*e.g. a treaty or peace without a clear result, status quo ante bellum, result of civil or internal conflict, result unknown or indecisive, inconclusive
The Swedish and Norwegian attack to conquer Denmark while Canute is busy in England fails and Canute retains power
Norway becomes a part of the North Sea empire and parts or the whole of Sweden are conquered by troops from England and Denmark including the capital, Gamla Uppsala
Olaf II of Norway is forced into exile in Kievan Rus.
Most of the Swedish forces, however, remain intact. The later invasion of Sweden seems to have ended badly, and in Anglo-Saxon sources the battle is described as a Swedish victory, and also that there was a great loss of English lives, and that the Swedes were in possession of the Battlefield.
Sweden would continue to support Norwegian rebels loyal to Olaf II under the whole of Canute's reign. Most forces in the Battle of Stiklestad consisted of Swedes and the eventual Swedish support for Norwegian rebels would lead to the disintegration of the North Sea Empire and the Personal Union between Denmark and Norway.[2]
Kingdom of Ayutthaya (Siam) (Unauthorised piracy by English sailors under Siamese employ) • English defectors
Inconclusive
English factory rejected from Siam, after minor naval action, along with massacre in the aftermath: the war was not pursued. In 1688, a coup forced the closure of all official European trade in Siam for 150 years except for the Dutch.
It ended in defeat for the Anglo-Saxons & Anglo-Scandinavians. William the Conqueror paid Sweyn and his Danish fleet to go home, but the remaining rebels refused to meet him in battle, and he decided to starve them out by laying waste to the northern shires using scorched earth tactics. The Norman campaign to reconquer Northern England resulted in a genocide against the people living there.
An anti-Norman insurrection centred on the Isle of Ely. The Danish king Sweyn Estrithson sent a small army to try to establish a camp on the Isle of Ely. The Isle became a refuge for Anglo-Saxon forces under Earl Morcar, Bishop Aethelwine of Durham and Hereward the Wake in 1071.[4] The area was taken by William the Conqueror only after a prolonged struggle.[5]
↑ After Francis II became ill, his treasurer, Pierre Landais, ruling the Duchy in his stead, aided Richard III in attempting to capture Henry Tudor.
↑ Francis II sheltered Henry Tudor, supplying him with money, troops, and ships. It was only after Francis fell ill that Henry was forced to flee Brittany to France.
Wagner, John A.; Schmid, Susan Walters, eds. (2011). Encyclopedia of Tudor England. ABC-CLIO. ISBN978-1-59884-298-2.
Further reading
Barnett, Correlli. Britain and her army, 1509-1970: a military, political and social survey (1970).
Carlton, Charles. This Seat of Mars: War and the British Isles, 1485-1746 (Yale UP; 2011) 332 pages; studies the impact of near unceasing war from the individual to the national levels.
Chandler, David G., and Ian Frederick William Beckett, eds. The Oxford history of the British army (Oxford UP, 2003).
Cole, D. H and E. C Priestley. An outline of British military history, 1660-1936 (1936). online
Higham, John, ed. A Guide to the Sources of British Military History (1971) 654 pages excerpt; Highly detailed bibliography and discussion up to 1970.
Sheppard, Eric William. A short history of the British army (1950). online
Historiography
Messenger, Charles, ed. Reader's Guide to Military History (2001) pp 55–74; annotated guide to most important books.
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