Nintendo Entertainment System models

Last updated
The original Family Computer ("Famicom") model with wired controllers Nintendo-Famicom-Console-Set-FL.jpg
The original Family Computer ("Famicom") model with wired controllers

The Nintendo Entertainment System (NES), an 8-bit third-generation home video game console produced by Nintendo, had numerous model variants produced throughout its lifetime. It was originally released in 1983 as the Family Computer [lower-alpha 1] (and widely known as the Famicom [lower-alpha 2] ) in Japan, with design work led by Masayuki Uemura. Nintendo intentionally redesigned it as the NES in North America in an attempt to avoid the stigma of video game consoles lingering from the video game crash the same year; while it was initially conceptualized as a home computer, it was ultimately modeled after a videocassette recorder (VCR) for its debut there in 1985. Nintendo subsequently exported the NES to Europe and Oceania via local distributors.

Contents

Uemura's former employer Sharp Corporation, which previously collaborated with Nintendo on the Game & Watch, [1] released three officially licensed Famicom variants in Japan: a CRT television with a built-in Famicom, a console that combined the Famicom and Famicom Disk System hardware in one package, and a console dedicated to video production. Only the television variant was given a release in North America. Meanwhile, Nintendo produced two arcade variants of the console: the Nintendo VS. System, released in 1984 to gauge consumer interest in the United States for then-unreleased Famicom games; and the PlayChoice-10, released in 1986 as a demonstration unit for NES games.

After the release of the Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES)/Super Famicom, Nintendo released a compact, redesigned version of the NES/Famicom in 1993. The company elected to revert to the top-loading cartridge slot with the NES due to reliability issues with the original front-loading slot. It was the sole design in production when the console was ultimately discontinued in 2003.

Original variants

Family Computer

According to Uemura, video games were an unfamiliar concept to Japanese toy stores when they were introduced; the stores did not consider carrying them since they required televisions, which the stores did not sell at the time. Rather than targeting the educational market with PC-like styling, Uemura styled the Famicom like a toy as a cheaper option. [2] While Uemura's team intended to use an inexpensive steel case, they switched to a durable plastic due to the fragility of the steel case. [3] The red, gold, and white color scheme, chosen by Yamauchi, was inspired by two objects that used similar schemes: a scarf that he liked, and a set-top TV antenna from a company called DX Antenna. [3] [2]

Other design considerations took into account the lifestyles and attitudes of Japanese consumers at the time. Uemura had considered PC-like styling for the console, but elected to use a horizontally-oriented design suited for placement on the floor; he felt Japanese consumers would prefer the latter as more relaxing. The controllers were designed to make the console's adoption among Japanese consumers easier; despite arriving on the market later than its competitors, the Game & Watch-inspired design provided a familiar control scheme for those who had already played one of its handheld electronic games, especially with the inclusion of a D-pad for versatility across game genres. They were also intentionally hardwired with short cables to keep players close to the console (and the TV by extension), ideal for Japanese houses due to their smaller layout compared to their American counterparts. [4]

Nintendo Entertainment System

Nintendo Advanced Video System (retouched).jpg
NES-Console-Set.jpg
The Nintendo AVS was planned to include multiple peripherals (left) before it was redesigned to its final cost-reduced form as the NES.

Seeking to market the Famicom worldwide after its 1983 release in Japan, Nintendo forged a tentative distribution and rights agreement with Atari to market it outside the country as the Nintendo Enhanced Video System; however, both sides never consummated the deal as planned at the Summer CES in June 1983 due to a series of events that culminated in Atari collapsing amid the video game crash that year. [5] [6] Despite the pessimism of North American retailers, Yamauchi was still convinced that a launch there was feasible, so he ordered the introduction of a Famicom-based arcade system called the Nintendo VS. System the following year to gauge interest in the console's games there; the success of the system in North America encouraged Yamauchi to move forward with the launch. [7]

Under the direction of Lance Barr and Don James, the former of which then held the position of "Design & Brand Director" at Nintendo of America (NOA), the Famicom was initially redesigned to resemble a home computer; christened the Nintendo Advanced Video System (AVS), it featured peripherals such as a computer keyboard, a musical keyboard, a tape drive, infrared wireless controllers, and a folding light gun. [8] [9] The console itself featured a Famicom-like top-loading system and cartridges, whereas the controller's D-pad had a square shape similar to that of Sega's Master System. [10] The AVS was shown off at the Winter CES in January 1985, planned for a June release, to middling fanfare. [11] Chief among the concerns identified by Nintendo was the lingering stigma from the 1983 crash and the high price point the console was likely to command. [8]

After a cost-reduced revision of the AVS by Barr [12] was showcased at the Summer CES that June as the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES), Nintendo subsequently conceived a new design for the NES with colorations from Barr and James. [8] [13] Known among Nintendo employees as the "lunch box", the design—credited to engineer Masayuki Yukawa [14] —included a front-loading cartridge mechanism that was modeled after a videocassette recorder, mainly intended to further remove the console from the stigma of its contemporaries. [8] [12] Uemura later revealed in 2020 that the redesign was also intended to prevent a short circuit via direct contact with the hardware during cartridge insertion, which was especially problematic in a household full of static-inducing furniture in a semi-arid climate, as was the case in much of the Great Plains. [15]

While most of the peripherals that accompanied the AVS were scrapped, the light gun was kept, albeit in a cost-reduced form as the NES Zapper. To further dissuade consumers from perceiving the NES as a console, Nintendo introduced the Nintendo Video Robot, a toy robot that acted as a second player in two games; the presence of the robot, which was eventually named the Robotic Operating Buddy (R.O.B.) by advertising manager Gail Tilden, helped convince reluctant toy shops to place orders for the NES before it launched in New York City on October 18, 1985. [8]

PAL versions

AC power socket and RGB AV port on a French NES FrenchNESRGBOutput.jpg
AC power socket and RGB AV port on a French NES

Nintendo also marketed the NES in PAL regions through local distributors, though the console did not find as much success as it did in North America. In Europe, it was first released in Scandinavia in late 1986. [16] Nintendo then partnered with Mattel in 1987 to distribute the NES in the United Kingdom and Italy; the same year, the console was introduced to France, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg via Nintendo Entertainment Systems International (NESI), a French private company led by former NOA salesperson Ron Judy. [16] [17] However, Mattel's lackluster marketing effort in the face of strong competition from the home computer market led Nintendo to give the British distribution rights to NESI the following year. [16] NESI handed over its distribution rights to Bandai in 1992 before Nintendo reclaimed them in 1995. [16] [17] Countries in Eastern Europe did not receive as much attention as their western counterparts, with the NES making its debut in Hungary in 1991 via the Austrian distributor. [16]

In Oceania, Mattel gained the distribution rights for Australia and New Zealand, with both receiving the NES in mid-1987. While the console fared better in those countries compared to Europe, it did not gain significant traction until c. 1993. [16] [18] The same year, Nintendo established a regional subsidiary—Nintendo Australia—and subsequently reclaimed the distribution rights the following year. [18] [19]

Europe was split into two zones for distribution; the United Kingdom and Italy were designated as PAL-A, while the rest of Europe was designated as PAL-B. Consoles from one zone are not compatible with games from the other zone. [20] Also, unique to the French NES consoles is the inclusion of an AV port that outputs RGB video via a SCART connector instead of composite; however, since the NES is not capable of RGB output (in its original form), it converts the native composite signal to RGB. [20] [21]

Asian versions

The NES was also released in other regions of Asia outside Japan (except for mainland China). [22] In particular, South Korea received the NES via distributor Hyundai Electronics as the Hyundai Comboy in October 1989. [23] Nintendo could not sell the NES directly in the country as Japanese cultural imports were banned by the government at the time, dating back to the end of World War II; the ban stayed in effect until 2004. [24] In India, a license-built version of the PAL-region NES was sold as the Samurai Electronic TV Game System. [25] However, due to the prohibitively expensive price of the console, it sold poorly in the country; the Samurai brand was later reused on a series of unauthorised Famiclone consoles. [26]

Redesigned variant

NES-101-Console-Set.jpg
New Famicom.jpg
The redesigned NES and Famicom models

The New-Style NES [lower-alpha 3] [30] [31] is a compact, cost-reduced, redesigned version of the Famicom/NES released by Nintendo in 1993. In Japan, it is officially called the New Famicom, [lower-alpha 4] [32] though it retains the "Family Computer" branding to maintain consistency with the original Famicom. [lower-alpha 5] [34] Unveiled in North America via press release on October 11 and released later that month with a retail price of US$49.95 ($105 in 2023 dollars), the new design was marketed virtually the same as the original model; the only difference was the presence of a "new design" mark on the packaging. [35] [36] It was sold in Japan starting on December 1 (delayed from the original release date of October 21) [37] for ¥6,800. [38] [39] The redesign did not receive a release in Europe. [40]

Redesigned by Lance Barr, the New-Style NES has a vertical cartridge slot to prevent reliability issues common with the spring-loaded mechanism in the original NES. [36] The console removed the 10NES lockout chip, allowing it to play unlicensed games. [41] The console also removed composite video output, leaving only RF output available on it; Nintendo later produced a rare version of the console that replaced RF with the AV "multi-out" port used on the SNES. [42] Although a game was not bundled with the New-Style NES, it came packaged with a redesigned controller modeled after the SNES controller; colloquially called the "dog bone" controller due to its resemblance in shape to one, it also retailed separately for $15 ($32 in 2023 dollars) each. [27] [43]

The New Famicom is similar in appearance to the New-Style NES, though the former lacks the "bump" on the latter's cartridge slot to accommodate the shorter Famicom cartridges as well as the RAM Adapter for the Famicom Disk System. [44] It was bundled with two "dog bone" controllers; while this allowed for easy replacement of defective controllers compared to the hardwired ones in the original Famicom, games that utilized the microphone in the original Famicom's second controller are incompatible with the New Famicom due to the lack of one in the new controller. [44] [45] Although the New Famicom included composite video output, an improvement over the RF-only Famicom, it did not come bundled with an AV cable[ clarification needed ] or an AC adapter (they were sold separately) as Nintendo assumed that prospective customers were in possession of a Super Famicom and could use the cables intended for that system instead. [44] [45]

An earlier redesign prototype, named the Famicom Adapter, [lower-alpha 6] was shown alongside the Super Famicom [lower-alpha 7] when the latter was unveiled to the Japanese press on November 21, 1988; like the New Famicom, it functioned similarly to an original Famicom but included AV output instead of RF modulation. [46] The Super Famicom was not backward compatible with Famicom games; Nintendo promoted the Famicom Adapter as an alternative method, but the Super Famicom acted more as an AV passthrough device rather than an emulator, with a switch included on it to shift between the Famicom and Super Famicom outputs. [46] [47] Despite the hardware incompatibility, the prototype Super Famicom controllers were compatible between the two consoles. [46] The Famicom Adapter ultimately never went into production as conceived, with the concept superseded by the New Famicom. [48]

The New-Style NES was produced until it was discontinued in August 1995. [49] [50] The New Famicom was discontinued in September 2003 along with the Super Famicom Jr. due to part scarcity, marking the official end of Famicom/NES production; the disk rewriting service for the Famicom Disk System was also terminated at the same time. [51] The last Famicom was kept by Nintendo and loaned to the organizers of Level X, a game exhibition held from December 2003 to February 2004 [52] at the Tokyo Metropolitan Museum of Photography, for a Famicom retrospective in commemoration of the console's 20th anniversary. [53]

Sharp-produced variants

Sharp Nintendo Television

The Japanese 14-inch model of the Sharp Nintendo Television Sharp C1 NES TV 14C-C1F.jpg
The Japanese 14-inch model of the Sharp Nintendo Television

The Sharp Nintendo Television, often described as the C1 NES TV, is a CRT television with a built-in Famicom/NES that was produced by Sharp under license from Nintendo. It was originally released in Japan in October 1983 as the My Computer TV; [lower-alpha 8] [54] it was also distributed in Taiwan via Sampo as the Sampo C1 starting in 1984. [55] The unit was showcased at the Summer CES in 1987 with a release in the United States intended for later that year, [56] but it was not released there until 1989 as the Game Television. [57] [58] The C1 is notable for having provided the high-quality screenshots displayed in video game magazines of the period, as it had a better picture quality than a Famicom or NES paired with a separate television due to its direct internal display connection. [57]

In Japan, the TV was sold in two sizes; initially released as a 14-inch model for ¥93,000 MSRP on October 4, 1983, a 19-inch model was subsequently released on October 25 for ¥145,000 MSRP. The TV was also available in two colors: a black and red model, and a light silver and red model. [54] [57] When the TV was released in the U.S., only a black 19-inch model was made available at a retail price of $799; [57] [59] it was later sold for $437 at Kmart. [60] [61]

The Japanese systems feature two built-in programs, JR GRAPHIC and TV NOTE, and they were additionally shipped with a multicart containing trial versions of Donkey Kong Jr. and Donkey Kong Jr. no Sansuu Asobi . At the time of its release, this cartridge was unique to the C1 and represented one of the few licensed multicarts made for the Famicom. [57] [62] The Japanese systems also feature detachable controllers with unique round connectors. [63]

The concept was followed up in Japan by the Super Famicom-based SF1 in 1990. [63]

Twin Famicom

The second version of the Twin Famicom in black (AN-505-BK) Sharp-Twin-Famicom-Console.jpg
The second version of the Twin Famicom in black (AN-505-BK)

The Twin Famicom [lower-alpha 9] is a home video game console produced by Sharp. It was exclusively released in Japan on July 1, 1986, at an introductory price of ¥32,000. [64] [65] The Twin Famicom is a licensed Nintendo product that combines the Famicom and the Famicom Disk System into a single piece of hardware. [66] Whereas the standard Famicom only has one color combination, the Twin Famicom was initially sold in two colors: red with black highlights (AN-500R), and black with red highlights (AN-500B). A second version of the system was released in 1987 with a slightly different case design, turbo controllers, and two different color schemes; black with green highlights (AN-505-BK) and red with beige highlights (AN-505-RD). [67]

The basic parts of the Twin Famicom include a slot for Famicom cartridges, a slot for the Disk System's floppy disks (called "Disk Cards"), [68] a switch located right below the cartridge slot to switch between the two formats, a power button, a reset button, and an eject button, while the back of the console has slots for controller storage. [69] The Twin Famicom has the expansion port present in other Famicom variations that allows additional peripherals to be connected to the console; it is located on the right side of the console and labeled "Expansion Terminal A" (拡張端子A, Kakuchō Tanshi A). [70] The console also features three additional expansion ports; port "B" is located to the right of port "A", while ports "C" and "D" are located on the bottom rear, hidden by a removable cover. [69] [70] However, unlike port "A", no known existing peripherals use them. [70]

The Twin Famicom generates an NTSC signal, but outputs composite video and monophonic audio via RCA connectors instead of using an RF modulator, [66] [67] allowing for greater audiovisual quality on TVs and monitors with such inputs; such connections were rare in Japan when it was released. [69] An external RF modulator is bundled with the unit for connection through a TV's antenna/cable input. Like the original Famicom, the Twin Famicom also features two gamepads, both of which are hardwired into the console. [67]

Famicom Titler

Famicom Titler SHARP AN510.jpg
Famicom Titler

The Famicom Titler, [lower-alpha 10] also known as the Famicom Editor, [lower-alpha 11] is a Famicom-based home video game console produced by Sharp Corporation under license from Nintendo in 1989. The console, released exclusively in Japan at a retail price of ¥43,000, was the most technologically ambitious project that Sharp had attempted with the Famicom system, with Sharp identifying a need for capturing direct game footage from a Famicom at a time when doing so for any video game required specialized equipment. [71] It is the only Famicom that was commercially available to internally generate RGB video, done via usage of a unique variant of the PPU chip capable of doing so, and this has been identified as responsible for markedly improved clarity of image over other Famicom models. [72] It is also the only Famicom console to employ S-Video output, though composite video output is another option available on the system. [72] The system additionally features a keyboard and pressure-sensitive touchpad, enabling users to produce subtitles directly on the screen during gameplay as well as perform other basic editing functions, while a microphone is present to enable video narration. [71] [73]

Although relatively obscure at the time of its release, the console has recently seen increased interest from fans, hackers/modders, and collectors on the secondary market. [71] [72] Apart from historical interest in the system, collectors are highly interested in the improved picture quality resulting from its internal RGB video generation, a feature shared only with the Nintendo VS. System and PlayChoice-10 arcade systems; [72] the Famicom Titler is recognized by collectors as a practical way to obtain such a system appropriate for modern television sets. [71] The console is also popular within the modding community due to its ease of modification in outputting a true RGB signal. [72]

Arcade variants

Nintendo VS. System

Vsdrmario.jpg
PlayChoice-10 Superdeluxe arcade cabinet.jpg
A VS. Dr. Mario cabinet and the "cabaret" version of the PlayChoice-10

The Nintendo VS. System [lower-alpha 12] is an arcade system developed and marketed by Nintendo. The system, introduced in March 1984 across the United States, Europe, and Japan with the release of Vs. Tennis , was intended as a successor to the Nintendo-Pak conversion kits used for games such as Mario Bros. and Donkey Kong 3 ; [7] based on Famicom hardware, it was also designed as a way to introduce Famicom games to the general public in the United States without committing to a general release, which retailers were hesitant in doing so due to the lingering fallout from the video game crash the year before. [74]

Two cabinet versions of the system were initially produced; collectively called the VS. DualSystem, both had dual-screen setups, with distinctions made between an upright and a sit-down version. [7] [75] The upright cabinet integrated two cabinets at an angle, whereas the sit-down cabinet, later called the VS. Table (and colloquially known as the "red tent" [76] ), placed screens on opposite ends; both cabinets ran on two motherboards (one for each screen) and could support up to four players. Complaints about the upright VS. DualSystem's size from operators led Nintendo to later introduce the VS. UniSystem in 1985, which used a more traditional upright cabinet and only one motherboard while including two control sets to support two-player games. While the VS. System's hardware was virtually similar to that of the Famicom, it included more random-access memory (RAM); utilizing the bank switching technique, games for the system could support more levels and features than their console counterparts. Swapping games was accomplished by replacing the existing game's read-only memory (ROM) chip with the one for the desired game. [7] All cabinets could offer either two games, one for each screen, or one game programmed to handle multiplayer functionality across both screens. [74]

The dual-motherboard cabinets retailed at $2,400, while the UniSystem cabinet retailed at under $2,000, with each game (called "VS.-Pak") sold for under $300. A UniKit conversion kit for older Nintendo arcade cabinets was released shortly after launch, with each kit sold for less than $1,000; Nintendo later demonstrated a similar kit for Pac-Man and Ms. Pac-Man cabinets in 1985. Despite misgivings between some industry insiders towards the VS. System's lackluster graphical power compared to its contemporaries, Nintendo achieved major success with the system in the United States through aggressive marketing tactics, selling more than 10,000 units by the end of 1984 alone; over 40 games were released for the system before it was discontinued in 1990. [7] However, Nintendo did not experience the same success in Japan; Uemura noted that Japanese players were wary about the system's emphasis on competitive gameplay. [74] The VS. System was Nintendo's final arcade system in Japan, with the company withdrawing from the Japanese arcade market altogether in late 1985. [7]

PlayChoice-10

PlayChoice-10 machine arcade cabinet PlayChoice-10 Superdeluxe arcade cabinet.jpg
PlayChoice-10 machine arcade cabinet

The PlayChoice-10 is an arcade system developed and marketed by Nintendo. Released in August 1986 as the successor to the Nintendo VS. System, the PlayChoice-10 was developed as a means to showcase NES games while maintaining revenue from the arcade business; it did so by allowing players to test up to ten games, one at a time. The first games offered were Baseball , Tennis , Golf , Excitebike , Wild Gunman , Mario Bros. , Super Mario Bros. , Duck Hunt , Hogan's Alley , and Balloon Fight . [77] [78]

Two upright cabinet variants of the PlayChoice-10 were offered: a stacked dual-screen one and a single-screen one. A "cabaret" variant of the dual-screen cabinet, featuring a 9-inch screen on top of a 15-inch one instead of two 25-inch screens, was available in markets outside the United States. Conversion kits were also available for both dual-screen and single-screen formats, with the former intended for converting Punch-Out!! cabinets and the latter intended for converting standard Nintendo cabinets; the company later offered conversion kits for VS. UniSystem cabinets, with a five-game PlayChoice-5 kit made available alongside the standard ten-game kit. Nintendo additionally offered a countertop variant of the PlayChoice-10: the PlayChoice CounterTop System, which featured two control sets side-by-side. [78] Games were distributed on printed circuit boards (PCBs) featuring ROM chips and were connected to the motherboard with edge connectors. [79]

Gameplay is restricted to a set time limit, with two minutes available at minimum; inserting additional coins before play results in bonus session time (called "Prime Time") on top of the added time. [77] Players are able to freely switch between games by pressing a button that invoked a game selection menu; [78] they are also able to pause and reset the current game. [77] Dual-screen cabinets displayed the selection menu and game instructions on the top screen and the gameplay on the bottom screen. The games themselves have minor differences compared to their console counterparts, with all of them including game instructions; some games had other differences, with Punch-Out!! using a battery save to remember a player's initials for high scores. [79]

There are 53 games that are confirmed to have released on the PlayChoice-10. [80] Nintendo ultimately announced on July 31, 1992, that it would discontinue all of its arcade machines due to lack of profitability. [81]

Diagnostic variant

The Nintendo Test Station (left) and the Super NES Counter Tester NES Test Station & SNES Counter Tester 20160814.jpg
The Nintendo Test Station (left) and the Super NES Counter Tester

The Nintendo Test Station is a diagnostic device developed by Nintendo to test NES accessories. Intended for use in authorized service centers as part of the Nintendo World Class Service program (introduced in the May–June 1990 issue of Nintendo Power ), the device can detect problems with AV cables, power supplies, and game controllers. [82] [83] A version of the device for the Super NES was initially produced as an extension to the NES version. [83]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Japanese: ファミリーコンピュータ, Hepburn: Famirī Konpyūta
  2. ↑ Japanese: ファミコン, Hepburn: Famikon
  3. ↑ It is also known as the NES-101 (its model number), the New NES, the NES 2, the NES Basic, [27] the NES Jr., [28] and the top-loading model or variants of that name. [29]
  4. ↑ Japanese: ニューファミコン, Hepburn: Nyū Famikon
  5. ↑ It is also commonly known as the AV Famicom (AV仕様ファミコン, Eibui Shiyō Famikon). [33]
  6. ↑ Japanese: ファミコンアダプター, Hepburn: Famikon Adaputā
  7. ↑ Japanese: スーパーファミコン, Hepburn: Sūpā Famikon
  8. ↑ Japanese: マイコンピュータテレビ, Hepburn: Mai Konpyūta Terebi
  9. ↑ Japanese: ツインファミコン, Hepburn: Tsuin Famikon
  10. ↑ Japanese: ファミコンタイトラー, Hepburn: Famikon Taitorā
  11. ↑ Japanese: 編集ファミコン, Hepburn: Henshū Famicom
  12. ↑ Japanese: 任天堂VS.システム, Hepburn: Nintendō Buiesu Shisutemu

Related Research Articles

<i>Duck Hunt</i> 1984 video game

Duck Hunt is a 1984 light gun shooter video game developed and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES). The game was first released in April 1984 in Japan for the Family Computer (Famicom) console and in North America as an arcade game for the Nintendo VS. System. It became a launch game for the NES in North America in October 1985, and was re-released in Europe two years later.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nintendo</span> Japanese video game company

Nintendo Co., Ltd. is a Japanese multinational video game company headquartered in Kyoto. It develops, publishes and releases both video games and video game consoles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Super Nintendo Entertainment System</span> Home video game console

The Super Nintendo Entertainment System, commonly shortened to Super Nintendo, Super NES or SNES, is a 16-bit home video game console developed by Nintendo that was released in 1990 in Japan and South Korea, 1991 in North America, 1992 in Europe and Oceania and 1993 in South America. In Japan, it is called the Super Famicom (SFC). In South Korea, it is called the Super Comboy and was distributed by Hyundai Electronics. The system was released in Brazil on August 30, 1993, by Playtronic. In Russia and CIS, the system was distributed by Steepler from 1994 until 1996. Although each version is essentially the same, several forms of regional lockout prevent cartridges for one version from being used in other versions.

<i>Mario Bros.</i> 1983 video game

Mario Bros. is a 1983 platform game developed and published by Nintendo for arcades. It was designed by Shigeru Miyamoto and Gunpei Yokoi, Nintendo's chief engineer. Italian twin brother plumbers Mario and Luigi exterminate creatures, like turtles (Shellcreepers) and crabs emerging from the sewers by knocking them upside-down and kicking them away. The Famicom/Nintendo Entertainment System version is the first game to be developed by Intelligent Systems. It is part of the Mario franchise, but originally began as a spin-off from the Donkey Kong series.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Famicom Disk System</span> Video game console peripheral

The Family Computer Disk System, commonly shortened to the Famicom Disk System, or just Disk System, is a peripheral for Nintendo's Family Computer home video game console, released only in Japan on February 21, 1986. It uses proprietary floppy disks called "Disk Cards" for cheaper data storage and it adds a new high-fidelity sound channel for supporting Disk System games.

<i>The Legend of Zelda</i> (video game) 1986 video game

The Legend of Zelda, originally released in Japan as The Hyrule Fantasy: Zelda no Densetsu, is an action-adventure game developed and published by Nintendo. The first game of The Legend of Zelda series, it is set in the fantasy land of Hyrule and centers on an elf-like boy named Link, who aims to collect the eight fragments of the Triforce of Wisdom in order to rescue Princess Zelda from Ganon. The player controls Link from a top-down perspective and navigates throughout the overworld and dungeons, collecting weapons, defeating enemies and uncovering secrets along the way.

In the history of video games, the third generation of video game consoles, commonly referred to as the 8-bit era, began on July 15, 1983, with the Japanese release of two systems: Nintendo's Family Computer and Sega's SG-1000. When the Famicom was released outside of Japan, it was remodeled and marketed as the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES). This generation marked the end of the video game crash of 1983, and a shift in the dominance of home video game manufacturers from the United States to Japan. Handheld consoles were not a major part of this generation; the Game & Watch line from Nintendo and the Milton Bradley Microvision that were sold at the time are both considered part of the previous generation due to hardware typical of the second generation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Masayuki Uemura</span> Japanese engineer, video game producer, and professor (1943–2021)

Masayuki Uemura was a Japanese engineer, video game producer, and professor. He was known for his work as an employee of Nintendo from 1971 to 2004, most notably for serving as a key factor in the development of the Nintendo Entertainment System.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nintendo VS. System</span> Arcade cabinet series

The Nintendo VS. System is an arcade system that was developed and produced by Nintendo. It is based on most of the same hardware as the Family Computer (Famicom), later released as the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES). As Nintendo was planning to release the NES in North America, they were aware of the video game crash of 1983 and its effects on the home console market. By March 1984 the arcade industry recovered enough for a plan to introduce NES titles there, with the VS. System later being a presentation to players who did not yet own the console. It became the first version of the Famicom hardware to debut in North America.

<i>Donkey Kong</i> (1981 video game) 1981 video game

Donkey Kong is a 1981 arcade video game developed and published by Nintendo. As Mario, the player runs and jumps on platforms and climbs ladders to ascend a construction site and rescue Pauline from a giant gorilla, Donkey Kong. It is the first game in the Donkey Kong series and Mario's first appearance in a video game.

1986 saw many sequels and prequels in video games, such as Super Mario Bros. 2, along with new titles such as Arkanoid, Bubble Bobble, Castlevania, Dragon Quest, Ikari Warriors, The Legend of Zelda, Metroid, Out Run and R.B.I. Baseball. The year's highest-grossing arcade video games were Hang-On in Japan, Hang-On and Gauntlet in the United States, and Nemesis (Gradius) in London. The year's best‑selling home system was the Nintendo Entertainment System (Famicom) for the third year in a row, while the year's best-selling home video games in Western markets were Super Mario Bros. in the United States and Yie Ar Kung-Fu in the United Kingdom.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of the Nintendo Entertainment System</span>

The history of the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) spans the 1982 development of the Family Computer, to the 1985 launch of the NES, to Nintendo's rise to global dominance based upon this platform throughout the late 1980s. The Family Computer or Famicom was developed in 1982 and launched in 1983 in Japan. Following the North American video game crash of 1983, the Famicom was adapted into the NES which was launched in North America in 1985. Transitioning the company from its arcade game history into this combined global 8-bit home video game console platform, the Famicom and NES continued to aggressively compete with next-generation 16-bit consoles, including the Sega Genesis. The platform was succeeded by the Super Famicom in 1990 and the Super Nintendo Entertainment System in 1991, but its support and production continued until 1995. Interest in the NES has been renewed by collectors and emulators, including Nintendo's own Virtual Console platform.

<i>Famicom Wars</i> 1988 video game

Famicom Wars is a turn-based strategy video game developed by Nintendo and Intelligent Systems and published by Nintendo for the Family Computer. It was released on August 12, 1988, in Japan. It was later re-released on Virtual Console. It is the first game in the Wars series.

<i>Golf</i> (1984 video game) 1984 video game

Golf is a golf video game developed by Nintendo and HAL Laboratory and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo Entertainment System. It was originally released for the Famicom in Japan in 1984, with a port to the Nintendo VS. System as VS. Golf or Stroke and Match Golf, released in arcades internationally, followed by another arcade version called VS. Ladies Golf. The original was re-released for the NES in North America in 1985, and for the Famicom Disk System in 1986 in Japan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nintendo video game consoles</span>

The Japanese multinational consumer electronics company Nintendo has developed seven home video game consoles and multiple portable consoles for use with external media, as well as dedicated consoles and other hardware for their consoles. As of September 30, 2021, in addition to Nintendo Switch, Nintendo has sold over 863.07 million hardware units.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Family Computer Network System</span> Peripheral for the Family Computer

The Family Computer Network System, also known as the Famicom Net System and Famicom Modem, is a peripheral for Nintendo's Family Computer video game console, and was released in September 1988 only in Japan. Predating the modern Internet, its proprietary dial-up information service accessed live stock trades, video game cheats, jokes, weather forecasts, betting on horse racing, and a small amount of downloadable content. The device uses a ROM card storage format, reminiscent to the HuCard for the TurboGrafx-16 and the Sega Card for the Master System.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nintendo Entertainment System</span> Home video game console

The Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) is an 8-bit home video game console produced by Nintendo. It was first released in Japan on July 15, 1983, as the Family Computer (Famicom). It was released in US test markets as the redesigned NES in October 1985, and fully launched in the US the following year. The NES was distributed in Europe, Australia, and parts of Asia throughout the 1980s under various names. As a third-generation console, it mainly competed with Sega's Master System.

<i>NES Remix</i> Video game series

NES Remix is a compilation video game series developed and published by Nintendo for the Wii U. The first and eponymous game was simultaneously announced and released on December 18, 2013, on the Nintendo eShop following a Nintendo Direct presentation. A second game, NES Remix 2, was released on April 25, 2014. A retail edition consisting of both games, titled NES Remix Pack, was released on April 24, 2014, in Japan and December 5 in North America. Another title, Ultimate NES Remix for Nintendo 3DS, was released on November 7–8, 2014 in Europe and Australia, December 5 in North America and August 27, 2015, in Japan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">TV Tennis Electrotennis</span> First Japanese video game console

The TV Tennis Electrotennis is a dedicated first-generation home video game console that was released by Epoch Co. on September 12, 1975 for 19,000 Japanese yen only in Japan. It was the first video game console released in Japan.

References

  1. ↑ Uemura, Masayuki; Imanishi, Hiroshi. "Bringing Video Games Home". Iwata Asks (Interview). Super Mario 25th Anniversary. Vol. 2, no. 1. Interviewed by Satoru Iwata. Nintendo. Archived from the original on July 13, 2022. Retrieved September 2, 2021.
  2. 1 2 Uemura, Masayuki (July 7, 2020). "The Designer Of The NES Dishes The Dirt On Nintendo's Early Days". Kotaku (Interview). Interviewed by Matt Alt. G/O Media. Archived from the original on September 6, 2021. Retrieved September 12, 2021.
  3. 1 2 Ashcraft, Brian (May 1, 2013). "Report: Nintendo Didn't Make the Famicom Red Because It Was Cheap". Kotaku. G/O Media. Archived from the original on September 14, 2021. Retrieved September 12, 2021.
  4. ↑ Altice 2015 , pp. 11–51, Chapter 1: Family Computer
  5. ↑ Cunningham, Andrew (July 15, 2013). "The NES turns 30: How it began, worked, and saved an industry". Ars Technica . Condé Nast. Archived from the original on December 2, 2017. Retrieved September 1, 2021.
  6. ↑ Turner, Benjamin; Nutt, Christian (July 15, 2003). "Coming to America". Nintendo Famicom: 20 Years of Fun!. GameSpy. p. 11. Archived from the original on July 1, 2004. Retrieved September 26, 2021.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Horowitz 2020 , pp. 115–142, Chapter 8: Nintendo "VS." the World
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 Cifaldi, Frank (2011). "Nintendo Executives Look Back on the Launch of the NES". 1Up.com . Archived from the original on July 27, 2011. Retrieved September 27, 2021– via IGN.
  9. ↑ McFerran, Damien (August 25, 2021). "The Designer Of The NES And SNES Has Retired From Nintendo After Almost 40 Years". Nintendo Life. Archived from the original on August 9, 2022. Retrieved September 27, 2021.
  10. ↑ McFerran, Damien (November 28, 2019). "This 1985 Promotional Flyer Reminds Us That The NES Almost Looked Very Different". Nintendo Life. Archived from the original on September 27, 2021. Retrieved September 27, 2021.
  11. ↑ Stecklow, Steve (January 9, 1985). "TVs and CDs are among the highlights of high-tech attractions". The Philadelphia Inquirer . p. 5-D. Archived from the original on November 15, 2021. Retrieved November 1, 2021– via Newspapers.com.
  12. 1 2 Altice 2015 , pp. 81–115, Chapter 3: Entertainment System
  13. ↑ "Games Are Big at Nintendo". Computer Entertainer . July 1985. p. 9 – via the Video Game History Foundation.
  14. ↑ USD 299726S,Yukawa, Masayuki,"Video game control unit",issued February 7, 1989
  15. ↑ Packwood, Lewis (February 28, 2020). "NES Creator Reveals The "Shocking" Story Behind That Infamous Flap". Nintendo Life. Archived from the original on November 15, 2021. Retrieved November 15, 2021.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Sheff 1999 , pp. 390–421, Chapter 16: Borders
  17. 1 2 Altice 2015 , pp. 197–248, Chapter 6: Expansions
  18. 1 2 Biggs, Tim (July 11, 2017). "Nintendo's NES launched 30 years ago this month in Australia, or did it?". The Sydney Morning Herald . Archived from the original on March 18, 2018. Retrieved August 5, 2022.
  19. ↑ "History". Nintendo Australia. Archived from the original on October 17, 2021. Retrieved August 5, 2022.
  20. 1 2 Mortal (April 23, 2014). "Standard d'images, télévision et jeux vidéo (partie 3)". NintendojoFR (in French). Archived from the original on May 15, 2014. Retrieved July 12, 2022.
  21. ↑ Sketcz (December 11, 2009). "French NES – with RGB output". Hardcore Gaming 101. Archived from the original on December 14, 2009. Retrieved July 12, 2022.
  22. ↑ "Korea's NES, N64 and Super Comboy". Siliconera . February 9, 2008. Archived from the original on February 16, 2008. Retrieved August 6, 2022.
  23. ↑ Derboo, Sam (June 6, 2010). "Hyundai Electronics". Hardcore Gaming 101. A History of Korean Gaming. Archived from the original on June 16, 2010. Retrieved August 6, 2022.
  24. ↑ Reiner, Andrew (July 2017). "25 Fun Facts About Video Games You Likely Didn't Know". Game Informer . No. 291. Sunrise Publications. p. 14. ISSN   1067-6392.
  25. ↑ Alwani, Rishi (March 20, 2015). "Tracing the Origins of Gaming in India: 8-Bit Cricket, Sega, and Cloning". Gadgets360.com. NDTV. Retrieved November 12, 2022.
  26. ↑ "Tracing the Origins of Gaming in India: 8-Bit Cricket, Sega, and Cloning". NDTV Gadgets 360. 26 December 2014.
  27. 1 2 Vann, Sonya C. (November 26, 1993). "The latest in games units". Chicago Tribune . p. 7-75. ProQuest   283671772. Archived from the original on May 31, 2022. Retrieved September 11, 2021.
  28. ↑ McFerran, Damien (July 27, 2012). "Nintendo's History of Hardware Revisions". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on May 23, 2022. Retrieved January 5, 2024.
  29. ↑ Ryan, Zachary (July 6, 2021). "The Switch OLED May Not be the Switch Pro, But It's a Very Nintendo Move". IGN . Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on September 14, 2021. Retrieved September 11, 2021.
  30. ↑ "NES Game Pak Troubleshooting". Nintendo Customer Service. Nintendo of America, Inc. Archived from the original on September 14, 2021. Retrieved September 11, 2021.
  31. ↑ "NES Video Problems". Nintendo Customer Service. Nintendo of America, Inc. Archived from the original on September 14, 2021. Retrieved September 11, 2021.
  32. ↑ "修理の受付が終了した商品 サポート情報" [List of Products That Are No Longer Accepted for Repairs]. Nintendo Support (in Japanese). Nintendo Co., Ltd. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017. Retrieved September 11, 2021.
  33. ↑ Funazu, Minoru (March 10, 2005). "ユージン、ファミコンなどを1/6のリアルなフィギュアで再現。「SR 任天堂ヒストリーコレクション ファミコン編 NAMCO SPECIAL」". GAME Watch (in Japanese). Impress Corporation. Archived from the original on September 14, 2021. Retrieved September 11, 2021.
  34. ↑ McClain, K. J. (July 5, 2018). "How Sharp Accidentally Copyright Trolled Nintendo Almost 40 Years Ago". Nintendo Life . Archived from the original on July 28, 2021. Retrieved September 11, 2021.
  35. ↑ Klockow, James (October 12, 1993). "Nintendo repackages popular NES unit in time for Christmas". The News Tribune . Associated Press. p. B11. Archived from the original on July 31, 2022. Retrieved August 9, 2022– via Newspapers.com.
  36. 1 2 "The New NES". Nintendo Power . No. 53. Nintendo of America. October 1993 – via the Internet Archive.
  37. ↑ "International News". Electronic Gaming Monthly . Vol. 6, no. 12 #53. Sendai Publishing. December 1993. p. 96.
  38. ↑ "新型ファミコンの登場と同時に発売！ 満を持して登場のNEWホリコマンダー". Famitsu (in Japanese). No. 259. ASCII Corporation. December 3, 1993. p. 10.
  39. ↑ "ニューファミコンの製造・販売が終了……". SoftBank Games (in Japanese). SoftBank Publishing. June 2, 2003. Archived from the original on July 14, 2022. Retrieved July 14, 2022.
  40. ↑ "Desaparecidas Al Cambiar De Continente". HobbyConsolas (in Spanish). No. 288. Axel Springer SE. June 26, 2015. p. 124. Archived from the original on August 9, 2022. Retrieved August 9, 2022– via PressReader.
  41. ↑ McFerran, Damien (July 27, 2012). "Nintendo's History of Hardware Revisions". Eurogamer . Archived from the original on May 23, 2022. Retrieved May 23, 2022.
  42. ↑ Lane, Gavin (July 12, 2021). "Nintendo Hardware Refreshes Through The Ages". Nintendo Life. Archived from the original on May 31, 2022. Retrieved May 23, 2022.
  43. ↑ "Our favorite 'forgotten tech'—from BeOS to Zip Drives". Ars Technica. Condé Nast. August 23, 2012. p. 2. Archived from the original on September 14, 2021. Retrieved September 11, 2021.
  44. 1 2 3 McFerran, Damien (February 18, 2013). "Hardware Classics: Nintendo AV Famicom". Nintendo Life . Archived from the original on July 12, 2021. Retrieved September 23, 2021.
  45. 1 2 Kohler, Chris (October 2005). Retro Gaming Hacks: Tips & Tools for Playing the Classics. Cambridge, Massachusetts: O'Reilly Media. ISBN   9780596009175. Archived from the original on May 31, 2022. Retrieved September 23, 2021.
  46. 1 2 3 "つしに登場つ!! スーパーファミコン". Famicom Tsūshin (in Japanese). No. 67. ASCII Corporation. December 23, 1988. p. 90.
  47. ↑ "スーパーファミコンについて". chriscovell.com (Press release) (in Japanese). Nintendo. November 22, 1988. Archived from the original on August 9, 2022. Retrieved July 31, 2022.
  48. ↑ Reynolds, Ollie (July 18, 2022). "Random: Have You Seen This Cute, Unreleased Precursor To The Top Loader NES?". Nintendo Life. Archived from the original on July 18, 2022. Retrieved August 1, 2022.
  49. ↑ Elston, Brett (June 19, 2008). "Consoles of the '90s". GamesRadar+ . Future US. Archived from the original on September 14, 2021. Retrieved September 11, 2021.
  50. ↑ Leack, Jonathan (April 28, 2017). "Only 2.3 Million NES Classic Editions Were Made, And They're All Gone". GameRevolution . Evolve Media. Archived from the original on September 25, 2019. Retrieved September 21, 2021.
  51. ↑ "ニューファミコンとスーパーファミコンジュニアの製造が9月で終了" [New Famicom and Super Famicom Jr. Production to end in September]. Famitsu (in Japanese). Enterbrain. May 30, 2003. Archived from the original on January 13, 2005. Retrieved September 11, 2021.
  52. ↑ "Famicom's grand finale ranks console's top 30 games". GameSpot . CNET Networks. November 25, 2003. Archived from the original on January 13, 2004. Retrieved July 14, 2022.
  53. ↑ Tochen, Dan (December 2, 2003) [Date mislabeled as February 26, 2004]. "Spot On: Famicom makes history in Japan". GameSpot. CNET Networks. Archived from the original on December 9, 2003. Retrieved July 14, 2022.
  54. 1 2 Sharp Corporation [@SHARP_JP] (October 25, 2013). "ファミコン内蔵テレビ 19C-C1Fは1983年10月25日に発売（14型は一足はやく10/4発売）当初は「８ビットマイコン内蔵 マイコンピュータテレビ」という名でデビュー。今年でちょうど、30周年です。" (Tweet) (in Japanese). Archived from the original on September 18, 2022. Retrieved September 18, 2022– via Twitter.
  55. ↑ 65K2.MaxxKao (November 5, 2019). "遊戲時光部屋／任天堂鐵粉收藏排名第一的神級逸品「SAMPO C1 紅白機電視」". NOWnews Today News (in Chinese). Archived from the original on August 8, 2022. Retrieved August 8, 2022.
  56. ↑ Meigs, James B. (October 1987). "Home Video". Popular Mechanics . Vol. 164, no. 10. Hearst Corporation. pp. 28–30. ISSN   0032-4558. Archived from the original on 2022-05-31. Retrieved 2022-03-21– via Google Books.
  57. 1 2 3 4 5 Plunkett, Luke (1 April 2011). "This Nintendo Was Inside A Television Set". Kotaku . Archived from the original on 2 November 2016. Retrieved 15 April 2012.
  58. ↑ Sharp Service Manual - Game Television Model 19SV111. Mahwah, New Jersey: Sharp Electronics . Retrieved September 6, 2021– via the Internet Archive.
  59. ↑ Gutman, Dan (June 17, 1989). "Show gives gadget-lover glimpse of future". Miami Herald . p. 16B. Archived from the original on March 21, 2022. Retrieved September 7, 2021– via Newspapers.com.
  60. ↑ Edwards, Benj (June 23, 2018). "7 Classic Game Consoles Built Into TV Sets". PCMag . Archived from the original on July 14, 2022. Retrieved July 14, 2022.
  61. ↑ "Electronics Spectacular - Kmart" (Advertisement). Chicago Tribune . April 15, 1990. p. 437. Archived from the original on July 14, 2022. Retrieved September 7, 2021– via Newspapers.com.
  62. ↑ "NEWSCLUB Premium Goods プレミアム グッズ - プレミア付、ってだけで興味あるでしょ? : 金では売れん自慢の一品". Famicom Tsūshin (in Japanese). No. 347. ASCII. August 11, 1995. p. 179. Retrieved September 6, 2021– via the Internet Archive.
  63. 1 2 Barnholt, Ray (April 7, 2010). "The Island of Lost Hardware: TVs With an NES Inside". Retronauts . IGN Entertainment. Archived from the original on October 19, 2012. Retrieved September 6, 2021.
  64. ↑ "Retro Diary". Retro Gamer . No. 91. Imagine Publishing. June 2011. p. 15.
  65. ↑ ウワーマン (July 1, 2021). "ツインファミコンが発売35周年。シャープから発売されたファミコンとディスクシステムが一体化したゲームキッズ羨望の豪華マシン【今日は何の日？】". Famitsu (in Japanese). Kadokawa Game Linkage. Archived from the original on August 30, 2021. Retrieved August 30, 2021.
  66. 1 2 "Dodgy disks" (PDF). Retro Gamer . Vol. 2, no. 1. Live Publishing. February 2005. pp. 23–24. Retrieved June 8, 2021.
  67. 1 2 3 "Retroinspection: Famicom Disk System" (PDF). Retro Gamer . No. 75. Imagine Publishing. April 2010. p. 64. Retrieved June 8, 2021.
  68. ↑ McFerran, Damien (November 20, 2010). "Slipped Disk - The History of the Famicom Disk System". Nintendo Life. Archived from the original on May 17, 2022. Retrieved May 22, 2022.
  69. 1 2 3 森英雄 (August 25, 2016). "カセット＋ディスク、高嶺の花、憧れの的 - シャープ「ツインファミコン」". Mynavi News (in Japanese). Archived from the original on August 30, 2021. Retrieved August 30, 2021.
  70. 1 2 3 Bivens, Danny; Kaluszka, Aaron (October 26, 2011). "Nintendo's Expansion Ports". Nintendo World Report. Archived from the original on June 10, 2021. Retrieved June 10, 2021.
  71. 1 2 3 4 Plunkett, Luke (August 25, 2016) [October 28, 2015]. "The Nintendo Console From The 80s Made For Recording Gameplay Footage". Kotaku . G/O Media. Archived from the original on September 8, 2021. Retrieved August 31, 2021.
  72. 1 2 3 4 5 "Famicom Titler". Retro Gamer . No. 198. Future Publishing. September 5, 2019. p. 70. ISSN   1742-3155. Archived from the original on August 9, 2022. Retrieved August 31, 2021– via PressReader.
  73. ↑ Goulter, Tom (December 3, 2012). "The History of Console Redesigns: NES". GamesRadar . p. 2. Archived from the original on September 5, 2021. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  74. 1 2 3 Parish, Jeremy (December 11, 2018) [October 2015]. "NES Creator Masayuki Uemura on the Birth of Nintendo's First Console". USgamer . Archived from the original on July 29, 2022. Retrieved May 25, 2022.
  75. ↑ "Nintendo VS System: Geschichtsstunde". Retro Gamer (in German). No. Special. Heise Medien. January 2018. p. 97. ISBN   9783957882004. Archived from the original on May 29, 2022. Retrieved May 29, 2022– via Google Books.
  76. ↑ Glucose, Robert (September 19, 2017). "Le VS. System de Nintendo". NintendojoFR (in French). Archived from the original on January 23, 2021. Retrieved May 28, 2022.
  77. 1 2 3 "Nintendo's 'PlayChoice-10'". Cashbox . August 30, 1986. p. 41 – via the Internet Archive.
  78. 1 2 3 Horowitz 2020 , pp. 164–176, Chapter 12: Keeping the Quarters Flowing
  79. 1 2 Hatfield, Daemon; Amini, Tina; Claiborn, Sam; Davis, Justin (May 20, 2022). "The Best Games Coming to All-New PlayStation Plus". Game Scoop! (Podcast). No. 676. IGN. Event occurs at 37:58. Archived from the original on May 21, 2022. Retrieved May 22, 2022.
  80. ↑ "PlayChoice 10 - Videogame by Nintendo". Killer List of Videogames . International Arcade Museum. Archived from the original on May 23, 2022. Retrieved May 23, 2022.
  81. ↑ "Nintendo Stops Games Manufacturing; But Will Continue Supplying Software". Cashbox. September 12, 1992. p. 29 – via the Internet Archive.
  82. ↑ "World Class Service Now Available". Nintendo Power. No. 12. Redmond, Washington: Nintendo of America. May–June 1990. p. 85. Retrieved August 23, 2022– via the Internet Archive.
  83. 1 2 Pennes, Bruno (Spring 2016). "La Super Nintendo comme vous ne l'avez jamais vue". JV - Culture jeu vidéo (in French). No. 2H. Wildfire Media. p. 30. ISSN   2273-2365.

Bibliography

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.