 | This article has been shortened from a longer article which misused sources . |
The following timeline tables list the discoveries and inventions in the history of electrical and electronic engineering . [1] [2]
| This article has been shortened from a longer article which misused sources . |
The following timeline tables list the discoveries and inventions in the history of electrical and electronic engineering . [1] [2]
| Year | Event |
|---|---|
| 600 BC | Ancient Greek philosopher Thales of Miletus described static electricity by rubbing fur on substances such as amber |
| 1600 | English scientist William Gilbert coined the word electricus after careful experiments. He also explained the magnetism of Earth. |
| 1660 | German scientist Otto von Guericke invented a device that creates static electricity. This is the first ever electric generator. |
| 1705 | English scientist Francis Hauksbee made a glass ball that glowed when spun and rubbed with the hand |
| 1720 | English scientist Stephen Gray made the distinction between insulators and conductors |
| 1745 | German physicist Ewald Georg von Kleist and Dutch scientist Pieter van Musschenbroek invented Leyden jars |
| 1752 | American scientist Benjamin Franklin showed that lightning was electrical by flying a kite and explained how Leyden jars work |
| 1780 | Italian scientist Luigi Galvani discovered Galvanic action in living tissue |
| 1785 | French physicist Charles-Augustin de Coulomb formulated and published Coulomb's law in his paper Premier Mémoire sur l’Électricité et le Magnétisme |
| 1785 | French mathematician Pierre-Simon Laplace developed the Laplace transform to transform a linear differential equation into an algebraic equation. Later, his transform became a tool in circuit analysis. |
| 1800 | Italian physicist Alessandro Volta invented the battery |
| 1804 | Thomas Young: Wave theory of light, Vision and color theory |
| 1808 | Atomic theory by John Dalton |
| 1816 | English inventor Francis Ronalds built the first working electric telegraph |
| 1820 | Danish physicist Hans Christian Ørsted accidentally discovered that an electric field creates a magnetic field |
| 1820 | One week after Ørsted's discovery, French physicist André-Marie Ampère published his law. He also proposed the right-hand screw rule |
| 1821 | German scientist Thomas Johann Seebeck discovered thermoelectricity |
| 1825 | English physicist William Sturgeon developed the first electromagnet |
| 1827 | German physicist Georg Ohm introduced the concept of electrical resistance |
| 1831 | English physicist Michael Faraday published the law of induction (Joseph Henry developed the same law independently) |
| 1831 | American scientist Joseph Henry in the United States developed a prototype DC motor |
| 1832 | French instrument maker Hippolyte Pixii in France developed a prototype DC generator |
| 1833 | Michael Faraday developed the laws of electrolysis |
| 1833 | Michael Faraday invented the thermistor |
| 1833 | English physicist Samuel Hunter Christie invented the Wheatstone bridge (It is named after Charles Wheatstone who popularized it) |
| 1836 | Irish priest (and later scientist) Nicholas Callan invented the transformer in Ireland |
| 1837 | English scientist Edward Davy invented the electric relay |
| 1839 | French scientist Edmond Becquerel discovered the Photovoltaic Effect |
| 1844 | American inventor Samuel Morse developed telegraphy and the Morse code |
| 1844 | Woolrich Generator, the earliest electrical generator used in an industrial process. [3] |
| 1845 | German physicist Gustav Kirchhoff developed the two laws now known as Kirchhoff's Circuit laws |
| 1850 | Belgian engineer Floris Nollet invented (and patented) a practical AC generator |
| 1851 | Heinrich Daniel Ruhmkorff developed the first coil, which he patented in 1851 |
| 1855 | First utilization of AC (in electrotherapy) by French neurologist Guillaume Duchenne |
| 1856 | Belgian engineer Charles Bourseul proposed telephony |
| 1856 | First electrically powered lighthouse in England |
| 1860 | German scientist Johann Philipp Reis invented the Microphone |
| 1862 | Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell published the four equations bearing his name |
| 1866 | The Transatlantic telegraph cable |
| 1873 | Belgian engineer Zenobe Gramme who developed the DC generator accidentally discovered that a DC generator also works as a DC motor during an exhibit in Vienna. |
| 1876 | Paper capacitor manufacturing started |
| 1876 | Russian engineer Pavel Yablochkov invented the electric carbon arc lamp |
| 1876 | Scottish inventor Alexander Graham Bell patented the telephone |
| 1877 | American inventor Thomas Edison invented the phonograph |
| 1877 | German industrialist Werner von Siemens developed a primitive loudspeaker |
| 1878 | First electric street lighting in Paris, France |
| 1878 | First hydroelectric plant in Cragside, England |
| 1878 | William Crookes invents the Crookes tube, a prototype of Vacuum tubes |
| 1878 | English engineer Joseph Swan invented the Incandescent light bulb |
| 1879 | American physicist Edwin Herbert Hall discovered the Hall Effect |
| 1879 | Thomas Alva Edison introduced a long-lasting filament for the incandescent lamp. |
| 1880 | French physicists Pierre Curie and Jacques Curie discovered Piezoelectricity |
| 1882 | First thermal power stations in London and New York |
| 1883 | English physicist J. J. Thomson invented waveguides |
| 1887 | German American inventor Emile Berliner invented the gramophone record |
| 1888 | German physicist Heinrich Hertz proves the existence of electromagnetic waves, including what would come to be called radio waves. |
| 1888 | Italian physicist and electrical engineer Galileo Ferraris publishes a paper on the induction motor, and Serbian-American engineer Nikola Tesla gets a US patent on the same device [4] [5] |
| 1890 | Thomas Alva Edison invents the fuse |
| 1893 | During the Fourth International Conference of Electricians in Chicago, electrical units were defined |
| 1894 | Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi begins developing the first radio wave based wireless telegraphy communication system [6] [7] |
| 1895 | Indian physicist Jagadish Chandra Bose conducts experiments in extremely high frequency millimetre waves using a semiconductor junction to detect radio waves [8] [9] |
| 1895 | In a series of field experiments, Marconi finds that he could transmit radio waves at much greater range than the half-mile maximum physicist of the time were predicting, achieving ranges up to 2 miles (3.2 km) and transmitting over hills [10] [11] |
| 1895 | Russian physicist Alexander Popov finds a use for radio waves, building a radio receiver that can detect lightning strikes [12] |
| 1895 | Discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Röntgen |
| 1896 | Electrolytic capacitor patent was granted to Charles Pollak |
| 1897 | German inventor Karl Ferdinand Braun invented cathode ray oscilloscope (CRO) |
| 1901 | First transatlantic radio transmission by Guglielmo Marconi |
| 1901 | American engineer Peter Cooper Hewitt invented the Fluorescent lamp |
| 1904 | English engineer John Ambrose Fleming invented the diode |
| 1906 | American inventor Lee de Forest invented the triode |
| 1908 | Scottish engineer Alan Archibald Campbell-Swinton, laid out the principles of Television. |
| 1909 | Mica capacitor was invented by William Dubilier |
| 1911 | Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes discovered Superconductivity |
| 1912 | American engineer Edwin Howard Armstrong developed the Electronic oscillator |
| 1915 | French physicist Paul Langevin and Russian engineer Constantin Chilowsky invented sonar |
| 1917 | American engineer Alexander M. Nicholson invented the crystal oscillator |
| 1918 | French physicist Henri Abraham and Eugene Bloch invented the multivibrator |
| 1919 | Edwin Howard Armstrong developed the standard AM radio receiver |
| 1921 | Metre Convention was extended to include the electrical units |
| 1921 | Edith Clarke invents the "Clarke calculator", a graphical calculator for solving line equations involving hyperbolic function, allowing electrical engineers to simplify calculations for inductance and capacity in power transmission lines [13] |
| 1924 | Japanese engineer Kenjiro Takayanagi began a research program on electronic television [14] |
| 1925 | Austrian American engineer Julius Edgar Lilienfeld patented the first FET (which became popular much later) |
| 1926 | Yagi–Uda antenna was developed by the Japanese engineers Hidetsugu Yagi and Shintaro Uda |
| 1926 | Japanese engineer Kenjiro Takayanagi demonstrated CRT television with 40-line resolution, [15] the first working example of a fully electronic television receiver. [14] |
| 1927 | Japanese engineer Kenjiro Takayanagi increased television resolution to 100 lines, unrivaled until 1931 [16] |
| 1927 | American engineer Harold Stephen Black invented negative feedback amplifier |
| 1927 | German Physicist Max Dieckmann invented Video camera tube |
| 1928 | Raman scattering discovered by Indian physicist C. V. Raman and Indian physicist Kariamanickam Srinivasa Krishnan, [17] providing basis for later Raman laser |
| 1928 | Japanese engineer Kenjiro Takayanagi was the first to transmit human faces in half-tones on television, influencing the later work of Vladimir K. Zworykin [18] |
| 1928 | First experimental Television broadcast in the U.S. |
| 1929 | First public TV broadcast in Germany |
| 1931 | First wind energy plant in the Soviet Union |
| 1934 | Akira Nakashima, Claude Shannon and Viktor Shetakov switching circuit theory lays the foundation for digital electronics [19] |
| 1936 | Dudley E. Foster and Stuart William Seeley developed the FM detector circuit. |
| 1936 | Austrian engineer Paul Eisler invented the Printed circuit board |
| 1936 | Scottish Scientist Robert Watson-Watt developed the Radar concept which was proposed earlier. |
| 1938 | Russian-American engineer Vladimir K. Zworykin developed the Iconoscope |
| 1939 | Edwin Howard Armstrong developed the FM radio receiver |
| 1939 | Russell and Sigurd Varian developed the first Klystron tube in the US. |
| 1941 | German engineer Konrad Zuse developed the first programmable computer in Berlin |
| 1944 | Scottish Engineer John Logie Baird developed the first color picture tube |
| 1945 | Transatlantic telephone cable |
| 1947 | American engineers John Bardeen and Walter Houser Brattain together with their group leader William Shockley invented the transistor. |
| 1948 | Hungarian-British physicist Dennis Gabor invented Holography |
| 1950s | Solid electrolyte tantalum capacitor was invented by Bell Laboratories |
| 1950 | French physicist Alfred Kastler invented the MASER |
| 1951 | First nuclear power plant in the US |
| 1952 | Japanese engineer Jun-ichi Nishizawa invented the avalanche photodiode [20] |
| 1953 | First fully transistorized computer in the U.S. |
| 1958 | American engineer Jack Kilby invented the integrated circuit (IC) |
| 1960 | American engineer Theodore Maiman develops the first laser |
| 1962 | Nick Holonyak invented the LED |
| 1963 | First home Videocassette recorder (VCR) |
| 1963 | Electronic calculator |
| 1966 | Fiber-optic communication by Kao and Hockham |
| 2008 | American scientist R. Stanley Williams invented the memristor which was proposed by Leon O. Chua in 1971 |
 |
| Brief History of Electronics Timeline | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Date | Invention/Discovery | Inventor(s) | ||||||
| 1900 | Old quantum theory | Planck | ||||||
| 1905 | Theory of relativity | Einstein | ||||||
| 1918 | Atomic transmutation | Rutherford | ||||||
| 1932 | Neutron | Chadwick | ||||||
| 1932 | Particle accelerator | Cockcroft and Walton | ||||||
| 1935 | Scanning electron microscope | Knoll | ||||||
| 1937 | Xerography | Carlson | ||||||
| 1937 | Oscilloscope | Von Ardenne, Dowling, and Bullen | ||||||
| 1950 | Modem | MIT and Bell Labs | ||||||
| 1950 | Karnaugh mapping technique (digital logic) | Karnaugh | ||||||
| 1952 | Digital voltmeter | Kay | ||||||
| 1954 | Solar battery | Chapin, Fuller, and Pearson | ||||||
| 1956 | Transatlantic telephone cable | UK and U.S. | ||||||
| 1957 | Sputnik I satellite | Soviet Union | ||||||
| 1957 | Nuclear Missile | Kurchatov / Soviet Union | ||||||
| 1957 | FORTRAN programming language | Watson Scientific | ||||||
| 1959 | First one-piece plain paper photocopier (Xerox 914) | Xerox | ||||||
| 1959 | Veroboard (Stripboard) | Terry Fitzpatrick | ||||||
| 1961 | Electronic clock | Vogel and Cie, patented by Alexander Bain, a Scottish clockmaker in 1840. | ||||||
| 1963 | First commercially successful audio compact cassette | Philips Corporation | ||||||
| 1964 | BASIC programming language | Kemeny and Kurtz | ||||||
| 1964 | Liquid-crystal display | George H. Heilmeier | ||||||
| late 1960s | First digital fax machine | Dacom | ||||||
| 1969 | UNIX operating system | AT&T's Bell Labs | ||||||
| 1970 | First microprocessor (4004, 60,000 oper/s) | Intel | ||||||
| 1970 | First commercially available DRAM memory | IBM | ||||||
| 1971 | EPROM | N/A | ||||||
| 1971 | PASCAL programming language | Niklaus Wirth | ||||||
| 1971 | First microcomputer-on-a-chip | Intel | ||||||
| 1971 | Laser printer | Xerox | ||||||
| 1972 | 8008 processor (200 kHz, 16 kB) | Intel | ||||||
| 1972 | First programmable word processor | Automatic Electronic Systems | ||||||
| 1972 | 5¼-inch diskette | N/A | ||||||
| 1972 | First modern ATM (IBM 2984) | IBM | ||||||
| 1973 | Josephson junction | IBM | ||||||
| 1973 | Tunable continuous-wave laser | Bell Labs | ||||||
| 1973 | Ethernet | Robert Metcalfe at Xerox PARC | ||||||
| 1973 | Mobile phone | John F. Mitchell and Dr. Martin Cooper of Motorola | ||||||
| 1974 | C (programming language) | Kernighan, Ritchie | ||||||
| 1974 | Programmable pocket calculator | Hewlett-Packard | ||||||
| 1975 | BASIC for personal computers | Allen | ||||||
| 1975 | First personal computer (Altair 8800) | Roberts | ||||||
| 1975 | Digital camera | Steven Sasson of Eastman Kodak | ||||||
| 1975 | Integrated optical circuits | Reinhart and Logan | ||||||
| 1975 | Omni-font optical character recognition system | Nuance Communications | ||||||
| 1975 | CCD flatbed scanner | Kurzweil Computer Products | ||||||
| 1975 | Text-to-speech synthesis | Kurzweil Computer Products | ||||||
| 1975 | First commercial reading machine for the blind (Kurzweil Reading Machine) | Kurzweil Computer Products | ||||||
| 1976 | Apple I computer | Wozniak, Jobs | ||||||
| 1977 | Launch of the "1977 trinity computers" expanding home computing, the Apple II, Commodore PET and the TRS-80 | Apple, Tandy Corporation, Commodore Business Machines | ||||||
| 1977 | First handheld electronic game (Auto Race) | Mattel | ||||||
| 1978 | WordPerfect 1.0 | Satellite Software | ||||||
| 1980 | 3½-inch floppy (2-sided, 875 kB) | N/A | ||||||
| 1980 | VIC-20 | Commodore Business Machines | ||||||
| 1981 | IBM Personal Computer (8088 processor) | IBM | ||||||
| 1981 | MS-DOS 1.0 | Microsoft | ||||||
| 1981 | "Wet" solar cell | Bayer AG | ||||||
| 1982 | Commodore 64 | Commodore Business Machines | ||||||
| 1982 | First commercially marketed large-vocabulary speech recognition | Kurzweil Applied Intelligence and Dragon Systems | ||||||
| 1983 | Satellite television | U.S. Satellite Communications, Inc. | ||||||
| 1983 | First built-in hard drive (IBM PC XT) | IBM | ||||||
| 1983 | C++ (programming language) | Stroustrup | ||||||
| 1984 | Macintosh computer (introduced) | Apple Computer | ||||||
| 1984 | CD-ROM player for personal computers | Philips | ||||||
| 1984 | First music synthesizer (Kurzweil K250) capable of recreating the grand piano and other orchestral instruments | Kurzweil Music Systems | ||||||
| 1984 | Amiga computer (introduced) | Commodore | ||||||
| 1985 | 300,000 simultaneous telephone conversations over single optical fiber | AT&T, Bell Labs | ||||||
| 1987 | Warmer superconductivity | Karl Alex Mueller | ||||||
| 1987 | 80386 microprocessor (25 MHz) | Intel | ||||||
| 1989 | First commercial handheld GPS receiver (Magellan NAV 1000) | Magellan Navigation Inc. | ||||||
| 1989 | Silicon–germanium transistors | IBM fellow Bernie Meyerson | ||||||
| 1990 | 486 microprocessor (33 MHz) | Intel | ||||||
| 1993 | HAARP | U.S. | ||||||
| 1994 | Pentium processor, P5-based (60/90 MHz, 166.2 MIPS) | Intel | ||||||
| 1994 | Bluetooth | Ericsson | ||||||
| 1994 | First DVD player ever made | Tatung Company | ||||||
| 1996 | Alpha 21164 processor (550 MHz) | Digital Equipment | ||||||
| 1996 | P2SC processor (15 million transistors) | IBM | ||||||
Television (TV) is a telecommunication medium for transmitting moving images and sound. The term can refer to a television set, or the medium of television transmission. Television is a mass medium for advertising, entertainment, news, and sports.
John Logie Baird was a Scottish inventor, electrical engineer, and innovator who demonstrated the world's first live working television system on 26 January 1926. He went on to invent the first publicly demonstrated colour television system and the first viable purely electronic colour television picture tube.
Philo Taylor Farnsworth was an American inventor and television pioneer. He made many crucial contributions to the early development of all-electronic television. He is best known for his 1927 invention of the first fully functional all-electronic image pickup device, the image dissector, as well as the first fully functional and complete all-electronic television system. Farnsworth developed a television system complete with receiver and camera—which he produced commercially through the Farnsworth Television and Radio Corporation from 1938 to 1951, in Fort Wayne, Indiana.
In electronics and telecommunications, a radio transmitter or just transmitter is an electronic device which produces radio waves with an antenna. The transmitter itself generates a radio frequency alternating current, which is applied to the antenna. When excited by this alternating current, the antenna radiates radio waves.
An audio tape recorder, also known as a tape deck, tape player or tape machine or simply a tape recorder, is a sound recording and reproduction device that records and plays back sounds usually using magnetic tape for storage. In its present-day form, it records a fluctuating signal by moving the tape across a tape head that polarizes the magnetic domains in the tape in proportion to the audio signal. Tape-recording devices include the reel-to-reel tape deck and the cassette deck, which uses a cassette for storage.
Ampex Data Systems Corporation is an American electronics company founded in 1944 by Alexander M. Poniatoff as a spin-off of Dalmo-Victor. The name AMPEX is a portmanteau, created by its founder, which stands for Alexander M. Poniatoff Excellence. Ampex operates as Ampex Data Systems Corporation, a subsidiary of Delta Information Systems, and consists of two business units. The Silicon Valley unit, known internally as Ampex Data Systems (ADS), manufactures digital data storage systems capable of functioning in harsh environments. The Colorado Springs, Colorado, unit, referred to as Ampex Intelligent Systems (AIS), serves as a laboratory and hub for the company's line of industrial control systems, cyber security products and services and its artificial intelligence/machine learning technology.
In radio communications, a radio receiver, also known as a receiver, a wireless, or simply a radio, is an electronic device that receives radio waves and converts the information carried by them to a usable form. It is used with an antenna. The antenna intercepts radio waves and converts them to tiny alternating currents which are applied to the receiver, and the receiver extracts the desired information. The receiver uses electronic filters to separate the desired radio frequency signal from all the other signals picked up by the antenna, an electronic amplifier to increase the power of the signal for further processing, and finally recovers the desired information through demodulation.
Video camera tubes were devices based on the cathode-ray tube that were used in television cameras to capture television images, prior to the introduction of charge-coupled device (CCD) image sensors in the 1980s. Several different types of tubes were in use from the early 1930s, and as late as the 1990s.
Valdemar Poulsen was a Danish engineer who developed a magnetic wire recorder called the telegraphone in 1898. He also made significant contributions to early radio technology, including the first continuous wave radio transmitter, the Poulsen arc, which was used for a majority of the earliest audio radio transmissions, before being supplanted by the development of vacuum-tube transmitters.
Telefunken was a German radio and television producer, founded in Berlin in 1903 as a joint venture between Siemens & Halske and the Allgemeine Elektrizitäts-Gesellschaft (AEG) . Prior to World War I the company set up the first world wide network of communications and was the first in the world to sell electronic televisions with cathode ray tubes, in Germany in 1934.
Mechanical television or mechanical scan television is an obsolete television system that relies on a mechanical scanning device, such as a rotating disk with holes in it or a rotating mirror drum, to scan the scene and generate the video signal, and a similar mechanical device at the receiver to display the picture. This contrasts with vacuum tube electronic television technology, using electron beam scanning methods, for example in cathode-ray tube (CRT) televisions. Subsequently, modern solid-state liquid-crystal displays (LCD) and LED displays are now used to create and display television pictures.
Stereophonic sound, or more commonly stereo, is a method of sound reproduction that recreates a multi-directional, 3-dimensional audible perspective. This is usually achieved by using two independent audio channels through a configuration of two loudspeakers in such a way as to create the impression of sound heard from various directions, as in natural hearing.
Electronic media are media that use electronics or electromechanical means for the audience to access the content. This is in contrast to static media, which today are most often created digitally, but do not require electronics to be accessed by the end user in the printed form. The primary electronic media sources familiar to the general public are video recordings, audio recordings, multimedia presentations, slide presentations, CD-ROM and online content. Most new media are in the form of digital media. However, electronic media may be in either analogue electronics data or digital electronic data format.
Sound recording and reproduction is the electrical, mechanical, electronic, or digital inscription and re-creation of sound waves, such as spoken voice, singing, instrumental music, or sound effects. The two main classes of sound recording technology are analog recording and digital recording.
The intermediate film system was a television process in which motion picture film was processed almost immediately after it was exposed in a camera, then scanned by a television scanner, and transmitted over the air. This system was used principally in Britain and Germany where television cameras were not sensitive enough to use reflected light, but could transmit a suitable image when a bright light was shone through motion picture film directly into the camera lens. John Logie Baird began developing the process in 1932, borrowing the idea of Georg Oskar Schubert from his licensees in Germany, where it was demonstrated by Fernseh AG in 1932 and used for broadcasting in 1934. The BBC used Baird's version of the process during the first three months of its then-"high-definition" television service from November 1936 through January 1937, and German television used it during broadcasts of the 1936 Summer Olympics. In both cases, intermediate film cameras alternated with newly introduced direct television cameras.
The concept of television is the work of many individuals in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The first practical transmissions of moving images over a radio system used mechanical rotating perforated disks to scan a scene into a time-varying signal that could be reconstructed at a receiver back into an approximation of the original image. Development of television was interrupted by the Second World War. After the end of the war, all-electronic methods of scanning and displaying images became standard. Several different standards for addition of color to transmitted images were developed with different regions using technically incompatible signal standards. Television broadcasting expanded rapidly after World War II, becoming an important mass medium for advertising, propaganda, and entertainment.
The history of sound recording - which has progressed in waves, driven by the invention and commercial introduction of new technologies — can be roughly divided into four main periods:
A dictation machine is a sound recording device most commonly used to record speech for playback or to be typed into print. It includes digital voice recorders and tape recorder.
A field-sequential color system (FSC) is a color television system in which the primary color information is transmitted in successive images and which relies on the human vision system to fuse the successive images into a color picture. One field-sequential system was developed by Peter Goldmark for CBS, which was its sole user in commercial broadcasting. It was first demonstrated to the press on September 4, 1940, and first shown to the general public on January 12, 1950. The Federal Communications Commission adopted it on October 11, 1950, as the standard for color television in the United States, but it was later withdrawn.
Electric music technology refers to musical instruments and recording devices that use electrical circuits, which are often combined with mechanical technologies. Examples of electric musical instruments include the electro-mechanical electric piano, the electric guitar, the electro-mechanical Hammond organ and the electric bass. All of these electric instruments do not produce a sound that is audible by the performer or audience in a performance setting unless they are connected to instrument amplifiers and loudspeaker cabinets, which made them sound loud enough for performers and the audience to hear. Amplifiers and loudspeakers are separate from the instrument in the case of the electric guitar, electric bass and some electric organs and most electric pianos. Some electric organs and electric pianos include the amplifier and speaker cabinet within the main housing for the instrument.
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