Á | Sānyà (三亚) | Mandarin | |
| Shanghai | Thượng Hải | Shànghǎi (上海) | Mandarin | |
| Shenzhen | Thâm Quyến | Shēnzhèn (深圳) | Mandarin | |
| Sichuan | Tứ Xuyên | Sìchuān (四川) | Mandarin | |
| Ürümqi | U-rum-xi, Urumsi, Ô Lỗ Mộc Tề | Wūlǔmùqí (乌鲁木齐) | Mandarin | |
| Ürümchi (ئۈرۈمچی) | Uyghur | |||
| Wuhan | Vũ Hán | Wǔhàn (武汉) | Mandarin | |
| Xiamen | Hạ Môn | Xiàmén (厦门) | Mandarin | |
| Xi'an | Tây An | Xī'ān (西安) | Mandarin | |
| Yangtze River | Trường Giang | Cháng Jiāng (长江) | Mandarin | |
| Zhengzhou | Trịnh Châu | Zhèngzhōu (郑州) | Mandarin | |
 Cyprus Đảo Síp [26] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| Nicosia | Ni-cô-xi-a [27] | Lefkosía (Λευκωσία) | Greek | |
| Lefkoşa | Turkish | |||
 Czechia Tiệp Khắc, Séc [28] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| Prague | Thiệp Khẩu, Pra-ha [29] | Praha | Czech | |
 Denmark Đan Mạch | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| Copenhagen | Cô-pen-ha-ghen, Cô-pen-ha-gen [30] | København | Danish | |
| Greenland | Grin-len, [31] Thanh Đảo | Grønland | Danish | |
| Nuuk | Nu-úc [32] | Godthåb | Danish | |
 East Timor Đông Ti-mo, Đông Timor, Ti-mo Le-xte | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| Dili | Đi-li [33] | Dili | Tetum | |
 Egypt Ai Cập, Y Diệp, Ê-díp-tô | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| Alexandria | A-lếch-xan-đri-a | al-Iskandarīyya (الإسكندرية) | Standard Arabic | |
| Rakoti (Ⲣⲁⲕⲟϯ) | Coptic | |||
| Cairo | Kê Thành | al-Qāhirah (القاهرة) | Standard Arabic | |
| Maṣr (مَصر) | Egyptian Arabic | Maṣr is the same name as the Arabic name for the country. As Cairo is the country's primate city, the endonym can sometimes be used to identify the city as well. | ||
| Port Said | thành phố Cảng (Port) Said [34] | Bor Sa3yīd(بورسعيد) | Egyptian Arabic | |
 Eritrea Ê-ri-tơ-rê-a [35] |
|---|
 Estonia E-xtô-ni-a | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| Tallinn | Ta-lin [36] | Talin | Estonian | |
 Ethiopia Ê-thi-óp, Ê-thi-ô-bi, Ê-ti-ô-pi-a [37] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| Addis Ababa | A-đi A-ba-ba | አዲስ አበባ (Addis Abeba) [38] | Amharic | |
 Finland Phần Lan | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| Helsinki | Hiệu Sinh Kì | Helsinki | Finnish | |
 France Pháp Lan Tây, Pháp, Phú Lãng Sa | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| Lyon | Li-ông | Lyon | French | |
| Marseille | Ma-xai [39] | Marseille | French | |
| Nice | Niết-xa [40] | Nice | French | |
| Nouvelle Calédonie | Tân Thế Giới | Nouvelle Calédonie | French | |
| Paris | Ba Lê, Pha Lí, [39] Pa-ri [41] | Paris | French | |
| Sète | Xét-ta [42] | Sète | French | |
| Toulon | Thu-long [39] | Toulon | French | |
 Georgia Gruzia, Gru-di-a, Giê-oóc-gi-a [43] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| Tbilisi | Tbi-li-xi [44] | Tbilisi (თბილისი) | Georgian | |
 Germany Đức, An-lê-mân [45] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| Berlin | Bá Linh, Béc-lin [46] | Berlin | German | |
| Cologne | Côn, Cô-lô-nhơ | Köln / Koeln | German | |
| Hamburg | Hàm Phủ | Hamburg | German | |
| Hanover | An-nô-vi [47] | Hannover | German | |
 Greece Hy Lạp, Cự Liệt, Cừ Sách, [48] Gờ-réc | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| Athens | Nhã Điển, Á Thiên, A-ten [49] | Athína (Αθήνα) | Greek | |
| Ionian Islands | Y Du Nhiên | Greek | ||
| Santorini | Đảo San Hô | Thíra (Θήρα) | Greek | |
| Thessalonica | Salonica | Thessaloníki (Θεσσαλονίκη) | Greek | |
| Zakynthos | San-tê | Zákynthos (Ζάκυνθος) | Greek | |
 Iceland Băng Đảo, Ai-xơ-len [50] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| Reykjavik | Rây-ki-a-vích [51] | Reykjavík | Icelandic | |
 India Ấn Độ, Thiên Trúc | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| Ganges | sông Hằng | Gangā (गंगा) | Hindi | |
| Goa | Cô Á | Gōvā (गोवा) | Hindi | |
| New Delhi | Tân Đề Li, Niu Đê-li [52] | Naī Dillī (नई दिल्ली) | Hindi | |
 Indonesia Nam Dương, Vạn Đảo, In-đô-nê-xi-a [53] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| Aceh | A Chinh [54] | Aceh | Indonesian | |
| Batavia | Ba Thiềng | modern-day Jakarta | ||
| Jakarta | Giang Lưu Ba | Jakarta | Indonesian | |
| Java | Trảo Oa | Java | Indonesian | |
| Palembang | Tam Phật Tề [55] | Palembang | Indonesian | |
 Iran Ba Tư | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| Tehran | Tề Lan, Tê-hê-ran [56] | Ťehrân (تهران) | Persian | |
 Iraq Y Lạp | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| Baghdad | Bác Đạt, Bát-đa | Baghdad (بغداد) | Standard Arabic | |
 Ireland Ái Nhĩ Lan, Ai-len | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| Dublin | Đạp Lân, Đu-blin [57] | Baile Átha Cliath | Irish | English name also used locally |
 Israel Do Thái, I-xra-en, Y-sơ-ra-ên, Ít-ra-en | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| Acre | Akko | Ako (עכו) | Hebrew | |
| Bethlehem | Bê-lem, Bết-lê-hem | Bayt Laḥm (בית לחם) | Hebrew | currently in Palestinian territories |
| Jerusalem | Gia Liêm, Giê-ru-xa-lem, Giê-ru-sa-lem [58] | Yerushaláyim (ירושלים) | Hebrew | partially in Palestinian territories |
| Judea | Do Thái | Yehuda (יהודה) | Hebrew | currently in Palestinian territories |
 Italy Ý Đại Lợi, Ý | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| Capri | Ca Pha Lí [59] | Capri | Italian | |
| Genoa | Giai Noa [60] | Genoa | Italian | |
| Naples | Nạp Bồ Lê [60] | Napoli | Italian | |
| Rome | La Mã | Roma | Italian | |
| Venice | Vơ-ni-dơ | Venezia | Italian | |
 Japan Nhật Bản, Nhật | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| Hiroshima | Quảng Ðảo | Hiroshima (広島) | Japanese | |
| Hokkaido | Bắc Hải Ðạo | Hokkaidō (北海道) | Japanese | |
| Honshu | Bổn Châu | Honshū (本州) | Japanese | |
| Kansai | Quan Tây | Kansai (関西) | Japanese | |
| Kanto | Quan Ðông | Kantō (関東) | Japanese | |
| Kobe | Thần Hộ | Kōbe (神戸) | Japanese | |
| Kyoto | Kinh Ðô | Kyōto (京都) | Japanese | |
| Kyushu | Cửu Châu | Kyūshū (九州) | Japanese | |
| Nagasaki | Tràng Kỳ | Nagasaki (長崎) | Japanese | |
| Okinawa | Xung Thằng | Okinawa (沖縄) | Japanese | |
| Osaka | Đại Phản | Ōsaka (大阪) | Japanese | |
| Ryukyu | Lưu Cầu | Ryūkyū (琉球) | Japanese | |
| Sapporo | Trát Hoảng | Sapporo (札幌) | Japanese | |
| Sendai | Tiên Ðài | Sendai (仙台) | Japanese | |
| Senkaku | Tiêm Các | Senkaku Shotō (尖閣諸島) | Japanese | |
| Shikoku | Tứ Quốc | Shikoku (四国) | Japanese | |
| Tokyo | Đông Kinh | Tōkyō (東京) | Japanese | |
While some Japanese have Sino-Japanese names, others have native Japanese names (yamato kotoba), or a combination of both, the Vietnamese names for these cities are based on the Sino-Vietnamese pronunciations of the kanji used to write their names. However, using the endonym is far more common than the Vietnamese exonym.
 Jordan Gióc-đan, Gioóc-đa-ni [61] |
|---|
 Kazakhstan Ca-dắc-xtan [62] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| Nur-Sultan | A-xta-na [63] | Nur-Sultan (Нұр-Сұлтан) | Kazakh | |
 Kyrgyzstan Cư-rơ-gư-dơ-xtan, Ki-rơ-ghi-zi-a | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| Bishkek | Bi-sơ-kếch | Bishkek (Бишкек) | Kyrgyz | |
| Russian | ||||
 Laos Ai Lao, Lào | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| Champasak | Ba Thắc | Cham Pasak (ຈຳ ປາສັກ) | Lao | |
| Houaphanh | Sầm Châu | Huaphan (ຫົວພັນ) | Lao | |
| Kingdom of Luang Phrabang | Nam Chưởng | |||
| Khamkeut | Cam Cát | Khamkoed (ຄຳເກີດ) | Lao | |
| Khammouane | Cam Môn | Kham Muan (ຄຳ ມ່ວນ) | Lao | |
| Luang Phrabang | Luông Pha Băng, [64] Lão Qua | Luangphabang (ຫລວງພະບາງ) | Lao | |
| Samneua | Sầm Nứa | Sam Neu (ຊຳ ເໜືອ) | Lao | |
| Sam Tai | Sầm Tộ | Muang Xam Tai (ຊຳໃຕ້) | Lao | |
| Vientiane | Vạn Tượng, Viêng Chăn [65] | Viangchan (ວຽງຈັນ) | Lao | Transcription based on native pronunciation as opposed to English spelling |
| Xiangkhoang | Trấn Ninh | Siangkhuaang (ຊຽງຂວາງ) | Lao | |
| Xiengkho | Trình Cố | Siangkho (ຊຽງຄໍ້) | Lao | |
 Latvia Lát-vi-a [66] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| Riga | Ri-ga [66] | Riga | Latvian | |
 Libya Li-bi [67] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| Tripoli | Tri-po-li [68] | Ṭarābulus (طرابلس) | Standard Arabic | |
 Lithuania Lít-va [69] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| Vilnius | Vin-ni-út [70] | Vilnius | Lithuanian | |
 Luxembourg Lục Xâm Bảo [71] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| Luxembourg City | Thành phố Lúc-xăm-bua | Lëtzebuerg | Luxembourgish | |
 Malaysia Mã Lai Tây Á, Ma-lai-xi-a | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| Bidong Island | Hòn Rắn | Pulau Bidong | Malay | |
| Kuala Lumpur | Cát Long Pha | Kuala Lumpur | Malay | |
| Penang Island | Cù lao Cau | Pulau Pinang | Malay | |
 Moldova Môn-đô-va [72] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| Chisinau | Ki-si-nhốp [73] | Chișinău | Moldovan | |
 Mongolia Mông Cổ [74] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| Ulaanbaatar | Ulan Bato [75] | Ulaanbaatar (Улаанбаатар) | Mongolian Cyrillic | |
| Ulaghanbaghator (ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨᠪᠠᠭᠠᠲᠤᠷ) | Mongolian script | |||
 Montenegro Môn-tê-nê-grô [76] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| Podgorica | Pốt-gô-ri-xa | Podgorica (Подгорица) | Montenegrin | |
 Morocco Ma-rốc | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| Casablanca | Bạch Ốc | ad-Dār al-Bayḍā' (الدار البيضاء) / Kazablanka (كازابلانكا) | Arabic | |
| Anfa (ⴰⵏⴼⴰ) | Berber languages | |||
| Rabat | Ra-bát | ar-Rabat (الرباط) | Arabic | |
 Mexico Mễ Tây Cơ, Mễ Ti Cơ, Mê-hi-cô [77] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| Mexico City | Thành phố Mễ Tây Cơ, Mê-hi-cô Xi-ti [78] | Ciudad de México | Spanish | |
 Myanmar Mi-an-ma, Miến Điện, [79] Diến Điện | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| Naypyidaw | Nây-pi-tô [80] | Nay Pyi Taw (နေပြည်တော်) | Burmese | |
| Yangon | Ngưỡng Quang, Ragoon [81] | Raankone (ရန်ကုန်) | Burmese | |
 Netherlands Hà Lan, Hòa Lan, Hoa Lang | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| Amsterdam | Am-xtéc-đam [82] | Amsterdam | Dutch | |
| Rotterdam | Luật Tước Đàm | Rotterdam | Dutch | |
| The Hague | Hạc Phủ | Den Haag | Dutch | |
 New Zealand Tân Tây Lan, Niu Di-lân [83] | ||
|---|---|---|
| English name | Vietnamese name | Notes |
| Wellington | Oen-ling-tơn [84] | |
 North Korea Bắc Triều Tiên | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| Pyongyang | Bình Nhưỡng | Phyŏngyang (평양) | Korean | |
| Hamhung | Hàm Hưng | Hamhǔng (함흥) | Korean | |
| Rason | La Tiên | Rasŏn (라선) | Korean | |
| Sinuiju | Tân Nghĩa Châu | Sinŭiju (신의주) | Korean | |
| Kaesong | Khai Thành | Kaesŏng (개성) | Korean | |
| Chongjin | Thanh Tân | Chŏngjin (청진) | Korean | |
| Nampo | Nam Phổ | Nampho (남포) | Korean | |
| Wonsan | Nguyên Sơn | Wŏnsan (원산) | Korean | |
 North Macedonia Bắc Macedonia [85] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| Skopje | Xcốp-pi-ê [86] | Скопје (Skopje) | Macedonian | |
 Norway Na Uy | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| Oslo | Ốt-xlô | Oslo | Norwegian | |
 Pakistan Pa-ki-xtan | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| Islamabad | I-xla-ma-bát [87] | Islamabad (اسلام آباد) | Urdu | |
 Philippines Phi Luật Tân, Phi-líp-pin | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| Manila | Ma Ní | Manila | Tagalog | |
| Luzon | Lữ Tống | Luzon | Tagalog | |
 Poland Ba Lan | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| Warsaw | Vác-sa-va | Warszawa | Polish | |
 Portugal Bồ Đào Nha | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| Lisbon | Lisboa | Lisboa | Portugal | |
 Qatar Ca-ta |
|---|
 Romania Ru-ma-ni [88] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| Bucharest | Bu-ca-rét [89] | București | Romanian | |
 Russia Nga La Tư, Nga | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| Kamchatka | Cam-sát-ca | Kamchatka (Камчатка) | Russian | |
| Moscow | Mạc Tư Khoa, Mát-xcơ-va | Moskva (Москва) | Russian | |
| Novosibirsk | Nô-vô-xi-biếc | Novosibirsk (Новосибирск) | Russian | |
| Saint Petersburg | Bá Đa Phủ, Bỉ Đắc | Sankt-Peterburg (Санкт-Петербург) | Russian | |
| Sevastopol | Tô Bồ Lô [90] | Sevastopol' (Севастополь) | Russian | |
| Vladivostok | Hải Sâm Uy, Thắng Đông, Viễn Đông | Vladivostok (Владивосток) | Russian | |
| Volgagrad | Vôn-ga-grát | Volgagrad (Волгоград) | Russian | |
 Saudi Arabia Ả Rập Xê Út | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| Riyadh | E-ri-át | ar-Riyadh (لرياض) | Standard Arabic | |
 Singapore Xinh-ga-po, Tân Gia Ba |
|---|
 South Africa Nam Phi | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| Bloemfontein | Blô-phông-ten [91] | Bloemfontein | English | |
| Cape Town | Hảo Vọng Giác, Kếp-tao [92] | Cape Town | English | |
| Pretoria | Pri-tơ-ri-a [93] | Pretoria | English | |
 South Korea Đại Hàn, Nam Triều Tiên, Hàn Quốc | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| Busan | Phủ Sơn | Busan (부산) | Korean | |
| Chungju | Trung Châu | Chungju (충주) | Korean | |
| Daegu | Đại Khâu | Daegu (대구) | Korean | |
| Gangnam | Giang Nam | Gangnam (강남) | Korean | |
| Incheon | Nhân Xuyên | Inchŏn (인천) | Korean | |
| Jeju | Tế Châu | Jeju (제주) | Korean | |
| Seoul | Hán Thành Xơ-un | Hansŏng (한성) Sŏul (서울) | Korean | |
 Spain Tây Ban Nha, Y Pha Nho | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| Alicante | A Li Căn [94] | Alicante | Spanish | |
| Almansa | An-ma-gia [95] | Almansa | Spanish | |
| Barcelona | Ba Xà Luân [96] | Barcelona | Spanish | |
| Cadiz | Ca-đích [97] | Cádiz | Spanish | |
| Madrid | Ma Địch Lí, Ma Lí, [98] Ma-đrít [99] | Madrid | Spanish | |
| Menorca | Mi-nô-ca [94] | Menorca | Spanish | |
| Valencia | Ba-linh-xa [97] | València | Spanish | |
 Sri Lanka Tích Lan, Sai Lăng, [100] Xri Lan-ca [101] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| Colombo | Kha Luân Bố, Cô-lôm-bô [102] | Kolamba (කොළඹ) | Sinhala | |
| Koḻumpu (கொழும்பு) | Tamil | |||
 Sweden Thụy Điển, Xu Y Đà [103] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| Stockholm | Tốc Hàm, Xtốc-khôm [104] | Stockholm | Swedish | |
 Switzerland Thụy Sĩ [105] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| Bern | Bơn [106] | Bern | German | |
| Bärn | Alemannic German | |||
| Berne | French | |||
| Berna | Italian | |||
| Berna | Romansch | |||
| Geneva | Genève [107] | Genève | French | |
 | This section needs additional citations for verification .(September 2020) |
 Taiwan Đài Loan | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| Hualien | Hoa Liên | Huālián (花蓮) | Mandarin | |
| Kaohsiung | Cao Hùng | Gāoxióng (高雄) | Mandarin | |
| Keelung | Cơ Long [108] | Jīlóng (基隆) | Mandarin | |
| Taichung | Đài Trung | Táizhōng (台中 / 臺中) | Mandarin | |
| Tainan | Đài Nam | Táinán (台南 / 臺南) | Mandarin | |
| Taipei | Đài Bắc | Táiběi (台北 / 臺北) | Mandarin | |
| Taitung | Đài Đông | Táidōng (台东 / 臺東) | Mandarin | |
 Thailand (Thái Lan, Thái Quốc) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| Ayutthaya | Thượng Thành | Ayutthaya (อยุธยา) | Thai | |
| Bangkok | Vọng Các, Băng Cốc | Krung Thep (กรุงเทพ) | Thai | |
| Chanthaburi | Chân Bôn | Chanthaburi (จันทบุรี) | Thai | |
| Chiang Mai | Chiêng Mài, Xương Mại | Chiang Mai (เชียงใหม่) | Thai | |
| Chiang Rai | Chiềng Rai | Chiang Rai (เชียงราย) | Thai | |
| Chiềng Hai | Jiang Hai (ᨩ᩠ᨿᨦᩁᩣ᩠ᨿ) | Northern Thai | ||
| Ko Chang | Dương Khảm | Ko Chang (เกาะช้าง) | Thai | |
| Ko Kut | Cổ Cốt | Ko Kut (เกาะกูด) | Thai | |
| Lopburi | La Hộc | Lop Buri (ลพบุรี) | Thai | |
| Nakhon Phanom | Na Khổng Phù Nam | Nakhon Phanom (นครพนม) | Thai | |
| Nakhon Ratchasima | Cổ Lạc | Nakhon Ratchasima (นครราชสีมา) | Thai | |
| Nakhon Si Thammarat | Na Khổng Tam Hoạt | Nakhon Si Thammarat (นครศรีธรรมราช) | Thai | |
| Nongkhai | Mường Nông | Nongkhai (หนองคาย) | Thai | |
| Pattani | Tà Nê | Pattani (ปัตตานี) | Thai | |
| Sukhothai | Xụ-khổ-thay | Sukhothai (สุโขทัย) | Thai | |
 Tajikistan | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| Dushanbe | Đu-san-be | Dushanbe (Душанбе) | Tajik | |
 Tunisia Tuy-ni-di [109] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| Tunis | Tuy-nít | Tunis (تونس) | Standard Arabic | |
 Turkey Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ, Tu-ru-cô, Tu-ru-ky [110] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| Ephesus | Ê-phê-sô | Efes | Turkish | |
| Istanbul | Tân La Mã | İstanbul | Turkish | |
 Ukraine U-crai-na, Ukraina | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| Kyiv | Ki-ép | Kyiv (Київ) | Ukrainian | |
 United Arab Emirates Các Tiểu vương quốc Ả Rập Thống nhất | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| Abu Dhabi | ʼAbū Ẓaby | Abu Dhabi (أبوظبي) | Arabic | |
| Dubai | Đu-bai | Dubey (دبيّ) | Arabic | |
 United Kingdom Đại Anh, Anh Cát Lợi, Anh, Anh Quốc, Vương quốc Anh, Liên hiệp Anh | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| Edinburgh | Ê-đin-brơ | Edinburgh | English | |
| Scots | ||||
| England | Anh Cát Lợi, Hồng Mao | England | English | |
| Northern Ireland | Bắc Ái Nhĩ Lan | Northern Ireland | English | |
| London | Luân Đôn, Long-đôn | London | English | |
| Scotland | Tô Cách Lan, Y Cốt, Xcốt-len, Scôtlen [111] | Scotland | English | |
| Wales | Uy Nhĩ Sĩ, Huệ Châu, xứ Gan, xứ Wales | Wales | English | |
 United States Á Mĩ Lợi Gia, Mỹ, Hoa Kỳ | ||
|---|---|---|
| English name | Vietnamese name | Notes |
| Arlington, VA | Ái Linh Tân | |
| Arlington, TX | ||
| Baltimore | Bạt Đế Mỗ | |
| Boston | Bật Tân | |
| California | Ca-li, Ca-li--ni-a, Ca-li-phoóc-nha | |
| Harlem | Hắc Lem | |
| Hawaii | Hạ Uy Di | |
| Hollywood | Hoa Lệ Ước, Hồ Ly Vọng | |
| Honolulu | Hòn Lau | |
| Los Angeles | Lốt, Lộc Án Gia Lê | |
| Manhattan | Mã Nhật Tân [112] | |
| New Orleans | Ngọc Lân, [113] Tân Linh | |
| New York | Nữu Ước, Niu Gioóc, Tiểu bang New York [114] | |
| New York City | Thành phố New York | |
| North Carolina | Bắc Carolina | |
| North Dakota | Bắc Dakota | |
| Orange County | Quận Cam | |
| Philadelphia | Huynh Đệ thành | |
| San Francisco | Cựu Kim Sơn, Xăng Phăng, Phàn thành | |
| Seven Corners | Ngã Bảy [115] | |
| South Carolina | Nam Carolina | |
| South Dakota | Nam Dakota | |
| Washington | Hoa Thịnh Đốn, Hoa Sinh Tân | |
| Washington, D.C. | Oa-xinh-tơn | |
| West Virginia | Tây Virginia | |
The most common name for America in Vietnamese, Hoa Kỳ, means "Flower Flag" in Vietnamese, in reference to the United States' flag.
 Uzbekistan | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| Tashkent | Ta-sơ-ken | Toshkent | Uzbek | |
| English name | Vietnamese name | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Alps | Ân Lô Bi, [40] An-pơ, dãy Anpơ | |
| Annamite Mountains | Dãy (núi) Trường Sơn | |
| Aral Sea | Hàm Hải, Biển Aral | |
| Atlantic Ocean | Đại Tây | |
| Dead Sea | Biển Chết | |
| East China Sea | Biển Hoa Đông | |
| Euphrates | Uông Phát, Ơ-phơ-rát, sông Euphrates | |
| Mount Everest | đỉnh Everest | |
| Himalayas | Hi Mã Lạp Sơn, dãy Himalaya | |
| Indian Ocean | Ấn Độ Dương | |
| Indus River | Sông Ấn (Độ) | |
| Issyk-Kul | Nhiệt Hải, hồ Issyk-Kul | |
| Mediterranean Sea | (Biển) Địa Trung Hải | |
| Mekong River | Mê Kông, Cửu Long | |
| Nile River | Sông Nin, sông Nhĩ Lô | |
| Pacific Ocean | Thái Bình Dương | |
| Palestine | Ba-lạc-đĩnh, vùng Palestine | |
| Persian Gulf | Vịnh Ba Tư | |
| Red Sea | Xích hải, Hồng Hải, Biển Đỏ | |
| Rocky Mountains | Thạch Sơn, dãy núi Rocky | |
| Sahara Desert | Sa mạc Lớn, Sa mạc Sahara | |
| Sea of Japan | Biển Nhật Bản | |
| Sunda Strait | Cửa Song Đề, [116] eo biển Sunda | |
| South China Sea | Hoa Nam hải, Đông hải (from East Sea), Biển Đông | |
| Tigris | Tích Giang, Ti-gơ-rơ, Tigrơ, sông Tigris | |
| Baltic Sea | Ba La Đích hải, biển Baltic |
Phnom Penh is the capital and most populous city of Cambodia. It has been the national capital since the French protectorate of Cambodia and has grown to become the nation's primate city and its economic, industrial, and cultural centre. Before Phnom Penh became capital city, Oudong was the capital of the country.
Ho Chi Minh City, better known and colloquialy referred to as Saigon, is the most populous city in Vietnam, with a population of around 10 million in 2023. The city's geography is defined by rivers and canals, of which the largest is Saigon River. As a municipality, Ho Chi Minh City consists of 16 urban districts, five rural districts, and one municipal city (sub-city). As the largest financial centre in Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh City has the highest gross regional domestic product out of all Vietnam provinces and municipalities, contributing around a quarter of the country's total GDP. Ho Chi Minh City's metropolitan area is ASEAN's 6th largest economy, also the biggest outside an ASEAN country capital.
Hải Dương is a city in Vietnam. It is the capital of Hải Dương, an industrialized province in the Hanoi Capital Region and the Red River Delta in Northern Vietnam. The city is at the midpoint between the capital Hanoi and the major port Haiphong, and is part of the Northern Key Economic Zone. In 2019, Hai Duong city had a population of 241,373.
Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary is a layer of about 3,000 monosyllabic morphemes of the Vietnamese language borrowed from Literary Chinese with consistent pronunciations based on Middle Chinese. Compounds using these morphemes are used extensively in cultural and technical vocabulary. Together with Sino-Korean and Sino-Japanese vocabularies, Sino-Vietnamese has been used in the reconstruction of the sound categories of Middle Chinese. Samuel Martin grouped the three together as "Sino-xenic". There is also an Old Sino-Vietnamese layer consisting of a few hundred words borrowed individually from Chinese in earlier periods, which are treated by speakers as native words. More recent loans from southern Chinese languages, usually names of foodstuffs such as lạp xưởng 'Chinese sausage', are not treated as Sino-Vietnamese but more direct borrowings.
Bánh xèo is a crispy, stuffed rice pancake popular in Vietnam. The name refers to the sound a thin layer of rice batter makes when it is poured into the hot skillet. It is a savoury fried pancake made of rice flour, water, and turmeric powder. It can also be called a Vietnamese crêpe. Some common stuffings include pork, prawns, diced green onion, mung bean, and bean sprouts. Bánh xèo is often served with sides. Usually, some commonly added ingredients include leafy greens like lettuces or perilla leaves, other herbs as flavor enhancers like mint leaves and Thai basil, cucumbers, and pickled vegetables, usually carrots and radishes. Lastly, its dipping sauce is nước chấm. Elements of each side and sauce add to the fresh-tasting fried Bánh Xèo.
An English exonym is a name in the English language for a place, or occasionally other terms, which does not follow the local usage. Exonyms and endonyms are features of all languages, and other languages may have their own exonym for English endonyms, for example Llundain is the Welsh exonym for the English endonym "London".
Dương Triệu Vũ is the stage name of Tuấn Linh, a singer on the popular Vietnamese diaspora music show Paris by Night.
Nguyễn Phú Trọng was a Vietnamese politician and communist theorist who served as general secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam from 2011 until his death in 2024. As the head of the party's Secretariat, Politburo and Central Military Commission, Trọng was considered Vietnam's paramount leader. From 2018 to 2021, he also served concurrently as the tenth president of Vietnam.
Vè or Đồng dao is a poetic and song form for children, most typical of Vietnam.
The Siamese–Vietnamese War of 1841–1845 was a military conflict between the Đại Nam, ruled by Emperor Thiệu Trị, and the Kingdom of Siam, under the rule of Chakri King Nangklao. The rivalry between Vietnam and Siam over the control of the Cambodian heartlands in the Lower Mekong basin had intensified after Siam had attempted to conquer Cambodia during the previous Siamese–Vietnamese War (1831–1834). Vietnamese Emperor Minh Mạng installed Princess Ang Mey to rule Cambodia as a puppet queen regnant of his choice in 1834 and declared full suzerainty over Cambodia, which he demoted to Vietnam's 32nd province, the Western Commandery. In 1841, Siam seized the opportunity of discontent to aid the Khmer revolt against Vietnamese rule. King Rama III sent an army to enforce Prince Ang Duong's installation as King of Cambodia. After four years of attrition warfare, both parties agreed to compromise and placed Cambodia under joint rule.
The Ministry of Health is the government ministry responsible for the governance and guidance of the health, healthcare and health industry of Vietnam. In conjunction with other ministries and the prime minister's office, the Ministry is responsible for creating and promulgating long-term health policy programs such as the "National Strategy on Nutrition for the 2001 - 2010 period" and the "National Policy on Injury Prevention 2002 - 2010". Its main offices are located in Ba Đình District, Hanoi.
The 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam was elected at the 11th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam. The 11th Central Committee elected the 11th Politburo and the 11th Secretariat.
Japanese exonyms are the names of places in the Japanese language that differ from the name given in the place's dominant language.
Thống chế Điều bát Nguyễn Văn Tồn was a general and official of the Nguyễn dynasty of Vietnam.
Hủ tiếu or Hủ tíu is a Vietnamese dish eaten in Vietnam as breakfast. It may be served either as a soup or dry with no broth.
Chữ Hán are the Chinese characters that were used to write Literary Chinese and Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary in Vietnam. They were officially used in Vietnam after the Red River Delta region was incorporated into the Han dynasty and continued to be used until the early 20th century when use of Literary Chinese was abolished alongside the Confucian court examinations causing chữ Hán to be abandoned in favour of the Vietnamese alphabet.
Phạm Minh Chính is a Vietnamese politician and former public security lieutenant general. He has served as the eighth prime minister of Vietnam since 2021, and currently ranks third in the Communist Party after General Secretary Tô Lâm and President Lương Cường
The 40th National Television Festival was held from December 13 to December 16, 2020, in Hanoi. It reviewed and honoured best works of Vietnam's television industry in 2020.
Lệnh thư is a writing style for Chinese characters and chữ Nôm in Vietnamese calligraphy. It was first developed during the Revival Lê dynasty. It was mainly at first used for official edict by the emperor and by officials in the imperial court, but then became widely used in all of Vietnam. It is not used in other countries that also use Chinese characters, but is unique to Vietnam.
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