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Slavery in Poland existed on the territory of the Kingdom of Poland during the rule of the Piast dynasty in the Middle Ages. [1] It continued to exist in various forms until late in the 14th century when it was supplanted by the institution of serfdom, which has often been considered a form of modified slavery.
Polish literature refers to this group of people as "unfree people" (Polish : ludzie niewolni, Latin : servi, ancillae, familia) rather than as slaves (niewolnicy). [1]
The institution of slavery as practiced in the Polish territories during the Early Middle Ages played a lesser economic or cultural role than in other states such as Roman Empire where slavery played a crucial role in keeping its economy alive. [2] It existed on the territory of Kingdom of Poland during the times of the Piast dynasty; [1] with the number of slaves rising significantly when Polish state was established, as most of the slaves were owned by the king. [3]
According to Samuel Augustus Mitchell, non-free people were emancipated in Poland in 1347 under the Statutes of Casimir the Great issued in Wiślica. [4] Although there are indications that some form of slavery, in practice and law, continued at least till the end of the 14th century. [5] Throughout the remaining history of feudal Poland, particularly in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, much of the peasantry was subject to serfdom, which was often likened to slavery. [6] [7] Serfdom was abolished in Poland in the 19th century during the times of the partitions of Poland.
Poland and the Pre-Unification Polish Slavs were involved in the Medieavel Prague slave trade both as a slave source supply as well as an area of active slave trade by the Poles themselwes.
In the Middle ages, Prague was known in all Europe as a major slave trade center. [8] Captives sold as slaves via Prague were supplied by several routes. The wast majority of slaves were provide from the area of what was later to be Poland.
The armies of the Dukes of Bohemia captured pagan Slavs from the east in expeditions to the lands later known as Poland to supply the slave market, which brought considerable profit to the Dukes. [9]
Several sources from the 10th century mentioned how the Dukes were involved in supplying the Prague slave market and that the slaves normally came from lands corresponding to what later corresponded to southern Poland and western Ukraine. [10]
The Dukes of Bohemia, particularly Boleslaus I (r. 935–972) and Boleslaus II (r. 972–999), regularly provided the Prague slave market with new pagan captives from expeditions to the northeast. [11]
The Vikings acted as suppliers for slaves for the Prague slave trade in the West, as well as for the Kievan Rus' slave trade in the East.
The Vikings were known to be suppliers of slaves to the Islamic market via other routes. People taken captive during the Vikings raids in Western Europe could be sold to Moorish Spain via the Dublin slave trade [12] or transported via the Volga trade route to Russia, where slaves were sold to Muslim merchants [13] in the Khazar Kaghanate, [14] and Volga Bulgaria and from there by caravan to Khwarazm and finally to the Abbasid Caliphate via the Samanid slave market in Central Asia. [15]
While the slaves sold by the Vikings via the eastern route could be Christian Western Europeans, the slaves provided by the Vikings to the slave route of Prague-Magdeburg-Verdun were Pagan Slavs, who in contrast to Christians were legitimate for other Christians to enslave and sell as slaves to Muslims; according to Liutprand of Cremona, these slaves were trafficked to slavery in al-Andalus via Verdun, were some of them were selected to undergo castration to become eunuchs for the Muslim slave market in al-Andalus. [16]
Slaves were also provided by the Slavs themselves as war captives during the unification of Poland under Mieszko I. To sustain this military machine and meet other state expenses, large amounts of revenue were necessary. Greater Poland had some natural resources used for trade, such as fur, hide, honey and wax, but those surely did not provide enough income. According to Ibrahim ibn Yaqub, Prague in Bohemia, a city built of stone, was the main center for the exchange of trading commodities in this part of Europe.
From Kraków, the Slavic traders brought tin, salt, amber, and other products they had, most importantly slaves; Muslim, Jewish, Hungarian, and other traders were the buyers of the Prague slave market. The Life of St. Adalbert , written at the end of the 10th century by John Canaparius, records the fate of many Christian slaves sold in Prague as the main curse of the time. [17] Dragging of shackled slaves is shown as a scene in the 12th-century bronze Gniezno Doors. It may well be that the territorial expansion financed itself by being the source of loot, of which the captured local people were the most valuable part. The scale of the human trade practice is arguable, however, because much of the population from the defeated tribes was resettled for agricultural work or in the near-gord settlements, where they could serve the victors in various capacities and thus contribute to the economic and demographic potential of the state. Considerable increase of population density was characteristic of the newly established states in Eastern and Central Europe. The slave trade not insufficient to meet all revenue needs, the Piast state had to look for other options. [17]
Mieszko thus strove to subdue Pomerania at the Baltic coast. The area was the site of wealthy trade emporia, frequently visited by traders, especially from the east, west and north. Mieszko had every reason to believe that great profits would have resulted from his ability to control the rich seaports situated on long distance trade routes such as Wolin, Szczecin, and Kołobrzeg. [17]
The saqaliba slave trade from Prague to al-Andalus via France ended when lost its religious legitimacy when the pagan Slavs of the north started to gradually adopt Christianity from the late 10th century, which made them out of bounds for Christian Bohemia to enslave and sell to Muslim al-Andalus. The Prague slave trade was not able to legitimately supply their slave pool after the Slavs gradually adopted Christianity from the late 10th century onward. [18]
The slaves came primarily from the ranks of prisoners of war, and were treated as a commodity destined mostly for the largest slave market of its age—the Prague slave trade.
Later, between the 11th and 12th century, ransom was popularised due to acceptance of Christianity, but it covered prisoners of prominence mostly. Some people could also become enslaved due to their inability to pay off their debts, and occasionally enslavement was used as substitute to a death sentence.
Children of niewolni was in default categorized as part of the slavery class, since they belonged to the king or knights.
Niewolni owned by the king were organized in units of tens and hundreds. [1] Those who were not owned by the monarch were among the few in the Kingdom of Poland that could not rely on royal justice. [19]
Niewolni had a limited right to relocate themselves, and could own possessions. [20] Over time, their numbers decreased due to various reasons. Some of them were able to escape and some were favored as their owners saw them to be more profitable when they are used as peasants (Polish : czeladź, Latin : servi casati) rather than servants. Czeladź would have their own house, and would be little different from regular peasants or serfs. [1]
Slavery is illegal in Poland. Poland is part of the European G6 Initiative Against Human Trafficking. [21] Contemporary slavery however still persists in Poland, just as it does in the rest of the world. According the Global Slavery Index, there were 128,000 people living in the condition of modern slavery in Poland as of 2019. [22]
Types of slavery found in Poland include forced labor, forced begging, and forced criminality. [23] [24] Sectors of the Polish economy considered most vulnerable to slavery and other forms of exploitation include agriculture, construction, food processing, housekeeping and cleaning, although problems have also been found in the industrial production and catering sectors. [25] Some of the people subject to forced labour in Poland were from temporary workers from North Korea. [26] [27] [28] Common techniques for trafficking people into slavery from other countries include false job promises, high fees or alleged debts, rape, and withholding the person's documentation. False offers of employment are usually for sales or agricultural work. Many trafficking victims from Bulgaria and Ukraine are forced into sex slavery. [29]