Protoparvovirus

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Protoparvovirus
Canines Parvovirus.jpg
Electron micrograph of canine parvovirus
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(unranked): Virus
Realm: Monodnaviria
Kingdom: Shotokuvirae
Phylum: Cossaviricota
Class: Quintoviricetes
Order: Piccovirales
Family: Parvoviridae
Subfamily: Parvovirinae
Genus:Protoparvovirus
Species [1]

see text

Protoparvovirus is a genus of viruses in the Parvovirinae subfamily of the virus family Parvoviridae . [2] [3] Vertebrates serve as natural hosts. There are 15 species in the genus [4] including Rodent protoparvovirus 1 for which the exemplar virus is minute virus of mice (MVM). This genus also includes canine parvovirus (CPV), which causes gastrointestinal tract damage in puppies that is about 80% fatal, [5] and porcine parvovirus (PPV), which is a major cause of fetal death and infertility in pigs. [6] The genus divides phylogenetically into two branches, one that contains many founder members of the family, such as MVM, CPV and PPV, which have been studied in considerable detail, and a second branch occupied exclusively by predicted viruses whose coding sequences were identified recently in the wild using virus discovery approaches, but whose biology remains minimally explored. This second branch currently contains two species whose members infect humans, called Primate protoparvovirus 1 and Primate protoparvovirus 3. Until 2014, the genus was called Parvovirus, but it was renamed to eliminate confusion between members of this genus and members of the entire family Parvoviridae. [7] [8]

Contents

Taxonomy

15 species are currently recognized, many containing several named viruses, virus strains, genotypes or serotypes. When applied to viruses, the definition of species is a little unusual. [9] It is simply an abstract taxonomic concept that clusters a selected range of genetic variants, helping to distinguish branches in a phylogenetic lineage, but it is not a physical entity like a virus that can infect an animal or be isolated. [10] If the diversity level used to define a species is set very low, many will effectively contain a single virus, and the virus and species may even be given the same name, resulting in confusion between the two concepts in the literature, and marginalizing the phylogenetic role of the species taxon. To counter this problem, the diversity level now recognized for species in the Parvoviridae is relatively broad: species are defined as a cluster of similar viruses that encode a particular replication protein, typically called NS1, that is at least 85% identical to the protein encoded by other members of the species. [7] [8]

Recognized species in genus Protoparvovirus include: [4]

Protoparvoviruses that infect humans were first discovered in 2012 in the feces of children from Burkina Faso, and named using the siglum bufavirus. [11] Three genotypes of bufaviruses have so far been detected, circulating in Tunisia, Finland [12] and Bhutan [13]

A second virus in this genus that infects humans —cutavirus— was initially isolated from the feces of children with diarrhea. [14]

A third potential human protoparvovirus —tusavirus 1— has been reported in the feces of a single human, but whether or not it is able to infect humans or was simply ingested remains to be clarified. [15]

Structure

Viruses in genus Protoparvovirus have non-enveloped protein capsids around 18–26 nm in diameter, which show T=1 icosahedral symmetry. Genomes are single-stranded linear DNA between 4–6kb in length, with small (100–500b) imperfect palindromic sequences at each terminus that fold to form distinctive duplex hairpin telomeres. [5]

GenusStructureSymmetryCapsidGenomic arrangementGenomic segmentation
ProtoparvovirusIcosahedralT=1Non-envelopedLinear ssDNANo

The capsid is thought to be made up of 60 VP proteins ( PDB: 2CAS ​), both VP1 and VP2.

Genomic organization

The Protoparvovirus genome has two ORFs. The non-structural ORF (NS) is the "first" on the 5' side, with the structural (VP) on the 3' end. The genome is expressed by extensive alternative splicing. This not only allows for VP to be expressed, but also produces multiple alternatively spliced versions of each ORF, typically called NS1, NS2(P,Y,L), VP1, and VP2. [5] Some examples of annotated proteins from UniProt are:

Life cycle

Viral replication is nuclear. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment to host receptors, which mediates clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Replication follows the rolling-hairpin model. In some virus/host cell combinations, progeny virions can be trafficked through the cytoplasm in vesicles and released from the parental host cell prior to cell death, while the remaining virions are released following cell lysis. Vertebrates from 6 orders are currently known to serve as natural hosts. Transmission routes are typically fecal-oral and/or respiratory. [5]

GenusHost detailsTissue tropismEntry detailsRelease detailsReplication siteAssembly siteTransmission
ProtoparvovirusVertebratesVariableendocytosisearly vesicular export/cell lysisNucleusNucleusfecal-oral or respiratory

History

Kilham rat virus, isolated in 1959, [16] was the first member of this family of small, linear, single-stranded DNA viruses to be identified.

In following years a series of physically similar viruses, including H1, LuIII, minute virus of mice and tumor virus X, were extracted from cells or tissues in routine use in research laboratories [17] and porcine parvovirus, PPV, one of the major causes of reproductive failure in swine, was isolated from infected pigs. [18] In 1971 these viruses were all recognized as part of a taxonomic genus called Parvovirus in the First Report of the newly created International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) [19]

The Second ICTV Report, published in 1976, established the family Parvoviridae, which at that time included three genera, one of which retained the name Parvovirus and contained all of the aforementioned viruses plus feline panleukopenia virus (now called feline parvovirus, abbreviated to FPV), which had been shown to cause epidemics of enteritis, panleukopenia and congenital cerebellar ataxia in domestic cats. In 1978 a virus from the same species as FPV emerged that was able to infect dogs (called canine parvovirus or CPV), which rapidly spread globally, causing pandemics of severe intestinal and coronary disease. [20]

Genus Parvovirus continued to accrue new viruses until 2014, when its name was changed to Protoparvovirus. [7] [8]

Related Research Articles

<i>Parvoviridae</i> Family of viruses

Parvoviruses are a family of animal viruses that constitute the family Parvoviridae. They have linear, single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) genomes that typically contain two genes encoding for a replication initiator protein, called NS1, and the protein the viral capsid is made of. The coding portion of the genome is flanked by telomeres at each end that form into hairpin loops that are important during replication. Parvovirus virions are small compared to most viruses, at 23–28 nanometers in diameter, and contain the genome enclosed in an icosahedral capsid that has a rugged surface.

<i>Carnivore protoparvovirus 1</i> Species of parvovirus

Carnivore protoparvovirus 1 is a species of parvovirus that infects carnivorans. It causes a highly contagious disease in both dogs and cats separately. The disease is generally divided into two major genogroups: CPV-1 containing the classical feline panleukopenia virus (FPLV), and CPV-2 containing the canine parvovirus (CPV) which appeared in the 1970s.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Canine parvovirus</span> Contagious virus mainly affecting dogs

Canine parvovirus is a contagious virus mainly affecting dogs. CPV is highly contagious and is spread from dog to dog by direct or indirect contact with their feces. Vaccines can prevent this infection, but mortality can reach 91% in untreated cases. Treatment often involves veterinary hospitalization. Canine parvovirus often infects other mammals including foxes, wolves, cats, and skunks. Felines (cats) are also susceptible to panleukopenia, a different strain of parvovirus.

Amdoparvovirus is a genus of viruses in the family Parvoviridae in the subfamily Parvovirinae. Mustelids, skunk, and raccoons serve as natural hosts. There are five species in this genus. Diseases associated with this genus include progressive disorder of immune system.

Carnivore bocaparvovirus 1, formerly Canine minute virus is a species of Bocaparvovirus of the family Parvoviridae that infects dogs. It is similar to bovine parvovirus in its protein structure and DNA. A virus causing respiratory disease in humans has been called human bocavirus due to its similarity to these viruses. Canine minute virus was originally discovered in Germany in 1967 in military dogs, although it was originally thought to not cause disease. Dogs and puppies are infected orally, and the virus is spread transplacentally to the fetuses. Symptoms are seen most commonly between the ages of one to three weeks and include severe diarrhea, difficulty breathing, and anorexia. In severe cases, illness can be fatal.

<i>Dependoparvovirus</i> Genus of viruses

Dependoparvovirus is a genus in the subfamily Parvovirinae of the virus family Parvoviridae; they are Group II viruses according to the Baltimore classification. Some dependoparvoviruses are also known as adeno-associated viruses because they cannot replicate productively in their host cell without the cell being coinfected by a helper virus such as an adenovirus, a herpesvirus, or a vaccinia virus.

Human bocavirus (HBoV) is the name given to all viruses in the genus Bocaparvovirus of virus family Parvoviridae that are known to infect humans. HBoV1 and HBoV3 are members of species Primate bocaparvovirus 1 whereas viruses HBoV2 and HBoV4 belong to species Primate bocaparvovirus 2. Some of these viruses cause human disease. HBoV1 is strongly implicated in causing some cases of lower respiratory tract infection, especially in young children, and several of the viruses have been linked to gastroenteritis, although the full clinical role of this emerging infectious disease remains to be elucidated.

<i>Erythroparvovirus</i> Genus of viruses

Erythroparvovirus is a genus of viruses in subfamily Parvovirinae of the virus family Parvoviridae. Primates serve as natural hosts. There are seven species in this genus. Diseases associated with this genus include fifth disease and skin lesions.

Mink enteritis virus (MEV) is a strain of Carnivore protoparvovirus 1 that infects mink and causes enteritis. Like all parvoviruses, it is a small, spherical virus, and has a single-stranded DNA genome. The signs and symptoms of enteritis usually appear within 4–7 days after infection. The virus replicates in the cells of the crypt epithelium in the duodenum and jejunum and, to a lesser extent the ileum, colon and caecum. The severity of the disease is directly related to necrosis of the crypt epithelium.

Bocaparvovirus is a genus of viruses in the subfamily Parvovirinae of the virus family Parvoviridae. Humans, cattle, and dogs serve as natural hosts. There are 28 species in this genus. Diseases associated with this genus include, in humans, acute respiratory illness, and in cattle, diarrhea and mild respiratory symptoms.

Densovirinae is a subfamily of single-stranded DNA viruses in the family Parvoviridae. The subfamily has 11 recognized genera and 21 species. Densoviruses are known to infect members of insect orders Blattodea, Diptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, and Orthoptera, while some viruses infect and multiply in crustaceans such as shrimp or crayfish, or sea stars from phylum Echinodermata.

Tetraparvovirus are a genus of viruses in the family Parvoviridae. There are six recognized species: Chiropteran tetraparvovirus 1, Primate tetraparvovirus 1, Ungulate tetraparvovirus 1, Ungulate tetraparvovirus 2, Ungulate tetraparvovirus 3, and Ungulate tetraparvovirus 4.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Minute virus of mice</span> Virus

Minute virus of mice (MVM) is the exemplar virus of the species Rodent protoparvovirus 1, in the genus Protoparvovirus of the Parvoviridae family of viruses. MVM exists in multiple variant forms including MVMp, which is the prototype strain that infects cells of fibroblast origin, while MVMi, the immunosuppressive strain, infects T lymphocytes. MVM is a common infection in laboratory mice due to its highly contagious nature. The virus can be shed from infected mice via feces and urine, but also via fomites and nasal secretions. Typically there are no clinical signs of infection in adult mice, however, experimental infection can cause multiple organ damage during fetal development or shortly after birth.

Brevihamaparvovirus is a genus of viruses in subfamily Hamaparvovirinae of the family Parvoviridae. Mosquitoes serve as natural hosts. There are two species in this genus.

Iteradensovirus is a genus of viruses in the subfamily Densovirinae of the family Parvoviridae. Insects serve as natural hosts. There are five species in this genus.

Aveparvovirus is a genus of viruses, in the subfamily Parvovirinae of the virus family Parvoviridae. There are three species in this genus. Diseases associated with this genus include: enteric disease and malabsorption syndrome.

Copiparvovirus is a genus of viruses in subfamily Parvovirinae of the virus family Parvoviridae. Pigs and cows are known to serve as natural hosts. There are seven species in this genus.

Hepanhamaparvovirus is a genus of viruses that belongs to the Hapanhamavirinae subfamily of the family Parvoviridae. Insects and shrimps serve as natural hosts. Infection leads to mortality in the early larval and postlarval stages of the shrimp. There is only one species in this genus: Decapod hepanhamaparvovirus 1.

Penstylhamaparvovirus is the name of a genus of viruses in the subfamily Hamaparvovirinae of the virus family Parvoviridae. Shrimps and insects serve as natural hosts. There is only one species in this genus: Decapod penstylhamaparvovirus 1.

Rolling hairpin replication (RHR) is a unidirectional, strand displacement form of DNA replication used by parvoviruses, a group of viruses that constitute the family Parvoviridae. Parvoviruses have linear, single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) genomes in which the coding portion of the genome is flanked by telomeres at each end that form hairpin loops. During RHR, these hairpin loops repeatedly unfold and refold to change the direction of DNA replication so that replication progresses in a continuous manner back and forth across the genome. RHR is initiated and terminated by an endonuclease encoded by parvoviruses that is variously called NS1 or Rep, and RHR is similar to rolling circle replication, which is used by ssDNA viruses that have circular genomes.

References

  1. ↑ "Genus: Protoparvovirus" (html). International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). Retrieved 8 January 2019.[ dead link ]
  2. ↑ Cotmore, SF; Agbandje-McKenna, M; Canuti, M; Chiorini, JA; Eis-Hubinger, A; Hughes, J; Mietzsch, M; Modha, S; Ogliastro, M; Pénzes, JJ; Pintel, DJ; Qiu, J; Soderlund-Venermo, M; Tattersall, P; Tijssen, P; and the ICTV Report Consortium (2019). "ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Parvoviridae". Journal of General Virology. 100 (3): 367–368. doi:10.1099/jgv.0.001212. PMC   6537627 . PMID   30672729.
  3. ↑ "ICTV 10th Report (2018) Parvoviridae".
  4. 1 2 "Virus Taxonomy: 2020 Release". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). March 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2021.
  5. 1 2 3 4 "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  6. ↑ "ICTV 10th Report (2018) Protoparvovirus".[ dead link ]
  7. 1 2 3 "ICTV Official Taxonomy: Updates since the 8th Report". ICTV Official Taxonomy. ICTV Official Taxonomy. Archived from the original on 19 May 2014. Retrieved 11 June 2014.
  8. 1 2 3 Cotmore SF, Agbandje-McKenna M, Chiorini JA, Mukha DV, Pintel DJ, Qiu J, Soderlund-Venermo M, Tattersall P, Tijssen P, Gatherer D, Davison AJ. 2014. The family Parvoviridae. Arch. Virol. 159: 1239–47.
  9. ↑ Van Regenmortel MHV (2000) Introduction to the species concept in virus taxonomy. In: Van Regenmortel MHV, Fauquet CM, Bishop DHL, Carstens EB, Estes MK, Lemon SM, McGeogh DJ, Maniloff J, Mayo MA, Pringle CR, Wickner RB. (eds) Virus Taxonomy-Seventh Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Elsevier Academic Press, London.
  10. ↑ Van Regenmortel MHV (2003) Viruses are real, virus species are man-made taxonomic constructions. Arch. Virol. 148: 2481–2488.
  11. ↑ Phan TG, Vo NP, Bonkoungou IJ, Kapoor A, Barro N, O’Ryan M, Kapusinszky B, Wang C, Delwart E. 2012. Acute diarrhea in West African children: diverse enteric viruses and a novel parvovirus genus. J Virol. 86:11024–30
  12. ↑ Väisänen E, Kuisma I, Phan TG, Delwart E, Lappalainen M, Tarkka E, Hedman K, Söderlund-Venermo M. 2014. Bufavirus in feces of patients with gastroenteritis, Finland. Emerg Infect Dis. 20(6):1078–80.
  13. ↑ Yahiro T, Wangchuk S, Tshering K, Bandhari P, Zangmo S, Dorji T, Tshering K, Matsumoto T, Nishizono A, Söderlund-Venermo M, Ahmed K. 2014. Novel human bufavirus genotype 3 in children with severe diarrhea, Bhutan. Emerg Infect Dis. 20(6):1037–9.
  14. ↑ Phan TG, Dreno B, da Costa AC, Li L, Orlandi P, Deng X, Kapusinszky B, Siqueira J, Knol AC, Halary F, Dantal J, Alexander KA, Pesavento PA, Delwart E A new protoparvovirus in human fecal samples and cutaneous T cell lymphomas (mycosis fungoides). Virology 496:299–305. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.06.013
  15. ↑ Phan TG, Sdiri-Loulizi K, Aouni M, Ambert-Balay K, Pothier P, Deng X, Delwart E (2014) New parvovirus in child with unexplained diarrhea, Tunisia. Emerg Infect Dis 20(11):1911–1913. doi: 10.3201/eid2011.140428
  16. ↑ Kilham, L. and Olivier, L. J. 1959. A latent virus of rats isolated in tissue culture. Virology 7: 428–37
  17. ↑ Tattersall, P. 2006. The evolution of parvovirus taxonomy. In: ‘‘The Parvoviruses’’. J. Kerr, S. F. Cotmore, M. E. Bloom, R. M. Linden, and C. R. Parrish (eds), Chap. 1, pp. 5–4. Hodder Arnold, London.
  18. ↑ Ren X, Tao Y, Cui J, Suo S, Cong Y, Tijssen P. 2013. Phylogeny and evolution of porcine parvovirus. Virus Research. 178:392–397.
  19. ↑ "International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)".
  20. ↑ Hoelzer K, Parrish CR. 2010. The emergence of parvoviruses of carnivores. Vet. Res. 41:39.
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