2024 Iran–Israel conflict

Last updated

Contents

2024 Iran–Israel conflict
Part of the Iran–Israel proxy conflict and the Middle Eastern crisis (2023–present)
yyrvtym bglyl htKHtvn bmsgrt hhtqph hAyrAnyt `l ySHrAl (2).jpg IDF Squadron 116. I.jpg
Above: Missile interceptions in Lower Galilee, Israel, during the October 2024 Iranian strikes against Israel. Below: An IDF F-35I Adir departs from a military base in Israel to attack Iran during the October 2024 Israeli strikes on Iran.
DateFirst phase: 1–19 April 2024 (18 days)
Second phase: 31 July 2024 – present (6 months and 5 days)
Location
Status Ongoing
Belligerents

Flag of Iran.svg  Iran
Supported by:
Axis of Resistance:

Flag of Israel.svg  Israel
Supported by:
Flag of the United States.svg  United States [6]
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom [6]
Flag of France.svg  France [7]
Flag of Jordan.svg  Jordan [8]
Intelligence:
Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg  Saudi Arabia [9] [10]
Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg  United Arab Emirates [9] [10]
Commanders and leaders
Units involved

Flag of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran.svg General Staff

Flag of the Syrian Arab Armed Forces.svg Syrian Armed Forces [1]

InfoboxHez.PNG Hezbollah's military

Flag of the Yemen Armed Forces.svg Yemeni Armed Forces (SPC Tooltip Supreme Political Council)

Flag of the Israel Defense Forces.svg  Israel Defense Forces

Flag of the United States.svg United States Armed Forces

Flag of the United Kingdom.svg British Armed Forces

Flag of Jordan.svg Jordanian Armed Forces

Flag of France.svg French Armed Forces

Saudi Armed Forces Flag.svg Royal Saudi Armed Forces [29] (claimed)

Casualties and losses

19 killed [a]

  • Consulate annex destroyed
  • 170 drones intercepted
  • Air defense battery and radar system destroyed
  • Material damage to SAA and Hezbollah military installations
  • 2 Syrian civilians killed
  • Shrapnel in Jordan

In 2024, the Iran–Israel proxy conflict escalated to a series of direct confrontations between the two countries. On 1 April, Israel bombed an Iranian consulate complex in Damascus, Syria, killing multiple senior Iranian officials. [30] In response, Iran and its Axis of Resistance allies seized the Israeli-linked ship MSC Aries and launched strikes inside Israel on 13 April. [2] [31] Israel then carried out retaliatory strikes in Iran and Syria on 19 April. [32] [33]

The Israeli strikes were limited, and analysts say they signaled a desire to de-escalate. Iran did not respond to the attack, and tensions de-escalated back down to the proxy conflict. [34]

Other actors participated in the conflict as well. The United States, United Kingdom, France, and Jordan intercepted Iranian drones to defend Israel. [28] Syria shot down some Israeli interceptors, and Iranian proxies in the region also attacked Israel. [1] [2]

Tensions increased after the 31 July assassination of Ismail Haniyeh, the political leader of Hamas, [35] in Tehran, Iran. The killing of Haniyeh occurred a few hours after the 2024 Haret Hreik airstrike in Lebanon that assassinated Hezbollah commander Fuad Shukr. Iran and Hezbollah pledged retaliation. [36] On 1 October 2024, Iran launched a series of missiles at Israel. Israel then carried out more retaliatory strikes against Iran on 25 October.

Background

After the Iranian Revolution in 1979, the Government of Iran took a more critical stance on Israel, [37] and a proxy war emerged as Iran supported Lebanese Shia and Palestinian militants during the 1982 Lebanon War. [38] Iran began to gain power and influence with other Islamist countries and groups in the Middle East, [39] [40] collectively named the "Axis of Resistance". [41] The conflict evolved with Israeli attempts to stop the Iranian nuclear program and confrontations during the Syrian civil war. [42] [43]

Previous tensions during the Gaza war

On 7 October 2023, Hamas, a Palestinian militant group partially funded by Iran, launched an attack on Israel resulting in the deaths of almost 1,200 Israelis, mostly civilians, and the outbreak of the Gaza war. [44] Israel also skirmished with Iranian proxy Hezbollah in Lebanon. [45] After the attack, Israel began targeting Iranian and proxy troops in Syria more frequently as retaliation. [46] Fears of a regional war grew in the following months. [47]

On 25 December, Razi Mousavi, an Iranian commander, was killed in a targeted Israeli airstrike at his residence in Sayyidah Zaynab, 10 km (6 mi) south of Damascus, amid the Gaza war. Mousavi's assassination marked the highest-ranking killing of a senior Iranian military official since the targeted assassination of Qasem Soleimani, until the subsequent killing of Mohammad Reza Zahedi in 2024. [48] [49]

On 20 January 2024, Iranian general Sadegh Omidzadeh and four other Iranian officials (Ali Aghazadeh, Saeed Karimi, Hossein Mohammadi, and Mohammad Amin Samadi) [50] were killed during a meeting at a building in the Mezzeh district of Damascus. The Israeli airstrikes, as reported by the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, resulted in the complete destruction of the building, leading to the death of at least 10 military personnel. [51]

Timeline

April 2024 escalation

Israeli bombing of Iranian embassy (1 April)

On 1 April, Israel bombed the Iranian embassy in Damascus, Syria. The attack killed 16 people, including multiple Iranian officers and proxy fighters. Most notably, Mohammad Reza Zahedi, a commander for the Quds Force was killed in the airstrike. [15] Iranian officials in the building were allegedly meeting with Palestinian militant leaders at the time of the attack. [52]

Iran vowed to respond, and Western sources suspected it would directly attack Israel. [53] Israel began preparing in the days leading up to the attack, evacuating Israeli embassies and jamming GPS signals in the case of an aerial bombing. [54] [55] France deployed its navy to defend Israel. [7] Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates provided Israel with intelligence on the strikes. [9]

Seizure of the MSC Aries (13 April)

On 13 April 2024, the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) Navy took control of the Portuguese-registered and Madeira-flagged container ship MSC Aries in the Hormuz Strait where it was boarded by Iranian commandos in international waters off the coast of the United Arab Emirates via helicopter, [56] [57] then directed to Iranian territory for "violating maritime law". The ship is leased to the Mediterranean Shipping Company (MSC) by Gortal Shipping, an affiliate of Zodiac Maritime, whose principal is Israeli. [58] Following the incident, Israel called on the European Union to sanction the IRGC. [59]

Iranian strikes on Israel (13–14 April)

Early on 13 April, Hezbollah attacked northern Israel with around 40 rockets. Israel responded by bombing a Hezbollah weapons manufacturing site in Lebanon. [60] Al Jazeera said the attack was significant given the conflict, [61] and the Institute for the Study of War suggested the strikes were coordinated with Iran. [3]

Later, Iran and its proxies attacked Israel with about 300 drones and multiple ballistic missiles. [31] The Houthis, Islamic Resistance in Iraq, Badr Organization, and True Promise Corps also launched attacks on Israel under Iranian command. [3] [2] Syria shot down some Israeli interceptors. [1] The United States, United Kingdom, and Jordan intercepted over 100 Iranian drones. [6] [8] The attack caused minor damage to Nevatim Airbase, which remained operational. [62] [63] A 7-year-old Israeli Bedouin child was critically injured by a missile shrapnel, and 31 other civilians suffered minor injuries while rushing to shelters or due to anxiety. [64] [65] [66]

Israeli and U.S. officials conducted situational assessments that night. The United States said it would not participate in a retaliatory strike on Iran. Iran threatened that if Israel were to retaliate, directly or indirectly, it would strike back harder. [67] Israel said the attack warranted a response. [68] The United States warned Israel to exercise restraint, and the Israeli war cabinet argued over the scale of Israel's response. [69] Israel delayed plans to start an offensive in Rafah that week so it could determine a response. [70]

The war cabinet continued arguments over the Israeli response during the following week. The cabinet considered military and diplomatic options, with international pressure to de-escalate the situation influencing decisions. [71] On 18 April, it was reported that the United States would greenlight a Rafah offensive in exchange for no Israeli strike on Iran. [72] The U.S. and EU tightened sanctions on Iran. [73]

Israeli response (19 April)

On the morning of 19 April, Israel retaliated against Iran. Israel attacked three targets in or near Isfahan International Airport, including a military base. One of the targets was a radar for the Natanz nuclear site. Iran claimed that its air defense shot down all Israeli projectiles and that the explosions were from air defense, but satellite images showed a damaged air defense battery and damage to the radar system. [74] [75] Israel did not comment or claim responsibility for any attack. In southern Syria, SAA bases were targeted, leading to material losses. [76] Explosions and fighter jets were also heard in Iraq, [32] and debris from an Israeli missile was found in central Iraq, suggesting Israel fired from there. [77]

Iranian state media downplayed the Israeli strike, and Iranian officials said there was no planned retaliation. [78] An anonymous source told CNN that direct state-to-state strikes were over. [79] Analysts said the attack and Iranian reaction showed that both sides wanted to de-escalate. [34]

Summer and Fall 2024 escalation

Assassinations of Shukr and Haniyeh (31 July)

On 31 July, Fuad Shukr, a senior Hezbollah commander was assassinated in an Israeli strike on Haret Hreik, in the suburbs of the Lebanese capital Beirut. [80] Iranian military adviser Milad Bedi and civilians were also killed in the strike. [81] The strike was retaliation for the Majdal Shams attack, which killed twelve children, that Israel claimed Shukr had ordered. [82]

Later that day, Ismail Haniyeh, the political leader of Hamas, was assassinated along with his personal bodyguard in the Iranian capital Tehran by an apparent Israeli attack. [35] Haniyeh was killed in his accommodation in a military-run guesthouse after attending the inauguration ceremony for Iranian president Masoud Pezeshkian. [83]

Heightened tensions (August–September)

After the attacks, Iran and Hezbollah pledged retaliation. [84] [36] According to Israeli reports, retaliatory attacks are likely to be launched by multiple members of the Axis of Resistance, including in Lebanon, Gaza, Iraq, Syria and Yemen, as similarly done in the coordinated attack on Israel in April 2024. [85] Many countries warned their citizens to leave Lebanon because of increasing war tensions. [86] [87]

The U.S. State Department has been trying to prevent an attack by working through diplomats to send the message to Iran that escalation of the conflict is not in their best interests, and that the U.S. will defend Israel from attacks. Other U.S. officials stated that the successful shoot-down in April relied on good military intelligence about what Iran was planning, but this time the military situation is more uncertain. [36] Russian President Vladimir Putin sent a message to Iran's Supreme leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei through Sergei Shoigu, the secretary of Russia's security council, to have a restrained response, and not to attack Israeli civilians. [88]

The United States military announced the deployment of an additional squadron of F-22 Raptors from the 1st Operations Group of the 1st Fighter Wing; [89] 4,000 marines and 12 ships were deployed to the region [b] as a part of Carrier Strike Group 9 in the Persian Gulf and three Wasp-class amphibious assault ships, [c] two destroyers [d] and the 26th Marine Expeditionary Unit as a part of the USS Wasp amphibious ready group in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. [91] [92] The Carrier Strike Group 3 including USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN-72) and an unspecified number of cruisers and destroyers along with Carrier Air Wing Nine was also deployed, sent from the Pacific Ocean. [89]

On 5 August 2024, NOTAMs were issued to warn pilots regarding the closure or restriction of the airspace of Iran and Jordan, a precaution related to a possible attack by Iran against Israel. [93] [94]

Israel–Hezbollah escalations (17–27 September)

On 17 September, Israel adopted a new war goal; to return civilians displaced by Hezbollah back to their homes in northern Israel. [95] Later that day and the next, thousands of communications devices (including pagers and walkie-talkies) exploded simultaneously across Lebanon and Syria, with Israel aiming to attack Hezbollah members. The attack killed 42 people. [96] In response, Hezbollah launched rocket attacks on northern Israeli cities and towns, including Nazareth, on 22 September. [97] On 23 September, Israel killed two of Hezbollah top commanders, Ibrahim Aqil and Ahmed Wehbe in Dahieh, south of Beirut. [98]

On 23 September, Israel began a bombing campaign of southern Lebanon. The attacks killed over 700 people, [99] injured more than 5,000, [100] and displaced 500,000 Lebanese civilians. [101]

Assassination of Hassan Nasrallah (27 September)

On 27 September 2024, Hassan Nasrallah, the secretary-general of Hezbollah, was assassinated in an Israeli airstrike in Dahieh. [102] [103] The strike took place while Hezbollah leaders were meeting at a headquarters located underground beneath residential buildings. [103] [104] The attack also killed Ali Karaki, the Commander of Hezbollah's Southern Front [103] and Abbas Nilforoushan, deputy commander of the IRGC and commander of the Quds Force in Lebanon. [105] Iran condemned the attack, and had internal debates on how to respond to Nasrallah's death. [106]

Israeli invasion of Lebanon (30 September–present)

Iranian strikes on Israel (1 October)

On 1 October 2024, Iran launched around 200 missiles towards Israel in two waves.

Israeli strikes on Iran (26 October)

On 26 October 2024, Israel began attacking Iran, with explosions heard near Imam Khomeini International Airport, Mashhad, Karaj, Kermanshah, Zanjan. [107] [108] [109] [110] [111] Explosions were also heard near Damascus, Syria. [112] [113]

Iranian threat of response & Israeli threat towards Iraq (October–present)

On 31 October 2024, Iranian Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei ordered his military officials to prepare for a military response against Israel, with Iranian officials warning that the response to Israel's strikes will be 'harsh' and 'unimaginable'. [114]

On the same day, Israeli intelligence suggested that Iran prepared to respond to Israel's attack from within Iraqi territory. The Axios reported that the attack would consist of a large number of drones and ballistic missiles launched from Iraqi territory. [115]

In November 2024, Israeli news outlets began reporting that Israel may target the Islamic Resistance in Iraq for its campaign against Israel during its wars on Gaza and on Lebanon. Unnamed officials allegedly told outlets that satellites monitored the transfer of ballistic missiles and related equipment from Iran to Iraqi territory. [116]

On 19 November, Israel issued a letter to the UN Security Council asserting its right to self-defense against the Islamic Resistance in Iraq for its military campaign on Israel during its wars on Gaza and Lebanon. Iraqi Prime Minister Mohammed Shia al-Sudani warned that the letter served as pretext for an attack on Iraq, aligning with Israel's efforts to expand the war in the region. [117] [118]

The Israeli security threat towards Iraq caused the Iraqi government to issue a statement that it would take all necessary diplomatic and military actions to protect its sovereignty. On 21 November, The Iraqi government requested an emergency session of the Arab League Council through the Iraqi Permanent Mission to the Arab League to address the Israeli threats against Iraq. The request highlighted Israel's threats in its letter to the UN Security Council, where it sought to expand its aggression in the region to Iraq. [119]

Notes

  1. ↑ including 7 Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps soldiers, 5 Iran-backed militiamen, 4 Iranian Army officers killed, 1 Iranian security guard killed, 1 Hezbollah fighter and 1 Iranian advisor
  2. ↑ including the USS Theodore Roosevelt (CVN-71), Carrier Air Wing Eleven and six destroyers of the Destroyer Squadron 23 (the USS John S. McCain (DDG-56), USS Russell (DDG-59), USS Chafee (DDG-90), USS Pinckney (DDG-91), USS Halsey (DDG-97), and USS Daniel Inouye (DDG-118))
  3. ↑ (including the USS Wasp (LHD-1), USS New York (LPD-21) and a third ship [90] )
  4. ↑ (the USS Bulkeley (DDG-84) and USS Roosevelt (DDG-80) [90] )

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kata'ib Hezbollah</span> Shia Islamist paramilitary group in Iraq

Kata'ib Hezbollah, also known as the Hezbollah Brigades, is a radical Iraqi Shia paramilitary group which is a part of the Iraqi Popular Mobilization Forces (PMF), staffing the 45th, 46th, and 47th Brigades. During the Iraq War (2003–11), the group fought against Coalition forces. It has been active in the War in Iraq (2013–2017) and the Syrian Civil War. The group was commanded by Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis until he was killed in a US drone attack in 2020. Thereafter, Abdul Aziz al-Muhammadawi became the new leader of the PMF. The group seeks to establish an Iran-aligned government in Iraq, expel American forces from the country, and advance the regional and international interests of Iran in Iraq and the region. The group is responsible for killing hundreds of U.S. soldiers and takes a central part in carrying out attacks against U.S. targets in Iraq and acts as part of the Axis of Resistance. Kata'ib Hezbollah has received extensive training, funding, logistic support, weapons, and intelligence from the IRGC's overseas military-intelligence service Quds Force.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Axis of Resistance</span> Informal Iranian-led military coalition in West Asia

The Axis of Resistance is an informal coalition of Iranian-supported militias and political organizations across the Middle East. Formed by Iran, it unites actors committed to countering the influence of the United States and Israel in the region.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Iran–Israel proxy conflict</span> Ongoing conflict in Western Asia

Since the 1980s there has been an ongoing proxy conflict between Iran and Israel. Until 1979, motivated by the periphery doctrine, Imperial Iran and Israel had close relations, seeing Arab powers as a common threat. After the 1979 Islamic revolution, Iran cut off relations, but covert ties continued during the subsequent Iran–Iraq War. Iran trained and armed Hezbollah during Israel's 1982 invasion of Lebanon, and continued to back Shia militias throughout the Israeli occupation of Southern Lebanon. Even before 1979, Iranian Islamists had materially supported the Palestinians; after 1979 Iran attempted relations with the Palestine Liberation Organization, and later with Palestinian Islamic Jihad and Hamas. Israel fought a war with Hezbollah in 2006.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Israeli–Syrian ceasefire line incidents during the Syrian civil war</span> Incidents at the Israel–Syria ceasefire line since 2011

Several incidents have taken place on the Israeli–Syrian ceasefire line during the Syrian Civil War, straining the relations between the countries. The incidents are considered a spillover of the Quneitra Governorate clashes since 2012 and later incidents between Syrian Army and the rebels, ongoing on the Syrian-controlled side of the Golan and the Golan Neutral Zone and the Hezbollah involvement in the Syrian Civil War. Through the incidents, which began in late 2012, as of mid-2014, one Israeli civilian was killed and at least 4 soldiers wounded; on the Syrian-controlled side, it is estimated that at least ten soldiers were killed, as well as two unidentified militants, who were identified near Ein Zivan on Golan Heights.

The January 2015 Mazraat Amal incident was an airstrike against a two-car convoy that killed six Hezbollah fighters, including two prominent commanders, and a general of the Iranian Revolutionary Guards (IRGC), Mohammad Ali Allahdadi, at al-Amal Farms in the Quneitra District of Syria, in the Eastern Golan Heights, on 18 January 2015, during the Syrian Civil War. The attack was largely attributed to Israel, which did not officially confirm that it carried it out. Hezbollah and IRGC held Israel responsible and threatened to retaliate. On 19 January 2015, Al-Nusra Front member Abu Azzam al-Idlibi claimed that Jihad Mughniyeh and the other Hezbollah fighters were killed in an Al-Nusra Front ambush at Jaroud in the Qalamoun Mountains in the Al-Qutayfah District northeast of Damascus, claiming that it "will be the end of the Persian project, God willing."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mohammad Reza Zahedi</span> Iranian military officer (1960–2024)

Mohammad Reza Zahedi was an Iranian military officer. A senior figure within the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), he had previously commanded the IRGC Aerospace Force and the IRGC Ground Forces, and was commanding the Quds Force in Lebanon and Syria at the time of his death.

On 10 February 2018, an Israeli F-16I was shot down by the Syrian air defenses after conducting an air raid on Iran-backed positions inside Syrian territory. The aircraft was part of a larger Israeli aerial dispatch which Israel said was sent in response to detection of an Iranian drone spying on Israel. Two hours after the downing of the jet, Israel began attacking additional targets inside Syria, including air defense sites and Iranian targets near Damascus. Israel stated it destroyed the Syrian military's main command and control bunker. Iran dismissed the Israeli allegation of Iranian drone incursion into Israeli territory as "ridiculous".

The Iran–Israel conflict during the Syrian civil war refers to the Iranian–Israeli standoff in and around Syria during the Syrian conflict. With increasing Iranian involvement in Syria from 2011 onwards, the conflict shifted from a proxy war into a direct confrontation by early 2018.

The 2019 Israeli airstrikes in Iraq began as unidentified drone or aircraft bombings of the Iranian-backed Popular Mobilization Forces (PMF) bases in Iraq starting on 19 July 2019. The strikes targeted Iranian proxy groups, based in Iraq, as well as IRGC operatives.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–2024)</span> Conflict between Hezbollah and Israel

A 14-month-long conflict between the Lebanese militant group Hezbollah and Israel began on 8 October 2023, when Hezbollah launched rockets and artillery at Israeli positions following the 7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel. The conflict escalated into a prolonged exchange of bombardments, leading to extensive displacement in Israel and Lebanon. The conflict, part of the broader Middle Eastern crisis that began with Hamas' attack, marked the largest escalation of the Hezbollah–Israel conflict since the 2006 Lebanon War.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Attacks on US bases in Iraq, Jordan, and Syria during the Gaza war</span> Armed conflict

Starting on 17 October 2023, and in response to United States support for Israel in the Gaza war, Iran-backed militias initiated a coordinated series of more than 170 attacks on US military bases and assets in Syria, Iraq, and Jordan. These attacks resulted in injuries to dozens of US service members. In retaliation, the US has launched multiple counterattacks, resulting in the death of over 30 militants including a senior commander of the Nujaba Movement, Mushtaq Talib al-Saidi. In February 2024, following US airstrikes in Iraq and Syria, militia attacks against US forces were halted.

The Islamic Resistance in Iraq refers to an informal network of Iranian-backed Shia Islamist armed groups in Iraq. The name is used by members of the network when carrying out attacks against American forces or its allies in the region.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Middle Eastern crisis (2023–present)</span> Ongoing period of increased instability in the Middle East

The Middle Eastern crisis is a series of interrelated wars, conflicts, and heightened instability in the Middle East that began in 2023 after the 7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel. The 7 October attack came after a period of rising tensions and increased violence in the West Bank and Gaza Strip; the attack killed about 1,200 people in Israel and saw about 250 more taken hostage. Israel responded by declaring war and embarking on an intensive bombing campaign, and later invasion, of the Gaza Strip as a part of the war in Gaza that has so far killed over 46,000 Palestinians.

On 19 April 2024 at 5:23 a.m. IRST, the Israeli Air Force launched airstrikes targeting an air defense facility within Iran. The limited airstrikes targeted an air defense radar site at an airbase near Isfahan, in central Iran. Israeli missiles appear to have hit their target directly. Satellite images suggest that a surface-to-air missile battery was damaged or destroyed. There was no extensive damage to the base itself. The attack was launched in response to the Iranian drone and missile strikes in Israel, which itself was an Iranian retaliation for the Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus.

This timeline of the Israel–Hezbollah conflict covers the period from 24 November 2023, when the first ceasefire between Israel and Hamas began, until 1 January 2024, one day prior to the assassination of Saleh al-Arouri.

This timeline of the Israel–Hezbollah conflict covers the period from 2 January 2024, with the Assassination of Saleh al-Arouri, until 31 March 2024, one day prior to the Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus.

This timeline of the Israel–Hezbollah conflict covers the period from 1 April 2024, when Israel struck the Iranian consulate in Damascus, to 26 July 2024, one day before the Majdal Shams attack.

This timeline of the Israel–Hezbollah conflict covers the period from 27 July 2024, when a Hezbollah rocket struck a soccer field in Majdal Shams in the Golan Heights, killing 12 children, to 16 September 2024, one day before the explosion of Hezbollah pagers and walkie talkies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Spillover of the Gaza war in Syria</span> Ongoing military conflict in Syria

The spillover of the Gaza war in Syria is the impact and military engagements in Syria which are caused by the spillover of the Gaza war, and constitute a part of the ongoing Middle Eastern crisis. The conflict, originating in the Gaza Strip, has triggered regional tensions and violence, drawing Syria in through direct and indirect confrontations involving Israeli defense forces, Syrian state actors, and armed groups operating in Syrian territory.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 "الدفاعات السورية تستهدف صواريخ إسرائيلية حاولت التصدي للصواريخ الإيرانية المتجهة للجولان" [Syrian defenses targeted Israeli missiles that attempted to confront Iranian missiles heading for the Golan]. Al-Watan (in Arabic). 15 April 2024. Archived from the original on 17 April 2024. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Lilleholm, Lucas (23 November 2023). "US warship shoots down attack drones over the Red Sea". CNN. Archived from the original on 13 April 2024. Retrieved 13 April 2024.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 "IRAN UPDATE, APRIL 13, 2024". understandingwar.org. ISW. Retrieved 26 April 2024. Members of Iran's so-called "Axis of Resistance" appear to have conducted attacks targeting Israel simultaneously with Iran's first wave of attacks. Lebanese Hezbollah claimed it fired "dozens" of Katyusha rockets targeting an Israeli missile and artillery base in the Golan Heights at 1800 ET.
  4. ↑ "IDF strikes Hezbollah military complex in Lebanon". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. 13 April 2024. Archived from the original on 13 April 2024. Retrieved 13 April 2024.
  5. ↑ "Live Updates: Israel Reports Light Damage After Iran Launches Large Strike" . The New York Times. 13 April 2024. Archived from the original on 13 April 2024. Retrieved 14 April 2024.
  6. 1 2 3 Fabian, Emanuel (14 April 2024). "More than 100 Iranian drones have been intercepted by US, UK outside Israel, says defense official". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 14 April 2024. Retrieved 14 April 2024.
  7. 1 2 3 "France Deploys Navy to Defend Israel". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 14 April 2024. Retrieved 13 April 2024.
  8. 1 2 Al-Khalidi, Suleiman (13 April 2024). "Jordan's air defence ready to shoot down any Iranian aircraft that violate its airspace". Reuters. Retrieved 13 April 2024.
  9. 1 2 3 Winer, Stuart (15 April 2024). "Report: Gulf states, including Saudi Arabia, provided intelligence on Iran attack". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 15 April 2024. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
  10. 1 2 Bradley, Matt (16 April 2024). "An uneasy alliance of Arab states helped defend Israel from Iran. Their resolve may soon be tested". NBC News. Beirut. Archived from the original on 18 April 2024. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
  11. ↑ "Institute for the Study of War". Archived from the original on 19 April 2024. Retrieved 20 April 2024.
  12. ↑ "Faylaq al-Wa'ad al-Sadiq". jihadintel.meform.org. Jihad Intel. Retrieved 26 April 2024.
  13. ↑ "Iran fires air defense batteries in provinces as explosions heard near Isfahan". Associated Press . 19 April 2024. Archived from the original on 19 April 2024. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
  14. ↑ "Israel launches missile attack on Isfahan in response to Iran assault". Al Jazeera. 19 April 2024. Archived from the original on 19 April 2024. Retrieved 21 April 2024.
  15. 1 2 Chao-Fong, Léonie (1 April 2024). "Middle East crisis live: Iran says it holds Israel responsible for Damascus consulate attack and will 'reciprocate when we want'". The Guardian . Archived from the original on 1 April 2024. Retrieved 1 April 2024.
  16. ↑ "Hezbollah says it launched dozens of rockets at IDF air defense headquarters". CNN World. 13 April 2024. Archived from the original on 14 April 2024. Retrieved 13 April 2024.
  17. ↑ Fabian, Emanuel (14 April 2024). "Iran fires some 300 drones, missiles at Israel in first-ever direct attack; 99% downed". The Times of Israel . Archived from the original on 14 April 2024. Retrieved 14 April 2024.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 Klippenstein, Ken; Boguslaw, Daniel (15 April 2024). "U.S., Not Israel, Shot Down Most Iran Drones and Missiles". The Intercept. Archived from the original on 16 April 2024. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
  19. ↑ Mogilio, Heather (14 April 2024). "U.S. Warships in Eastern Mediterranean Down Iranian Ballistic Missiles". United States Naval Institute . Archived from the original on 15 April 2024. Retrieved 14 April 2024.
  20. ↑ Epstein, Jake (14 April 2024). "US forces shot down over 75 Iranian missiles and drones in its biggest air-defense battle of the Middle East crisis". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 14 April 2024. Retrieved 14 April 2024.
  21. ↑ "U.S. Shoots Down Number of Iranian Drones". The Wall Street Journal. 13 April 2024. Archived from the original on 14 April 2024. Retrieved 13 April 2024.
  22. ↑ Vinograd, Cassandra; Schmitt, Eric (11 April 2024). "U.S. Sends a Top General to Israel Amid Fears of Iranian Strikes". New York Times. Archived from the original on 12 April 2024. Retrieved 12 April 2024.
  23. ↑ Fabian, Emanuel (16 April 2024). "IDF: Halevi spoke to British counterpart, thanked him for assistance during Iran attack". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 17 April 2024. Retrieved 20 April 2024.
  24. ↑ "IDF Chief of Staff Halevi thanks UK Defense Chief Radakin for interception efforts". The Jerusalem Post. 16 April 2024. Archived from the original on 18 April 2024. Retrieved 20 April 2024.
  25. ↑ "Over 100 drones intercepted outside Israeli territory: Report "Israeli army radio reports that over 100 drones were intercepted outside Israeli territory with assistance from the US and UK."". Al Jazeera. 13 April 2024. Archived from the original on 13 April 2024. Retrieved 13 April 2024.
  26. ↑ Gregory, James; Durbin, Adam (14 April 2024). "RAF fighter jets shot down Iran drones, Rishi Sunak says". www.bbc.co.uk. BBC News. Archived from the original on 14 April 2024. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
  27. ↑ "Jordan said it shot down dozens of Iranian drones". Reuters. 13 April 2024. Retrieved 13 April 2024.
  28. 1 2 "French Rafale fighters scramble to neutralize Iranian drones over Jordan". Aerotime. Archived from the original on 17 April 2024. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
  29. 1 2 "Saudi Arabia says it helped defend Israel against Iran". The Jerusalem Post. 15 April 2024. Archived from the original on 15 April 2024. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
  30. ↑ Bowen, Jeremy; Gritten, David (1 April 2024). "Israel accused of deadly strike on Iranian consulate in Syria". BBC News . Archived from the original on 1 April 2024. Retrieved 1 April 2024.
  31. 1 2 Bando, Erin (13 April 2024). "Iran launches drone attack against Israel". Politico. Archived from the original on 13 April 2024. Retrieved 17 April 2024.
  32. 1 2 Joffre, Tzvi (19 April 2024). "Israel strikes Iran, defense officials confirm - NYT". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. Archived from the original on 19 April 2024. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
  33. ↑ Raddatz, Martha (18 April 2024). "Israeli missiles have hit a site in Iran". ABC News. Archived from the original on 19 April 2024. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
  34. 1 2 "Israel, Iran ready to de-escalate -- for now: analysts". france24.com. 19 April 2024. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
  35. 1 2 Sewell, Abby (31 July 2024). "Hamas leader Ismail Haniyeh is killed in Iran by an alleged Israeli strike, threatening escalation". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 31 July 2024. Retrieved 31 July 2024.
  36. 1 2 3 Lillis, Katie Bo; Sciutto, Jim; Williams, Michael; Bertrand, Natasha (5 August 2024). "Biden, Harris meet with national security team as US watches for Iranian retaliation". CNN.
  37. ↑ "Iran to examine Holocaust evidence". Al Jazeera. 3 September 2006. Archived from the original on 8 June 2013. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
  38. ↑ Parsi, Trita (2007). Treacherous Alliance. The Secret Dealings of Israel, Iran, and the United States. Yale University Press. p. 103.
  39. ↑ Burke, Jason (14 January 2024). "Iran's 'axis of resistance' is a potent coalition but a risky strategy". The Guardian . Retrieved 1 October 2024.
  40. ↑ "Netanyahu reveals new details on Mossad's operations in Iran". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. Archived from the original on 17 February 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
  41. ↑ "Iran: Syria part of 'axis of resistance'". CNN . 7 August 2012. Archived from the original on 21 September 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2012.
  42. ↑ Sanger, David E.; Bergman, Ronen (15 July 2018). "How Israel, in Dark of Night, Torched Its Way to Iran's Nuclear Secrets". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 10 July 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2021.
  43. ↑ Bachner, Michael (30 July 2019). "Israel said to hit Iranian sites in Iraq, expanding strikes on missile shipments". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 31 July 2019. Retrieved 24 August 2019.
  44. ↑ "Israel-Gaza war in maps and charts: Live tracker". Al Jazeera. 9 October 2023. Archived from the original on 24 November 2023. Retrieved 13 April 2024.
  45. ↑ "Israel, Hezbollah exchange artillery, rocket fire". Reuters. 8 October 2023. Archived from the original on 8 October 2023. Retrieved 22 March 2024. Hezbollah on Sunday said it had launched guided rockets and artillery onto three posts in the Shebaa Farms 'in solidarity' with the Palestinian people.
  46. ↑ "Israeli airstrike in Damascus kills high-ranking Iranian general, says Iran". The Guardian. 25 December 2023. Archived from the original on 2 February 2024. Retrieved 13 April 2024.
  47. ↑ Schmitt, Eric; E. Barnes, Julian; Cooper, Helene; E. Sanger, David (3 January 2024). "Attacks Heighten Fears of a Wider War for the Middle East and U.S." . The New York Times. Archived from the original on 4 January 2024. Retrieved 13 April 2024.
  48. ↑ "Iran warns Israel will pay after top IRGC commander killed in Syria airstrike". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. 25 December 2023. Archived from the original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023.
  49. ↑ Ravid, Barak (1 April 2024). "Top Iranian general killed by Israeli airstrike: sources". Axios. Archived from the original on 5 April 2024. Retrieved 1 April 2024.
  50. ↑ "Fifth Iran Revolutionary Guards member dies after strike in Syria attributed to Israel". The Times of Israel. 20 January 2024. Archived from the original on 25 January 2024. Retrieved 17 April 2024.
  51. ↑ "بينهم 3 من قيادات "الحرس الثوري" الإيراني.. 10 قتلى في الاستهداف الإسرائيلي لمبنى في دمشق" [Including 3 leaders of the Iranian Revolutionary Guard.. 10 killed in the Israeli targeting of a building in Damascus]. Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (in Arabic). 20 January 2024. Archived from the original on 11 April 2024. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
  52. ↑ Taub, Amanda (2 April 2024). "Israel bombed an Iranian Embassy complex. Is that allowed?" . The New York Times. Partially reported by Farnaz Fassihi. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2 April 2024. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  53. ↑ Lee, MJ; Hansler, Jennifer (5 April 2024). "US preparing for significant Iran attack on US or Israeli assets in the region as soon as next week". CNN . Archived from the original on 6 April 2024. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
  54. ↑ Hider, James; Arraf, Jane (1 April 2024). "Iranian officials accuse Israel of a deadly attack on Iran's consulate in Syria". NPR. Archived from the original on 5 April 2024. Retrieved 5 April 2024.
  55. ↑ Engel Rasmussen, Sune; Peled, Anat. "Israel Scrambles GPS Signals as Country Girds for Potential Retaliation From Iran" . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on 5 April 2024. Retrieved 5 April 2024.
  56. ↑ "Amid rising tension, Iran's troops raid Israel-linked ship near UAE: Report". Business Standard. 13 April 2024. Retrieved 17 April 2024.
  57. ↑ Howard, Gary (13 April 2024). "Iran seizes large container ship MSC Aries in Strait of Hormuz". Seatrade Maritime News. Archived from the original on 13 April 2024. Retrieved 17 April 2024.
  58. ↑ "Iran says MSC Aries vessel seized for 'violating maritime laws'". Reuters. 15 April 2024. Retrieved 4 May 2024.
  59. ↑ Eichner, Itamar; Ben-Ari, Lior (13 April 2024). "שר החוץ קרא להטיל סנקציות על איראן אחרי ההשתלטות על הספינה. יועץ לחמינאי: "ישראל בפאניקה"" [The Foreign Minister called for sanctions to be imposed on Iran after the seizure of the ship. Advisor to Khamenei: "Israel is in a panic"]. Ynet (in Hebrew). Archived from the original on 13 April 2024. Retrieved 13 April 2024.
  60. ↑ "IDF confirms strike on Hezbollah 'significant weapons manufacturing site' in northeast Lebanon". timesofisrael.com. Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 19 April 2024. Retrieved 14 April 2024.
  61. ↑ "Lebanon's Hezbollah fires 'dozens of rockets' at Israeli positions". Al Jazeera. 13 April 2024. Archived from the original on 14 April 2024. Retrieved 14 April 2024. the current regional context makes the Hezbollah launches significant, but the location was important as well. ... The latest Hezbollah attack comes as the world anticipates an Iranian attack on Israel...
  62. ↑ Fabian, Emanuel (14 April 2024). "IDF: 99% of the 300 or so projectiles fired by Iran at Israel overnight were intercepted". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 14 April 2024. Retrieved 14 April 2024.
  63. ↑ "Iran and Israel's shadow war explodes into the open". The Economist. 14 April 2024. Archived from the original on 14 April 2024.
  64. ↑ Ghert-Zand, Renee (14 April 2024). "Young girl seriously hurt in Iran attack remains in life-threatening condition". The Times of Israel . Archived from the original on 28 September 2024.
  65. ↑ "Anger among Israeli Bedouins after girl wounded in Iranian attack". France 24 . 14 April 2024.
  66. ↑ Vinograd, Cassandra; Odenheimer, Natan (14 April 2024). "A 7-Year-Old Girl Is the Lone Serious Casualty of Iran's Barrage".
  67. ↑ B. Powell, Tori; Tanno, Sophie; Tucker, Emma; Iyer, Kaanita; LeBlanc, Paul; Vogt, Adrienne; Taylor, Jerome; Legge, James (13 April 2024). "Iran launches barrage of strikes toward Israel". CNN. Archived from the original on 13 April 2024. Retrieved 13 April 2024.
  68. ↑ "Iranian barrage of missiles and drones causes little damage, Israel says". NBC News. 14 April 2024. Archived from the original on 14 April 2024. Retrieved 14 April 2024.
  69. ↑ "Israel War Cabinet Silent on Next Steps After Iran Attack: Live Updates" . The Wall Street Journal. 13 April 2024. Archived from the original on 13 April 2024. Retrieved 14 April 2024.
  70. ↑ Magramo, Kathleen; Radford, Antoinette (15 April 2024). "Live updates: Israel intercepts Iran drone attacks and weighs response, Gaza crisis continues". CNN. Archived from the original on 15 April 2024. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
  71. ↑ Diamond, Jeremy (15 April 2024). "Israel delays Rafah offensive plans amid heated debate over response to Iranian attack, sources say". CNN. Archived from the original on 16 April 2024. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
  72. ↑ "US approves Rafah op. in exchange for no Israeli counter-strikes on Iran - report". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. 18 April 2024. Archived from the original on 18 April 2024. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
  73. ↑ Shear, Michael D.; Levenson, Michael (18 April 2024). "U.S. and Allies Penalize Iran for Striking Israel, and Try to Avert War". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 19 April 2024. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
  74. ↑ "Satellite imagery shows that a precision attack damaged an air defense system at an Iranian base". The New York Times. 20 April 2024. Archived from the original on 20 April 2024. Retrieved 20 April 2024.
  75. ↑ Fassihi, Farnaz; Bergman, Ronen (20 April 2024). "Israeli Weapon Damaged Iranian Air Defenses Without Being Detected, Officials Say". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 5 August 2024.
  76. ↑ "Israel launches strike on Iran, US official says". cnn.com. CNN. 19 April 2024. Archived from the original on 19 April 2024. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
  77. ↑ "What we know about Israel's missile attack on Iran". 19 April 2024. Archived from the original on 19 April 2024. Retrieved 20 April 2024.
  78. ↑ "Iran says no retaliation planned, as both sides seek distance from Isfahan attack". Times of Israel . Archived from the original on 19 April 2024. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
  79. ↑ Nic, Robertson (19 April 2024). "Direct state-to-state strikes between Israel and Iran are "over," says regional intelligence source". CNN . Jerusalem. Archived from the original on 19 April 2024. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
  80. ↑ "Hezbollah says top commander Fuad Shukr killed in Israeli strike on Beirut". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 31 July 2024.
  81. ↑ "Iranian Military Advisor Martyred in Israeli Raid on Beirut". Fars News Agency . 1 August 2024.
  82. ↑ Qiblawi, Tamara; Michaelis, Tamar; Kennedy, Niamh; Said-Moorhouse, Lauren (30 July 2024). "Israel says its Beirut strike killed Hezbollah's top military commander, who it blames for Golan Heights attack". CNN.
  83. ↑ Al-Mughrabi, Nidal; Hafezi, Parisa (31 July 2024). "Hamas chief Ismail Haniyeh killed in Iran, Hamas says". Reuters . Retrieved 2 August 2024.
  84. ↑ "Iran and Hezbollah attack on Israel imminent, Blinken tells G7: Report". Al Jazeera . Retrieved 5 August 2024. US says seeking to limit attacks and response, urges G7 allies to use diplomatic pressure to try to avert regional war.
  85. ↑ "Biden convening national security team as tensions flare between Israel and Iran". NBC News. 5 August 2024. Retrieved 6 August 2024.
  86. ↑ Saskya Vandoorne; Teele Rebane; Sophie Tanno; Zeena Saifi; Lucas Lilieholm; Alireza Hajihosseini (5 August 2024). "Foreign citizens urged to leave Lebanon 'as soon as possible' as regional tensions spike". CNN.
  87. ↑ Mendoza, Diego (4 August 2024). "World governments urge citizens to leave Lebanon as fears of Israel-Hezbollah war grow". Yahoo News.
  88. ↑ Hafezi, Parisa; Bassam, Laila; Azhari, Timour (6 August 2024). "Putin asks Iran to avoid civilian casualties in Israel response, sources say". Reuters.
  89. 1 2 Schmitt, Eric; Cooper, Helene. "U.S. To Send More Combat Aircraft and Warships to Middle East, Officials Say". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 3 August 2024. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
  90. 1 2 "US Deploys F-22 Raptor Squadron To Middle East Amid Threats From Iran & Proxies – Hamas, Houthis, Hezbollah". Eurasian Times. 3 August 2024. Archived from the original on 4 August 2024. Retrieved 4 August 2024.
  91. ↑ "U.S. deploys 12 warships in Middle East amid rising tensions". Ahram Online . The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 1 August 2024. Retrieved 1 August 2024.
  92. ↑ "US deploys 12 warships to Middle East". Archived from the original on 4 August 2024. Retrieved 1 August 2024.
  93. ↑ Plucinska, Joanna (5 August 2024). "Jordan Asks Airlines to Carry Extra Fuel Amid Iran-Israel Tension". USNews . Reuters.
  94. ↑ Garg, Moohita Kaur (5 August 2024). "Iranian attack on Israel looming? Tehran issues NOTAM, urges aircraft to change their routes". WION.
  95. ↑ "Israeli strikes in Lebanon kill three including Hezbollah commander, sources say". Reuters. 16 April 2024. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
  96. ↑ Christou, William (20 September 2024). "'We are isolated, tired, scared': pager attack leaves Lebanon in shock". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077. Archived from the original on 23 September 2024. Retrieved 22 September 2024.
  97. ↑ "IDF retaliates after Hezbollah's deepest attack yet: Over 140 rockets, six wounded". The Jerusalem Post. 22 September 2024. Archived from the original on 23 September 2024. Retrieved 22 September 2024.
  98. ↑ "At least 45 killed in Israeli strike on suburb in Lebanon's Beirut". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 21 September 2024.
  99. ↑ Usaid Siddiqui; Farah Najjar. "Deadly Israeli attacks on Lebanon and Gaza continue despite world warnings". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 26 September 2024.
  100. ↑ "Israel strikes Beirut suburb as thousands flee southern Lebanon". France 24 . 23 September 2024. Archived from the original on 23 September 2024. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  101. ↑ "'We're already at war', Lebanese minister says – as he warns of 'catastrophic' number of casualties from Israeli airstrikes". Sky News. Retrieved 27 September 2024.
  102. ↑ "Hezbollah Confirms Leader Nasrallah's Death". Barron's. AFP. Retrieved 28 September 2024.
  103. 1 2 3 "Hezbollah confirms its leader Hassan Nasrallah was killed in an Israeli airstrike". AP News. 28 September 2024. Archived from the original on 28 September 2024. Retrieved 28 September 2024.
  104. ↑ "Israel Targets Hezbollah Chief Nasrallah in Massive Beirut Strike; Israeli Officials Estimate 300 Killed". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 27 September 2024. Retrieved 27 September 2024.
  105. ↑ "IRGC deputy commander killed in Israeli strikes on Beirut – Iranian media". The Jerusalem Post . 28 September 2024. Archived from the original on 28 September 2024. Retrieved 28 September 2024.
  106. ↑ Fassihi, Farnaz (29 September 2024). "Iran Projects Caution After Israeli Strikes Against Hezbollah". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 29 September 2024. Retrieved 29 September 2024.
  107. ↑ Ravid, Barak (25 October 2024). "Israel launches retaliatory attack against Iran". Axios.
  108. ↑ "Explosions heard in Iran's Tehran and nearby Karaj, state media say". Reuters. 25 October 2024.
  109. ↑ Lee, Deva; Magramo, Kathleen; Edwards, Christian; Hammond, Elise; Powwel, Tori B.; Sangal, Aditi (25 October 2024). "Several explosions heard in Tehran, Iranian state media say: Live updates". CNN. Retrieved 25 October 2024.
  110. ↑ New York Times, "Live Updates: Israel Launches Airstrikes Against Iran in Retaliatory Attack" 25 October 2024
  111. ↑ "ارتش اسرائیل: با دستورالعمل رده‌های سیاسی به طور دقیق به اهداف نظامی در ایران حمله می‌کنیم". Iran International (in Persian). Retrieved 25 October 2024.
  112. ↑ "Explosions heard in Iran, Syria as Middle East braces for Israeli retaliation". Reuters. 25 October 2024.
  113. ↑ "Israel strikes Damascus, military site near Homs, Syrian defense says". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. 24 October 2024. Retrieved 25 October 2024.
  114. ↑ Fabian, Emanuel (31 October 2024). "Iranian leader Khamenei said to order reprisal attack on Israeli military sites". timesofisrael.com.
  115. ↑ "Iran preparing strike on Israel from Iraqi territory within days, Axios reports". reuters.com. 1 November 2024.
  116. ↑ "Report: Israel warns Baghdad it may target Iran-backed militia; Tehran attempting to transfer missiles to Iraq". timesofisrael.com. 3 November 2024.
  117. ↑ "In UN letter, Israel threatens Iraq with retaliation: Iraq responsible for armed faction activities". Shafaq News. Retrieved 25 November 2024.
  118. ↑ "Israel letter to UN 'pretext for aggression' on Iraq: Baghdad". middleeastmonitor.com. 19 November 2024.
  119. ↑ "Iraq warns of "serious" security threats from Israel: Will firmly respond to aggression". Shafaq News. Retrieved 25 November 2024.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.