Tapejara (from a Tupi word meaning "the lord of the path"[1]) is a genus of Brazilianpterosaur from the Cretaceous Period (Santana Group, dating to about 127 to 112 million years ago). Tapejara crests consisted of a semicircular crest over the snout, and a bony prong which extended back behind the head. It was a small pterosaur, with a wingspan of approximately 1.23–1.3 metres (4.0–4.3ft).[2]
Map of the Araripe Basin. The Santana Group, from which Tapejara is known, is displayed in dark blue.
The holotype of Tapejara (MN 6595-V, originally catalogued as CD-R 080) consists of a partial skull. It was described in 1989 by Alexander W. A. Kellner, who recognised it as a new genus and species. Kellner named it Tapejara wellnhoferi, ostensibly translating to "Wellnhofer's old being".[3] However, the name actually derives from the Tupí-Guaranítape ("path") and jara ("lord"), and therefore, T. wellnhoferi actually translates to "Wellnhofer's lord of the path".[1] Another, more complete specimen, AMNH 24440, was discovered in the same year as Kellner's original description, in a calcareousconcretion. The providence of this specimen is unclear, though it likely comes from either the Jardim or Santana do Cariri localities. AMNH 24440 consists of a partial skull, a partial mandible (lower jaw), and an anterior (front) cervical (neck) vertebra.[4] In 2011, another, SMNK PAL 1137, was described, also found in a concretion. This specimen consists of a fairly complete premaxillo-maxilla, a unit consisting of the fused premaxillae and maxillae, and much of the braincase. The locality from which it originates is uncertain, though given that the concretion was originally blue, it likely comes from the Sierra de Maosina locality, part of the Romualdo Formation of the Santana Group.[2]
The type species and only one currently recognized as valid by most researchers, is T. wellnhoferi. The specific name honors German paleontologist Peter Wellnhofer. Two larger species, originally named Tapejara imperator and Tapejara navigans, were later also placed in the genus Tapejara upon discovery. However, several studies have shown that T. imperator and T. navigans are significantly different from T. wellnhoferi and therefore were reclassified into new genera. The species T. imperator was given its own genus, Tupandactylus, by Alexander Kellner and Diogenes de Almeida Campos.[5] Unwin and Martill found that T. imperator and T. navigans belong in the same genus, and named them Ingridia imperator and I. navigans, respectively. This genus name honored Wellnhofer's late wife Ingrid.[6]
Because Tupandactylus was named first, it retained priority over the name Ingridia. To complicate matters, both the name Tupandactylus and Ingridia used the former Tapejara imperator as their type species.[7] The scientists who described Tupandactylus did not name a Tupandactylus navigans (but instead suggested it was synonymous to Tupandactylus imperator), and Tapejara navigans was not formally reclassified as a distinct species of Tupandactylus until 2011.[8]
Cast
The cladogram below follows a phylogenetic analysis by Kellner, the describer of Tapejara, and colleagues in 2019. They recovered Tapejara within the Tapejarini (a tribe within the family Tapejaridae), sister taxon to three other genera: Europejara, Caiuajara, and Tupandactylus.[9]
Comparisons between the scleral rings of Tapejara and modern birds and reptiles suggest that it may have been cathemeral, active throughout the day at short intervals.[10]
↑ Kellner, A.W.A.; Campos, D.A. (2007). "Short note on the ingroup relationships of the Tapejaridae (Pterosauria, Pterodactyloidea". Boletim do Museu Nacional. 75: 1–14.
↑ Unwin, D. M. and Martill, D. M. (2007). "Pterosaurs of the Crato Formation." In Martill, D. M., Bechly, G. and Loveridge, R. F. (eds), The Crato Fossil Beds of Brazil: Window into an Ancient World. Cambridge University Press (Cambridge), pp. 475–524.
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