Ferrodraco

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Ferrodraco
Temporal range: Cenomanian-Turonian, 96–90  Ma
Ferrodraco.png
Reconstruction of Ferrodraco lentoni showing known material on a diagram based on Tropeognathus , scale bar = 50mm
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Order: Pterosauria
Suborder: Pterodactyloidea
Family: Anhangueridae
Tribe: Mythungini
Genus: Ferrodraco
Pentland et al., 2019
Type species
Ferrodraco lentoni
Pentland et al., 2019

Ferrodraco ("Iron Dragon" after the ironstone the fossil was found in) is an extinct genus of anhanguerid pterosaur known from the Late Cretaceous Winton Formation of Queensland, Australia, [1] containing the single species F. lentoni. The species was named after the former mayor of Winton, Graham Thomas ‘Butch’ Lenton. It is the most complete pterosaur fossil from Australia, being known from the holotype specimen AODF 876, consisting primarily of the anterior portion of the skull and dentary, cervical vertebral centra and a partial wing. Its wingspan was estimated to be about 4 meters (13 ft). Ferrodraco was found to have been within the subfamily Ornithocheirinae, as sister taxon to Mythunga . A recent study also recovered Ferrodraco as sister taxon to Mythunga, but both placed within the family Anhangueridae, more specifically within the subfamily Tropeognathinae.

Contents

Discovery and naming

Holotype specimen of Ferrodraco (A) compared to the holotypes of Mythunga (B) and Aussiedraco (C) Holotypes of Ferrodraco, Mythunga and Aussiedraco.jpg
Holotype specimen of Ferrodraco (A) compared to the holotypes of Mythunga (B) and Aussiedraco (C)

The holotype specimen was initially discovered in April 2017 when cattle farmer Robert A. Elliott was spraying herbicide near Belmont Station. It was excavated by a team led by Adele H. Pentland. Nicknamed 'Butch', it was further prepared by volunteer Ali Calvey.

In 2019, the type species Ferrodraco lentoni was named and described by Adele H. Pentland, Stephen Francis Poropat, Travis R. Tischler, Trish Sloan, Robert A. Elliott, Harry A. Elliott, Judy A. Elliott and David A. Elliott. [1] It was subsequently X-ray CT scanned at high-resolution using the Imaging and Medical Beamline at the Australian Synchrotron and osteology described in detail. [2] The generic name is derived from the Latin ferrum, "iron", and draco, "dragon", in reference to the fact that the skeleton was found in ironstone. The specific name honors the late mayor of Winton Shire, Graham Thomas ‘Butch’ Lenton, for his work for the local community and his support for the Australian Age of Dinosaurs. He died in 2017.

The holotype, AODF 876, was found in a layer of the Winton Formation dating from the Cenomanian - lower Turonian, about ninety-six million years old. It consists of a partial skeleton with skull and lower jaws. It contains the front part of the head with the premaxillae, the maxillae and the dentaries; the left frontal bone, the rear part of the left lower jaw; forty single teeth; five neck vertebrae; the right shoulder joint; the left ulna; the left radius; the proximal and distal left wrist bones; two fourth metacarpals; phalanges from the first to third fingers of the left hand; and the first phalanx of the fourth finger. It represents a fully-grown but not yet mature animal. The skeleton has largely been preserved three-dimensionally due to the ironstone, but some bones however, have been crushed. It was probably fossilized in articulation but got some time prior to the discovery dispersed by erosion and cattle. Ferrodraco is the only pterosaur fossil known from the Winton Formation, and is the most complete pterosaur ever found in Australia, a continent where such finds are rare. [1]

Description

Life restoration Ferrodraco restoration.jpg
Life restoration

Size and distinguishing traits

Ferrodraco had a wingspan of 4 meters (13 ft) and weighed 10 kg (22 lb). [1] [3]

The describing authors indicated two autapomorphies (distinguishing traits) that Ferrodraco had. The first tooth pair in both the premaxillae of the snout and in the front lower jaws is smaller than the other front teeth. The fourth to seventh tooth pairs are smaller than the third and eighth pair. [1]

Additionally, a unique combination is present of traits that in themselves are not unique. The front edge of the premaxilla is flattened and triangular. The first tooth pair in the premaxillae is directed vertically and is slightly set-off to above from the jawline. The front parts of the upper and lower jaws are not expanded sideways. The rear teeth are directed vertically, gradually declining in size. The tooth sockets are swollen relative to the outer wall of the jaw bones. The snout bears a premaxillary crest, the front edge of which continues the line of the snout tip, steeply rising under an angle of 60 degrees, and ending in a rounded crest top. [1]

Skeleton

Skull and mandible of Ferrodraco in different angles (left), and schematic diagram (right) Ferrodraco.jpg
Skull and mandible of Ferrodraco in different angles (left), and schematic diagram (right)

The length of the skull has been estimated to be about 60 centimeters (2.0 ft). The snout bears a relatively high crest, and it probably had a triangular profile in side view; the rear edge has not been preserved. The crest is very thin transversely however, only up to 4 millimeters (0.16 in) thick. It is hollow inside, the smooth bone walls being connected by small struts. The crest has a base length of 131 millimeters (5.2 in) and a height of 128 millimeters (5.0 in). The symphysis of the lower jaws, their front fused area, probably extended to below in a second crest. [1]

There is an estimated total of twelve teeth in the upper jaw and thirteen teeth in the lower jaw for a total of fifty in the head as a whole. The teeth are formed as conical spikes with an oval cross-section, transversely flattened. The swollen tooth sockets cause an undulating profile of the jawlines in top view. [1]

Classification

Palate of Ferrodraco (A) compared to the palates of Tropeognathus (B) and Siroccopteryx (C), all of them are in occlusal view Tropeognathine palates.png
Palate of Ferrodraco (A) compared to the palates of Tropeognathus (B) and Siroccopteryx (C), all of them are in occlusal view

Ferrodraco was the youngest known member of the clade Anhangueria, and proves that the clade did not become extinct during the Late Cretaceous. [1] In 2010 however, an ornithocheirid jaw fragment that includes two teeth (specimen WAM 68.5.11) had been reported from Australia, the same place where Ferrodraco was found, and this specimen was unearthed in the Molecap Greensand, layers that possibly have an even younger age than Ferrodraco. [4]

The 2019 study of Ferrodraco made by Pentland et al. contained the results of two phylogenetic analyses, trying to determine the position of Ferrodraco in the evolutionary tree. The first analysis found Ferrodraco within the clade Ornithocheirae, more precisely within the subfamily Ornithocheirinae as the sister species of Mythunga , another Australian pterosaur from somewhat older layers. The second analysis placed Ferrodraco as a basal member of the Anhangueria, and sister taxon to the polytomy that comprises Anhanguera , Coloborhynchus and Ornithocheirus . [1] A more recent study made in 2020 by Borja Holgado and Rodrigo Pêgas placed Ferrodraco within the family Anhangueridae, more specifically within the subfamily Tropeognathinae, although still the sister taxon to Mythunga. [5] In 2022, Pentland et al. published a detailed description of Ferrodraco (particularly the post-cranial skeleton) and a renewed phylogenetic appraisal that unequivocally demonstrated that it belongs in the family Anhangueridae as proposed by Holgado and Pêgas. This study suggested that the precise position of Ferrodraco and Mythunga within Anhangueridae still remains uncertain, and that the diversity of Australian pterosaur fauna has been greatly underestimated. [2] In 2023, Richards et al. published a revised diagnosis of Thapunngaka where they also erected the clade Mythungini. The clade comprises all Australian tropeognathines, including Ferrodraco. [6]

See also

Related Research Articles

<i>Caulkicephalus</i> Genus of anhanguerid pterosaur from the Early Cretaceous

Caulkicephalus is a genus of anhanguerid pterosaur from the Isle of Wight off the coast of England. It lived during the Early Cretaceous period, about 130 million years ago.

<i>Cearadactylus</i> Genus of anhanguerid pterosaur from the Early Cretaceous

Cearadactylus is a genus of large anhanguerid pterodactyloid pterosaur from the Romualdo Formation of Brazil, South America. Fossil remains of Cearadactylus dated back to the Albian stage of the Early Cretaceous period, about 112 million years ago. The only known species is C. atrox, described and named in 1985 by Giuseppe Leonardi and Guido Borgomanero. The name refers to the Brazilian state Ceará, and combines this with Greek daktylos, "finger", a reference to the wing finger of pterosaurs. The Latin atrox means "frightful", a reference to the fearsome dentition of the species.

<i>Tropeognathus</i> Genus of anhanguerid pterosaur from the Early Cretaceous

Tropeognathus is a genus of large pterosaurs from the late Early Cretaceous of South America. This genus is considered to be a member of the family Anhangueridae, however, several studies have also recovered it within another family called Ornithocheiridae. Both of these families are diverse groups of pterosaurs known for their keel-tipped snouts and large size. Tropeognathus is regarded as the largest pterosaur found in the Southern Hemisphere, only rivaled by the huge azhdarchids. The type and only species is Tropeognathus mesembrinus. Fossil remains of Tropeognathus have been recovered from the Romualdo Formation, which is a Lagerstätte located in the Santana Group of the Araripe Basin in northeastern Brazil.

<i>Coloborhynchus</i> Genus of anhanguerid pterosaur from the Cretaceous period

Coloborhynchus is a genus of pterodactyloid pterosaur belonging to the family Anhangueridae, though it has also been recovered as a member of the Ornithocheiridae in some studies. Coloborhynchus is known from the Lower Cretaceous of England, and depending on which species are included, possibly the Albian and Cenomanian ages as well. Coloborhynchus was once thought to be the largest known toothed pterosaur, however, a specimen of the closely related Tropeognathus is now thought to have had a larger wingspan.

<i>Ludodactylus</i> Genus of anhanguerid pterosaur from the Early Cretaceous

Ludodactylus is a genus of anhanguerid pterodactyloid pterosaur from the Early Cretaceous period of what is now the Crato Formation of the Araripe Basin in Ceará, Brazil. The type and only species is L. sibbicki. The generic name Ludodactylus refers to the fact that the animal had the combination of teeth and a Pteranodon-like head crest, similar to many toy pterosaurs, and no such creature was known to exist until the discovery of Ludodactylus. However, Ludodactylus is not the only pterosaur known to possess these features, its very close relative Caulkicephalus is another example.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lonchodectidae</span> Family of pteranodontoid pterosaurs

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ornithocheiridae</span> Family of ornithocheiran pterosaurs

Ornithocheiridae is a group of pterosaurs within the suborder Pterodactyloidea. These pterosaurs were among the last to possess teeth. Members that belong to this group lived from the Early to Late Cretaceous periods, around 140 to 90 million years ago.

<i>Mythunga</i> Genus of anhanguerid pterosaur from the Early Cretaceous

Mythunga is a genus of anhanguerid pterosaur from the late Early Cretaceous of Australia. Fossil remains of Mythunga dated back to the Albian stage of the Early Cretaceous, and the animal itself was found to be a close relative of another Australian anhanguerid called Ferrodraco.

<i>Uktenadactylus</i> Genus of anhanguerid pterosaur from the Early Cretaceous

Uktenadactylus is a genus of anhanguerid pterodactyloid pterosaurs from the Lower Cretaceous Paw Paw Formation of Texas, United States and the Wessex Formation on the Isle of Wight, England. Fossil remains of Uktenadactylus dated back to the Early Cretaceous period, from about 125 to 100 million years ago.

<i>Aussiedraco</i> Genus of targaryendraconian pterosaur from the Early Cretaceous

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Boreopteridae</span> Family of pteranodontoid pterosaurs

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<i>Guidraco</i> Genus of anhanguerid pterosaur from the Early Cretaceous period

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<i>Lonchodraco</i> Genus of lonchodraconid pterosaur from the Cretaceous period

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anhangueria</span> Clade of ornithocheiran pterosaurs from the Cretaceous period

Anhangueria is a group of pterosaurs belonging to the clade Pteranodontoidea. Fossil remains of this group date back from the Early to Late Cretaceous periods, around 140 to 92.5 million years ago. Anhangueria was named by paleontologists Taissa Rodrigues and Alexander Kellner in a review of Ornithocheirus species in 2013, they defined the clade as a branch-based taxon consisting of all pteranodontoids more closely related to Anhanguera blittersdorffi than to Istiodactylus latidens and Cimoliopterus cuvieri.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ornithocheiromorpha</span> Clade of pteranodontoid pterosaurs

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropeognathinae</span> Clade of pterosaurs

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<i>Thapunngaka</i> Genus of anhanguerid pterosaur from the Early Cretaceous

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<i>Haliskia</i> Genus of anhanguerian pterosaurs

Haliskia is an extinct genus of anhanguerian pteranodontoid pterosaurs from the Early Cretaceous Toolebuc Formation of Australia. The genus contains a single species, H. peterseni, known from a partial skeleton with skull. Haliskia represents the most complete pterosaur known from Australia.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Pentland, Adele H.; Poropat, Stephen F.; Tischler, Travis R.; Sloan, Trish; Elliott, Robert A.; Elliott, Harry A.; Elliott, Judy A.; Elliott, David A. (December 2019). "Ferrodraco lentoni gen. et sp. nov., a new ornithocheirid pterosaur from the Winton Formation (Cenomanian–lower Turonian) of Queensland, Australia". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 13454. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-49789-4. ISSN   2045-2322. PMC   6776501 . PMID   31582757.
  2. 1 2 Pentland, Adele H.; Poropat, Stephen F.; White, Matt A.; Rigby, Samantha L.; Bevitt, Joseph J.; Duncan, Ruairidh J.; Sloan, Trish; Elliott, Robert A.; Elliott, Harry A.; Elliott, Judy A.; Elliott, David A. (2022-03-30). "The osteology of Ferrodraco lentoni, an anhanguerid pterosaur from the mid-Cretaceous of Australia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 41 (5): e2038182. doi: 10.1080/02724634.2021.2038182 . ISSN   0272-4634.
  3. Paul, Gregory S. (2022). The Princeton Field Guide to Pterosaurs. Princeton University Press. p. 166. doi:10.1515/9780691232218. ISBN   9780691232218. S2CID   249332375.
  4. Kear, B.P., Deacon, G.L. & Siverson, M. 2010. "Remains of a Late Cretaceous pterosaur from the Molecap Greensand of Western Australia". Alcheringa34: 273–279
  5. Holgado, B.; Pêgas, R.V. (2020). "A taxonomic and phylogenetic review of the anhanguerid pterosaur group Coloborhynchinae and the new clade Tropeognathinae". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 65. doi: 10.4202/app.00751.2020 .
  6. Richards, Timothy; Stumkat, Paul; Salisbury, Steven (6 October 2023). "A second specimen of the pterosaur Thapunngaka shawi from the Lower Cretaceous (upper Albian) Toolebuc Formation of North West Queensland, Australia". Cretaceous Research. doi: 10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105740 . Retrieved 7 October 2023.