Warner Bros. spent the turn of the millennium in another protracted development period, leading to the production of a reboot trilogy featuring Christian Bale as Batman: Batman Begins (2005), The Dark Knight (2008), and The Dark Knight Rises (2012). The creation of the DC Extended Universe (DCEU), a media franchise bound by a shared universe, spawned additional works. Ben Affleck plays the character in the DCEU films, beginning with the Zack Snyder-directed entry Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016). Affleck, Keaton, and Clooney's Batmen have also appeared in crossover films within the DCEU. The Batman (2022) and The Brave and the Bold will revamp the established continuity of the live-action films with new incarnations of Batman portrayed by Robert Pattinson and another actor. Joker (2019) features a depiction of the character as a civilian, predating his transformation into a vigilante. Numerous actors voice Batman in animated film.
The Batman films are generally successful and comprise one of the highest-grossing franchises of all time, grossing over $6.8 billion globally. Critical opinion of films vary substantially. For example, The Dark Knight trilogy was critically acclaimed, whereas other films, such as Batman & Robin (1997) and those of the DCEU, were not well reviewed in the media. Occasionally, Batman films attract Academy Award recognition for acting and technical achievement.
Following the success of comic books featuring Batman in the early 1940s, three major Hollywood studios approached DC Comics[b] to purchase the film fights.[2]Columbia Pictures bought the rights shortly afterward, and, in 1943, released a fifteen-chapter serial film directed by Lambert Hillyer and starring Lewis Wilson as Batman.[3] The story follows Batman and Robin's attempts to sabotage a Japanese spy's plot to aid Axis conquest of the United States by producing a super weapon.[4] Elements of Batman deviate from the source material in significant respects, most notably the addition of a Japanese villain, underscoring the film's propaganda function.[5] Conceived eighteen months after the December 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor, Batman reflected a wider cultural shift to arouse mass support for US intervention in World War II.[6] Nevertheless, the serial introduced the Batcave and the Wayne Manor's secret grandfather clock entrance in Batman mythology.[7] It was re-released in theaters in 1965 under the title An Evening with Batman and Robin.[8]
In 1949, Columbia developed another fifteen-part serial, Batman and Robin, as the sequel to Batman, compelled by the success of Superman the previous year.[8]Robert Lowery was Wilson's replacement as Batman, leading a new ensemble of actors opposite Johnny Duncan as Robin.[9]Batman and Robin details the duo's retrieval of a stolen remote control machine from criminal mastermind Wizard, whose schemes threaten to disrupt Gotham City's transportation networks.[10] Producer Sam Katzman sought to keep the cost of filming low, and the diminished budget led to further changes to the onscreen world.[8] As a consequence, Batman and Robin fared poorly in reviews from the press.[11]
The cancellation of Batman decreased Hollywood interest in further film adaptations.[11] A concerted effort to produce another film did not begin until a year after the release of Superman (1978).[15] Producers Michael Uslan and Benjamin Melniker purchased the rights with the aim to conceive work mirroring the tone of the comics.[16]Superman was another catalyst for Uslan and Melniker's vision of a Batman film.[17] Uslan pitched to multiple studios unsuccessfully, including Columbia and United Artists, prompting him to devise an outline, Return of the Batman, to better articulate his idea.[16][18]
By November 1979, Uslan and Melniker obtained funding through a joint venture with Peter Guber, chairman of the film division of Casablanca Records.[19] Under the arrangement, the producers were entitled to 40 percent of profits yielded by Casablanca.[20] They commissioned a Batman film with a $15 million budget in 1981, but a series of corporate acquisitions prolonged negotiations over the film's distribution, stalling development.[21][22] Casablanca's preexisting distribution agreement with Universal Pictures dissolved after the company was acquired by PolyGram Pictures.[20] By this point, PolyGram faced bankruptcy after investing $80 million to increase their rate of output, and Guber brokered an agreement to transfer ownership of the Batman film rights to him and associate Jon Peters.[23] Another associate pitched the project to Warner Bros. Pictures executive Frank Wells, and afterwards Peters signed a deal with studio president Terry Semel which overlapped with the Casablanca contract.[21][23] However, because Uslan and Melniker were unaware of the dealings, they challenged Warner Bros. over the claim that it had breached the Casablanca agreement.[20]
Screenwriter Tom Mankiewicz completed the project's first draft in June 1983, titled The Batman.[24] The draft focused on an origin story chronicling Bruce Wayne's transformation into Batman.[24] Moreover, Mankiewicz developed the story to indicate a sequel following Batman and Dick Grayson as a crimefighting duo.[24] Mankiewicz took inspiration from Batman: Strange Apparitions, a multi-issue limited series by Steve Englehart and Marshall Rogers.[25] Though The Batman was announced with a mid-1985 release date, revisions to the script impeded progress on the film.[26][27] In total, the script underwent nine rewrites from nine separate screenwriters.[27]
Studio executives prioritized a sequel to Batman beginning in late-1989.[40] Warner Bros. secured Burton's commitment as director for Batman Returns in 1991.[41] Burton was reluctant to return for another film because he was cynical about sequels.[40] He had also been frustrated with the authority Guber and Peters exerted over the original film, agreeing to Batman Returns only on the condition of greater independence.[42]Daniel Waters replaced Hamm as screenwriter based on Burton's preference for a writer that had no involvement with Batman.[43] Waters developed the script with greater emphasis on the villains—including Catwoman (Michelle Pfeiffer) and the Penguin (Danny DeVito).[43][44] Burton brought on Wesley Strick for an uncredited rewrite before assigning Waters further script editing duties.[40] Keaton reprised his role for a $10 million salary.[40][43] Filmmakers shot Batman Returns from September 1991 to February 1992, and the film was released in theaters that June.[40][45][46]Batman Returns polarized critics and, to the dismay of Warner Bros., saw diminished returns at the box office.[40][47]
To improve their profit-making potential, Warner Bros. developed Batman Forever with a more family-friendly tone.[46] The studio did not want to continue the series with Burton and encouraged the filmmaker to seek other projects, though Burton remained involved as an executive producer.[48][49] They hired Joel Schumacher as Burton's replacement, believing he could better realize a film conducive to advertising toys.[50] The screenplay was conceived by Lee and Janet Scott-Batchler, a husband-and-wife writing team, and Akiva Goldsman.[51] Keaton at first supported the changes but in time dropped out, objecting to the script.[46][52]Ethan Hawke, Daniel Day-Lewis, Ralph Fiennes, and Kurt Russell were among those considered to play Batman, which inevitably went to Val Kilmer.[53][54][55] Kilmer came to Schumacher's attention for his work in the Western film Tombstone (1993).[56] Shooting took place from September 1994 to March 1995,[49][57] followed by the theatrical rollout in June 1995.[58]Batman Forever finished the year as the sixth highest-grossing film by amassing $350 million globally, but drew a tepid critical response.[59] Nonetheless, the film received three nominations at the 68th Academy Awards.[60]
Schumacher was signed as director of Batman & Robin while Batman Forever ran in theaters.[61] Goldman and Chris O'Donnell returned, the former as the film's sole screenwriter.[62][63] Kilmer did not reappear, and reports give conflicting accounts about the circumstance of the actor's departure. Schumacher maintained in a 1996 interview that producers "sort of fired" Kilmer because he was volatile on the set of Batman Forever.[64] On the other hand, Kilmer cited scheduling conflicts that arose as a result of prior commitments to Heat (1995) and The Saint (1997).[65][66] In his documentary film Val (2021), the actor clarified further that the experience working in the Batsuit, which he found cumbersome, influenced his decision to leave.[65] Executive Bob Daly mentioned George Clooney in casting discussions, leading to Clooney's hiring based on his performance in From Dusk till Dawn (1996) and his likeness to Batman's comic book counterpart.[67] Filming for Batman & Robin began in September 1996 and finished two weeks ahead of schedule in January 1997,[68][69][70] and the theatrical release was scheduled in June 1997.[71]Batman & Robin was a critical and commercial failure and is cited as one the worst blockbuster films ever made.[59][72]
Unrealized proposals
Warner Bros. initiated plans to expand the franchise with several films, including a third Schumacher Batman film commissioned as Batman & Robin was in production. The studio announced the project with Mark Protosevich as screenwriter.[61] Schumacher said he planned to revisit a darker storytelling approach, contradicting a Los Angeles Times piece that claimed he would continue the direction of his other Batman films.[47][73] Protosevich's treatment, a 150-page script named Batman Unchained, revolves around Wayne's efforts to confront figures of his turmoiled past, chiefly the Scarecrow, Harley Quinn, and, ultimately, the Joker through a drug-induced hallucination.[73][74] In the film's final scene, Wayne is besieged by a swarm of bats as a symbol of triumph over his fears.[73] Warner Bros. cast Coolio to play Scarecrow, introducing the character in a cameo in Batman & Robin.[75] Sequel development collapsed after the failure of Batman & Robin.[47]
Around the same time, another project titled Batman: DarKnight was approved by Warner Bros., from a script conceived by novice writers Lee Shapiro and Stephen Wise.[73][76] Shapiro and Wise pitched to the studio on learning that they were contemplating a new direction for Batman.[73] Their story was inspired by The Dark Knight Returns, featuring Wayne, disillusioned by crimefighting, retreating from the public, and encouraging Grayson to pursue college.[76] Grayson has an adversarial relationship with professor Jonathan Crane, civilian persona of Scarecrow, who kidnaps and tortures Grayson in psychological experiments in Arkham Asylum.[73]Man-Bat features in DarKnight as a secondary villain whose crimes are erroneously blamed on Batman, luring Wayne out of hiding.[76] By 2001, Warner Bros. brought on Jeff Robinov to commence plans for a reboot, ending all active development of their original Batman series.[73][76]
Planned relaunch
At the turn of the millennium, Warner Bros. entered a protracted development period over a Batman film.[47] Three reboot proposals emerged during this time, the earliest being an adaptation of Miller's comic book story arc Batman: Year One (1987).[73] Schumacher made the suggestion to Warner Bros. in 1998, and within a year, the studio solicited the then-relatively unknown filmmaker Darren Aronofsky for ideas to approach a remake.[73][77] According to Aronofsky, the studio was receptive after he quipped, "I'd cast Clint Eastwood as the Dark Knight, and shoot it in Tokyo, doubling for Gotham City."[78] He joined as director in 2000.[79] Aronofsky worked with Miller to write the Batman: Year One script in their second collaboration; their first work together was an undeveloped screenplay of Miller's multi-issue series Ronin.[80] Their script re-conceptualized Batman with working class origins and placed greater emphasis on the character's psychological profile.[47][73]Christian Bale and Freddie Prinze, Jr. were discussed to star, and Aronofsky campaigned to hire Joaquin Phoenix against studio intent, but Batman: Year One never went into production.[81][82] Owing to creative disagreements with Aronofsky and Miller, Warner Bros. abandoned efforts on the project.[83]
Alan Horn succeeded Terry Semel and Bob Daly as COO and president of Warner Bros. in 1999. There he implemented plans to relaunch the Batman and Superman franchises as part of a broader measure to increase the studio's output of blockbuster films.[47] The efforts may have been shaped in part by a corporate merger between parent company Time Warner and AOL in 2001.[84] Although the idea of a crossover film portraying Batman and Superman as foes long circulated in the press, it was screenwriter Andrew Kevin Walker who first brought forward the concept in earnest in August 2001.[85] Warner Bros. engaged Wolfgang Peterson to direct Batman Vs. Superman, who then secured Walker's services to prepare a draft.[47] Goldman was brought on for a rewrite when the studio rejected Walker's draft, but the successive script drew mixed reactions.[85] Thereafter Peterson left to make another Warner project, the historical drama Troy (2004), and Horn clashed with producer Lorenzo di Bonaventura because they had competing visions for the franchises.[47][85] Ultimately, the studio proceeded with plans for solo films and development of Batman Vs. Superman unraveled.[85]
In 2000, Warner Bros. oversaw a live-action adaptation of their animated TV program Batman Beyond.[47] They commissioned Boaz Yakin and Batman Beyond creators Paul Dini and Alan Burnett to write a draft, but found the direction unsatisfactory and severed further commitment.[47] Little else is known about the project and filmmakers involved seldom discuss information in interviews with the media.[73]
A younger Wayne played by Armie Hammer was a subject of a Justice League film known as Justice League: Mortal, which was meant to launch a franchise independent of the mainline Batman films in the late 2000s.[86][87] Several problems beset the production. Warner Bros. suspended filming in the wake of an industrywide labor strike by the Writers Guild of America and again over disputes concerning the studio's request for tax subsidies from the government of Australia, which was denied by the Australian Film Commission.[88][89][90] In turn, Warner Bros. relocated the film's administrative operations to Canada, before cancelling production to mandate solo films of the DC characters, enacted after the release of The Dark Knight (2008).[91][92]
Christopher Nolan was signed to a pay-or-play contract as director of Batman Begins in early 2003,[47][93] after approaching Warner Bros. with the idea of making a Batman film centered on the character's origins.[94] What's more, the studio wanted to reconcile relations with the filmmaker after Petersen took his place as Troy director.[95] Nolan said he aimed to develop a more realistic, grittier film setting to differentiate Batman Begins from Warner's original Batman movies.[96] This encompassed the creation of an updated Batmobile and an all-black Batsuit designed for more agile movement.[97][98] Nolan and David S. Goyer produced the film's completed script.[99] Management cast Bale, at the time a largely-unknown actor, under Nolan's belief that he exuded "exactly the balance of darkness and light" they desired for the character.[47][100] To prepare for the role, Bale was given martial arts training, regained the weight he lost for The Machinist (2004), and increased his muscle mass, weighing about 220 pounds (100kg).[101][102] The filmmaking crew spent 2004 shooting Batman Begins in Iceland, the United Kingdom and Chicago, the lattermost within a three-week period.[103] They relied on miniature effects and traditional stunts during the production, using computer-generated imagery (CGI) only sparingly.[104] Despite a poor box office prognosis, the film was released in June 2005 to improved results, grossing $375.4 million worldwide.[105][106] Reviews from critics were very positive, and Batman Begins became a candidate for Best Cinematography at the 78th Academy Awards.[107][108]
Nolan did not plan to make a sequel, but nevertheless brainstormed ideas with Goyer during the filming of Batman Begins.[109] The men worked together to outline The Dark Knight's essential plot points for three months.[110] Nolan next assisted his brother Jonathan with development of the script, starting with a draft screenplay finished in six months.[110] The brothers spent another six months collaborating on the final script.[110] Filmmakers again redesigned the Batsuit to make it more comfortable to wear.[111][112] Bale reprised his role as Batman, performing many of his own stunts.[113] The film story sees Batman battling his arch-nemesis the Joker (Heath Ledger), who obstructs efforts to control organized crime by his newly-forged alliance with district attorney Harvey Dent (Aaron Eckhart) and police lieutenant James Gordon (Gary Oldman). The Dark Knight was shot on a 127-day schedule from April to November 2007, and opened to widespread critical acclaim in July 2008.[114][115] It broke numerous box office records, becoming the highest-grossing film of 2008 and exceeding $1billion by February 2009.[116][117] Near the end of its global rollout, the film entered the 81st Academy Awards season as a frontrunner with eight nominations, winning two.[118] Ledger's posthumous win for Best Supporting Actor made The Dark Knight the first comic book film to win an academy acting award.[119] In 2020, the United States Library of Congress selected the film for preservation in the National Film Registry.[120]
After initial hesitation, Nolan returned to direct The Dark Knight Rises, and, with his brother and Goyer, conceived a story he believed would conclude the trilogy on a satisfying note.[121][122] He contemplated story and character ideas with Goyer before tasking Jonathan with the scriptwriting.[123] Warner Bros. proposed a character similar to Ledger's Joker as the film's primary villain, but Nolan picked Bane (Tom Hardy), favoring a physically imposing figure as antagonist.[99][124] The director cited Metropolis (1927), Doctor Zhivago (1965), The Battle of Algiers (1966), Prince of the City (1981), and Blade Runner (1982) as major influences on The Dark Knight Rises's artistic direction.[125] One of Nolan's main goals was to shoot the film with IMAX cameras as he wanted visual uniformity between The Dark Knight projects.[126] Production lasted from May to November 2011, and The Dark Knight Rises debuted in North American theaters in July 2012.[127][128] The film eventually surpassed The Dark Knight's box office gross and drew highly positive reviews from critics,[129][130] but proved more polarizing with fans.[131][132][133]
Press speculation about a sequel to Man of Steel (2013) preceded the 46th San Diego Comic-Con.[134][135] At that event, director Zack Snyder announced Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice as Man of Steel's follow-up, based on a narrative inspired by The Dark Knight Returns.[136] Goyer returned to develop a screenplay that was rewritten at least three times, including once by Chris Terrio, because he was working concurrently on other projects of the DC Extended Universe (DCEU).[137][138] Terrio's script was influenced by The Dark Knight trilogy and "Musée des Beaux Arts", an allegorical poem by English poet W. H. Auden.[139] Nolan worked as an executive producer, albeit in an advisory role, but Warner Bros. did not approach Bale to reprise Batman.[140][141]Ben Affleck stars in said role in Dawn of Justice, news of which was confirmed in August 2013.[142] The casting choice was contingent on studio demands for an older Batman whose age could juxtapose the story.[142] Snyder and Affleck also had a strong professional relationship.[140] Filming occurred in 2014, and following multiples changes in the exhibition schedule, Warner Bros. released the film in March 2016.[143][144][145]Dawn of Justice was derided in professional reviews, while the film fared better with audiences.[146] At the box office, it emerged as the seventh highest-grossing film of 2016 with $874 million.[147]
Warner Bros. filed a lawsuit against the estate of Joe Shuster over the execution of a termination clause barring the disposition of the estate's share of the copyrights to Superman.[148][149] The US Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ruled in favor of Warner Bros. in October 2012, and the studio immediately moved forward with plans to create a Justice League film.[150] They hired Will Beall to conceive the initial draft, which was replaced when Goyer took over as the scriptwriter the following year.[151][152] Goyer's work was discarded for a rewritten script completed by Terrio in July 2015.[153][154] Afterwards, Justice League fell into a drawn-out development phase involving a succession of rewrites and a dispute concerning the budget, delaying the film's production.[155][156][157] Affleck returned as Batman, and Snyder continued his duties as director until his departure due to his daughter's death in 2017.[158][159] His replacement, Joss Whedon, made substantial changes to the script and supervised reshoots, though only Snyder is billed as Justice League director.[160][161] The film was shot from April to October 2016,[162][163] and was released in November 2017 to largely negative reviews.[164] It was also a box office disappointment by failing to recoup enough money to break-even.[165] After Justice League's release, Whedon was criticized for his treatment of the actors, and Terrio disavowed the film, citing studio interference.[166][167]
Given the negative reaction to Justice League, a fan campaign went viral on social media under the hashtag "#ReleaseTheSnyderCut", calling for the release of Snyder's version of the film.[160][168] Snyder had an unedited cut of this film version saved on his laptop around the time of his departure, which was presented to Warner Bros. executives in February 2020 in an event he organized with his wife Deborah.[166][169] That May, it was announced as an official project, a director's cut titled Zack Snyder's Justice League; the film premiered on HBO Max in March 2021.[170][171] Warner Bros. allocated a $70 million budget to complete work related mostly to visual effects.[172] The film does not share continuity with the DCEU.[173]Zack Snyder's Justice League features a newly filmed scene with Affleck's Batman.[174]
In Suicide Squad (2016), Affleck features in flashback scenes depicting the arrests of Floyd Lawton / Deadshot (Will Smith) and Harley Quinn (Margot Robbie).[175] Keaton and Clooney's Batmen appear in supporting roles in The Flash (2023).[176][177] Both actors play alternate versions of DCEU's main-continuity Batman (Affleck).[177] West makes a posthumous cameo appearance in a multiverse sequence developed with a combination of archival footage, deepfake effects, and artificial intelligence.[178][179] Keaton was set to return to the DECU in an expanded capacity in Batgirl until the film's cancellation in August 2022.[180][181]
Work on a standalone Batman film was well underway once Warner Bros. cast Affleck in 2014.[182] He was signed as director, writer, and the film's starring actor, but stepped down amidst various personal and professional struggles.[183][184]Matt Reeves replaced Affleck as director and writer,[185] creating the story anew with Mattson Tomlin and Peter Craig.[186][187][188] Reeves focused on a younger Batman, borrowing from the tradition of a detective story,[189][190][191] and expunged connections to the DCEU in the script.[192] To conceptualize the film world, and to bolster the plot, the director sought inspiration from an array of Batman comics and New Hollywood era films.[c]The Batman universe is separate from the DC Universe (DCU), and hence will exist simultaneously with a DCU Batman within the continuity of a multiverse.[198][199] The search for an actor to play Batman was described as "intense", but unusually quick for a superhero film.[200] Speculation in the media favored Robert Pattinson, and Warner Bros. signed the actor in May 2019, prompting backlash from some fans.[200][201][202] Reeves said he wrote the character with Pattinson in mind, having been impressed with his performances in Good Time (2017) and High Life (2018).[200][203] Pattinson received a $3 million salary for his work.[204] Filmmakers spent over a year shooting The Batman thanks to the COVID-19 pandemic, which halted production for five-and-a-half months.[205] Postponed twice, Warner Bros. released the film in March 2022.[206][207]
The Batman: Part II (2027)
A sequel, The Batman: Part II, was announced in April 2022; Reeves, Tomlin, and Pattinson will reprise their respective roles.[208][209] The production was delayed to accommodate changes in the writing, and a completed script was submitted in June 2025.[210][211]Part II is slated to be released on October 1, 2027.[212]
In October 2022, Warner Bros. Discovery formed DC Studios, with filmmakers James Gunn and Peter Safran as its co-chairmen and CEOs, to facilitate development of film and TV adaptations within the context of a new shared universe, the DCU.[213][214] A Batman film informed by comic books by Grant Morrison, titled The Brave and the Bold, was confirmed as one of the DCU projects in active development in January 2023. The story will concentrate on Wayne and his relationship with his teenage son Damian.[214] Warner Bros. enlisted Andy Muschietti as the film's director, with his sister Barbara set to produce through their production company Double Dream, alongside Gunn and Safran.[215][216]
Beginning in 2019, Warner Bros. distributed two standalone films based on the Joker, directed by Todd Phillips.[217][218] Both films predate Wayne's transformation into Batman.[219]Joker depicts an origin story about a failed comedian's (Phoenix) descent into madness, culminating in the murders of Wayne's parents by a masked rioter.[220][221] The film portrays Wayne as a young child (played by Dante Pereira-Olson).[222]
Numerous actors voice Batman in animated film, including Kevin Conroy (pictured in 2021), Will Arnett, and Troy Baker (both 2025)
Batman has appeared in a variety of animated film adaptations since the early 1990s.[223] His first appearance was in Batman: Mask of the Phantasm (1993), voiced by Kevin Conroy.[224] It originated as a direct-to-video release, following the breakout success of Fox's TV adaptation of the character, Batman: The Animated Series, itself influenced by the live-action Burton films.[225]Mask of Phantasm received notice for its subject matter, animation style, and music.[226] Conroy continued voicing the character in various productions up to his death in 2022.[227] Batman is the titular lead in 39 films and features in another 35 in a supporting capacity, generally as part of an ensemble for the Justice League.[223] Warner Bros. occasionally produces theatrical features, as is the case with Batman: The Killing Joke (2016) and films of The Lego Movie franchise, in which Will Arnett portrays the character.[228][229] Numerous actors voice Batman in animation, including Jensen Ackles, Michael C. Hall, Roger Craig Smith, and Troy Baker.[230][231] Further development of animated Batman films is ongoing as of 2025.[232]
Additionally, President pro tempore of the United States SenatePatrick Leahy has a brief role as himself in Batman Forever and Batman & Robin, an unnamed Wayne Enterprise board member in The Dark Knight and The Dark Knight Rises, and as Senator Purrington in Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice.[234]
↑This version of the character does not appear as Batman.
↑In The Dark Knight Rises, Gordon-Levitt portrays "Robin John Blake", a detective working for the GCPD whom Bruce Wayne deems an ally and entrusts the Batcave to.
↑In the Tim Burton / Joel Schumacher continuity, the character's real name is Jack Napier.
↑In the Joker film continuity, the character's real name is Arthur Fleck.
↑Joker: Folie à Deux implies that Storrie’s character is the real Joker.[233]
12Starting with the 93rd Academy Awards (2021), the Best Sound Mixing and Best Sound Editing categories were consolidated into a single Best Sound category.
↑Received one award out of two nominations in this category.
↑Englehat, Steve. "Batman". SteveEnglehart.com. Archived from the original on December 14, 2007. Retrieved November 25, 2007. So I got to do the second treatment with just the characters that eventually hit the screen: Bruce Wayne, the Batman, Silver St. Cloud, Boss Thorne, and the Joker.
123456789101112Greenberg, James (May 8, 2005). "Rescuing Batman". Los Angeles Times. p.E-10. Archived from the original on December 2, 2008. Retrieved May 11, 2019.
↑Svetkey, Benjamin (July 12, 1996). "Holy Happy Set!". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on September 7, 2008. Retrieved August 16, 2008.
↑Solomon, Aubrey (1989). Twentieth Century Fox: A Corporate and Financial History (The Scarecrow Filmmakers Series). Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. p.254. ISBN978-0-8108-4244-1.
↑"Big Rental Pictures of 1966". Variety. January 4, 1967. p.8.
Conner, Shawn (2023). Superheroes Smash the Box Office: A Cinema History from the Serials to 21st Century Blockbusters. McFarland & Company. ISBN9781476676661.
Kinnard, Roy (2008). Science Fiction Serials: A Critical Filmography of the 31 Hard SF Cliffhangers; With an Appendix of the 37 Serials with Slight SF Content. McFarland & Company. ISBN9780786437450.
Smith, Matthew J. (2013). Duncan, Randy (ed.). Icons of the American Comic Book: From Captain America to Wonder Woman. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN9798216100577.
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