Timeline of Cambridge, Massachusetts

This is a timeline of the history of the city of Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States.

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

17th century

• 1630 - English settlers arrive. Site selected by John Winthrop the Younger. ^[1]
• 1632 - First Parish meeting house built.
• 1636 - The "New College" founded.
• 1636 - Newe Towne was established as a town in the Massachusetts Bay Colony on September 8.
• 1638
  • Newe Towne renamed "Cambridge." ^[1]
  • John Harvard, a Puritan minister, bequeaths his library and half his monetary estate to the college.
• 1639
  • New College renamed Harvard College for benefactor John Harvard.
  • First printing press in Cambridge. ^[1]
• 1640 - Bay Psalm Book printed. ^[2]
• 1642 - Harvard holds its first commencement.
• 1662 - Great Bridge built.
• 1663 - Algonquin-language Mamusse Wunneetupanatamwe Up-Biblum God published. ^[3]
• 1682 - Cooper-Frost-Austin House built (date approximate).
• 1685 - Hooper-Lee-Nichols House built.
• 1688 - Cambridge Village, later renamed Newton, separated from Cambridge. ^[4]

18th century

Longfellow National Historic Site, Cambridge, Massachusetts - also known as the Vassall House

• 1713 - Town of Lexington separated from Cambridge. ^[1]
• 1720 - Harvard's Massachusetts Hall built.
• 1727 - William Brattle House built.
• 1759
  • Christ Church congregation founded.
  • Vassall House built. ^[1]
• 1760 - Apthorp House built. ^[1]
• 1767 - Elmwood (residence) built.
• 1775
  • April 18: William Dawes traverses the town en route to sounding warnings on eve of Battles of Lexington and Concord. ^[5]
  • April 19: Skirmishes between retreating British troops and American patriots at Watson's Corner and elsewhere in North Cambridge. ^[6]
  • May 12: The New-England Chronicle in publication. ^[7]
  • July 3: George Washington takes command of American army. ^[8]
• 1780 - May 19: New England's Dark Day.
• 1782 - Harvard Medical School founded. ^[9]
• 1793 - West Boston Bridge built. ^[10]
• 1796 - Fresh Pond Hotel built. ^[11]

Massachusetts Medical College, Mason Street

Massachusetts Medical College, Grove Street

Harvard Medical School quadrangle in Longwood Medical Area.

19th century

1800s–1840s

• 1800 - Printer William Hilliard in business. ^[12]
• 1805 - Harvard Botanic Garden founded. ^[13]
• 1807
  • Cambridge and Concord Turnpike opens.
  • Little Cambridge separates from Cambridge and is renamed Brighton. ^[14]
  • West Cambridge, later renamed Arlington, separated from Cambridge. ^[15]
• 1809
  • Craigie's Bridge opens.
  • Birth of Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr., physician, poet and polymath. ^[1]
• 1810 - Amicable Fire Society founded. ^[16]
• 1814 - Cambridge Humane Society ^[17] and Female Humane Society founded. ^[18]
• 1815 - Harvard's University Hall built.
• 1816 - Middlesex County Courthouse (Massachusetts) built.
• 1817 - Harvard Law School founded.
• 1818 - New England Glass Company established.
• 1824 - East Cambridge Charitable Society formed. ^[17]
• 1826 - Frederic Tudor and Nathaniel Wyeth begin harvesting ice at Fresh Pond. ^[19]
• 1827 - First Evangelical Congregational church ^[20] and Second Baptist Church ^[21] established.
• 1830 - Population: 6,072. ^[22]
• 1831
  • Mount Auburn Cemetery founded. ^[23]
  • Cambridge Market Hotel (later Porter's Hotel) built. ^[24]
• 1832 - Cambridge Fire Department and Cambridge Book Club [16] established.
• 1833
  • Hunt & Co's Circulating Library in business. ^[25]
  • First Parish meeting house built, corner Church St. and Mass. Ave.
• 1835 - West Cambridge Social Library active. ^[25]

An 1836 illustration by the daughter of Harvard President. Harvard University. Eliza Susan Quincy's drawing of the September 1836 procession of Harvard alumni leaving the First Parish Meeting House and walking to the Pavilion. Eliza Susan Quincy was the daughter of Josiah Quincy, President of Harvard University 1829-45.

• 1837
  • August 31: Emerson gives "American Scholar" speech. ^[26]
  • East Cambridge Anti-Slavery Society formed. ^[18]
  • Henry Wadsworth Longfellow moves to Craigie House. ^[8]
• 1839
  • Hopkins Classical School established.
  • Harvard College Observatory founded.
• 1840
  • Cambridge Magnolia begins publication. ^[27]
  • St. John's Mutual Relief Society organized. ^[17]
  • Population: 8,409. ^[22]
• 1841 - Cambridge Lyceum organized.
• 1846
  • Cambridge Chronicle begins publication.
  • Stickney-Shepard House built.
  • Lexington and West Cambridge Railroad begins operating. ^[28]
  • Alvan Clark & Sons telescope maker in business.
  • City chartered. ^[1]
  • James D. Green becomes mayor. ^[29]
  • Population: 12,500. ^[30]
• 1847 - Great Refractor telescope installed. ^[31]
• 1848 - Franklin Library Association founded. ^[25]
• 1849 - Cambridge Athenaeum incorporated. ^[32]

1850s–1890s

Cambridge, Massachusetts Harvard University, insdie Harvard Yard.

Sanders Theatre at Harvard University, location of many Glee Club concerts

• 1850 - Howard Benevolent Society organized. ^[17]
• 1852
  • Cambridge Water Works Corporation chartered. ^[29]
  • Riverside Press established.
• 1854 - Cambridge Cemetery consecrated. ^[20]
• 1856 - Population: 20,473. ^[30]
• 1857
  • Cambridge Circulating Library in business. ^[25]
  • Walden Street Cattle Pass built.
• 1858 - Harvard Glee Club founded. ^[33]
• 1859 - Museum of Comparative Zoology founded.
• 1860 - Cambridge Horticultural Society organized. ^[17]
• 1861 - Veterans' Services established. ^[34]
• 1862 - Sanitary Society active (approximate date). ^[18]

The predecessor West Boston Bridge, circa 1864. before the Longfellow Bridge

• 1865 - Old Cambridge Mutual Relief Society organized. ^[17]
• 1866
  • Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology and New Church Theological School ^[1] founded.
  • Cambridge Press newspaper begins publication. ^{[27] [35]}
• 1867 - Episcopal Theological School founded. ^[1]
• 1868 - Cambridge Mechanics Literary Association organized. ^[17]

Old Cambridge Baptist Church from Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

• 1869
  • Old Cambridge Baptist Church built on Harvard Street.
  • North Cambridge Choral Society organized. ^[17]
• 1870 - Soldiers' Monument dedicated on Cambridge Common ^[36]
• 1871
  • Cambridge Social Union founded. ^[21]
  • Alpha Glee Club organized. ^[17]
• 1872 - Cambridge Choral Society formed. ^[17]

1873 Map of Harvard Square

• 1873
  • The Harvard Crimson newspaper begins publication. ^[37]
  • Basket Club formed. ^[18]
• 1875
  • Church of the Ascension organized. ^[20]
  • Kennedy Steam Bakery built.
  • Population: 47,838. ^[30]
• 1876 - Harvard Lampoon begins publication.
• 1877 - Harvard's Memorial Hall built.
• 1878
  • The Cambridge Tribune newspaper begins publication. ^[27]
  • Harvard's Sever Hall built.
• 1879 - Cambridge Public Library established. ^[32]
• 1880 - Population: 52,669. ^[1]
• 1881 - Cambridge Club active. ^[18]
• 1882
  • Society for the Collegiate Instruction of Women incorporated. ^[1]
  • Harvard Cooperative founded.
• 1883
  • Cambridge YMCA opens. ^[38]
  • Browne & Nichols School founded. ^[39]
• 1884 - Odd Fellows Hall built.
• 1886 - Cambridge Hospital, Cambridge English High School (Broadway & Fayette St.), ^[40] Cambridge Latin School (Lee St.), ^[40] and Cambridge School for Girls established.
• 1887 - Cambridgeport Cycle Club organized. ^[38]

Cambridge, Massachusetts City Hall, located at 795 Massachusetts Avenue

• 1889
  • City Hall, Brattle Hall, and William James' house ^[41] built.
  • Buckingham School founded. ^[39]
  • Cambridge Plant Club established. ^{[40] [42]}
• 1890 - Population: 70,028. ^[1]
• 1891 - Harvard Bridge built.
• 1892 - Old Cambridge Photographic Club formed. ^[18]
• 1893 - Road built around Fresh Pond. ^[11]
• 1894
  • Radcliffe College chartered.
  • Cambridge Walking Club founded. ^[18]
• 1895
  • Lechmere Canal built.
  • Keezer's clothier in business. ^[43]
  • W. E. B. Du Bois earns PhD from Harvard University. ^[44]
• 1896 - Cambridge Political Equality Association established. ^[45]
• 1897 - Cambridge Skating Club founded. ^[46]
• 1900 - Population: 91,886. ^[1]

20th century

1900s–1940s

Robinson Hall (Harvard University) Originally constructed in 1904

Swedenborg Chapel, Cambridge, MA- built in 1904

Harvard Yard

• 1901 - Swedenborg Chapel built. ^[41]
• 1903
  • Cambridge Sentinel newspaper begins publication. ^[27]
  • Busch–Reisinger Museum opens.
• 1904 - Harvard's Phillips Brooks House Association established.
• 1905 - Cambridge Historical Society founded. ^{[47] [48]}
• 1906 - Longfellow Bridge opens. ^[1]
• 1908
  • Andover Theological Seminary relocates to city. ^[1]
  • Harvard's Business School established.
• 1909 - Lesley School founded. ^[49]
• 1910
  • Harvard Extension School founded.
  • Harvard Square Business Association founded. ^[50]
  • Population: 104,839. ^[1]
• 1911 - Cambridge Housing Association formed. ^[51]
• 1912 - The Kendall/MIT, Central, and Harvard MBTA stations open.
• 1913
  • Harvard University Press and Harvard Legal Aid Bureau established.
  • Cohen harness maker in business. ^[52]
• 1914 - Cambridge Planning Board established. ^[53]
• 1915
  • Anderson Memorial Bridge and Harvard's Widener Library built.
  • Cooperative Open Air School founded.
• 1916
  • Massachusetts Institute of Technology moves to Cambridge ^[54]
  • Tasty Sandwich Shop in business, a diner restaurant in Cambridge, open from 1916 to 1997 at 6 John F. Kennedy Street. Behind the counter is chef Don Valcovic, ^[55]

An aerial view of Harvard Square in 1921

The Boston University Bridge, originally the Cottage Farm Bridge and commonly referred to as the BU Bridge

• 1917
  • Wursthaus restaurant in business. ^[55]
  • Arthur D. Little Inc., Building constructed.
• 1923 - Washington Elm dies on Cambridge Common.
• 1924 - The Church of St. Paul (Harvard Square) built.
• 1926 - Harvard Square Theater opens. ^[56]
• 1927
  • John W. Weeks Bridge built.
  • Necco factory opens on Massachusetts Avenue.
  • Grolier Poetry Bookshop and Mac-Gray Corp. ^[57] in business.
• 1928 - Boston University Bridge built.
• 1929 - Cambridge Community Center founded. ^[58]
• 1930
  • First Church of Christ, Scientist built.
  • Longy School of Music moves to Cambridge.
  • Russian bells installed in Harvard's Lowell House.
• 1932
  • Harvard Book Store and MIT's Technology Press and School of Architecture established.
  • Harvard's Memorial Church built.
• 1936 - Harvard's Graduate School of Public Administration and Graduate School of Design established.
• 1938
  • Hayes-Bickford Cafeteria in business (approximate date). ^[55]
  • Harvard's Nieman Foundation for Journalism established.
• 1940
  • National Research Corporation in business. ^[59]
  • Cambridge citizens vote to adopt proportional representation for elections of its city council and school committee, with first use in 1941. ^[60]

MIT Main Campus Aerial

• 1941
  • Magazine of Cambridge begins publication. ^[61]
  • Harvard's Houghton Library built.
• 1942 - John B. Atkinson becomes city manager.
• 1945 - Cambridge Civic Unity Committee established. ^[62]
• 1945 - Irving House established. ^[63]
• 1946 - WMIT begins broadcasting.
• 1947
  • September 9: Computer bug found at the Harvard Computation Lab.
  • Demise of the Harvard Botanic Garden. ^[13]
  • Edgerton, Germeshausen, and Grier in business. ^[64]

Houghton Library exterior

1950s–1970s

• 1950
  • Cardullo's Gourmet Shop in business. ^[55]
  • Joseph DeGuglielmo becomes mayor.
• 1951
  • Fresh Pond Drive-In opens. ^[56]
  • WHRB incorporated.
• 1952
  • John J. Curry becomes city manager.
  • MIT School of Industrial Management and MIT Center for International Studies ^[65] established.
• 1953
  • Brattle Theatre begins screening movies.
  • Harvard Model United Nations conference begins.
• 1954 - Wang Laboratories, Cheapo Records, ^[66] and Hong Kong restaurant ^[67] in business.

Out of Town News, Harvard Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts

• 1955
  • Out of Town News, Casablanca bar, ^[55] Elsie's eatery ^[68] and Ferranti-Dege camera store ^[69] in business.
  • Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory relocated to Cambridge.
• 1957
  • Cambridge Buddhist Association established. ^[70]
  • Pangloss Bookstore in business. ^[71]
• 1958
  • Club 47 (music venue) opens. ^[72]
  • Joyce Chen restaurant ^[73] and Chez Jean restaurant ^[55] in business.
  • Lisp (programming language) invented at MIT. ^[74]
  • Smoot measurement established.
• 1959
  • Café Pamplona in business.
  • Harvard/MIT Center for Urban Studies and MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory ^[74] established.
• 1960
  • Bartley's restaurant in business. ^[55]
  • Harvard's Let's Go travel guides begin publication.
  • Out of Town News ^[75] opens in Harvard Square and goes to last sixty years selling newspapers from all over the world. ^[76]
• 1961

Julia Child's kitchen Smithsonian National Museum of American History.

Built in 1970s style, National Bureau of Economic Research. Cambridge, Massachusetts - Harvard Square, USA

• • Julia Child moves to Cambridge. ^[77]
  • October 14: Fire destroys the original WGBH television and radio studios, at MIT.
• 1962
  • Temple Beth Shalom founded. ^[78]
  • Fresh Pond Shopping Center built. ^[11]
  • Cambridge Electron Accelerator in operation. ^[79]
  • Harvard's Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts built.
  • Cambridge Seven Associates in business.
  • Cambridge Sports Union founded. ^[80]
• 1963 - Cambridge Historical Commission established. ^[81]
• 1964 - NASA Electronics Research Center established. ^[82]
• 1965 - Head of the Charles Regatta established.

• 1966 - Cambridge School Volunteers founded.
• 1967
  • Joseph DeGuglielmo becomes city manager.
  • Cambridge Forum, ^[83] MIT's Center for Advanced Visual Studies established.
• 1968
  • Cambridge Housing Convention active. ^[84]
  • Shrdlu computer program developed at MIT. ^[74]
• 1969
  • Murder of Jane Britton ^[85]
  • Student antiwar protest. ^[86]
  • Union of Concerned Scientists, ^[87] and Harvard's Institute for African and African-American Research founded.
  • Passim ^[72] and Plough and Stars in business.
• 1970
  • The Middle East restaurant opens.
  • Rent control ^[88] and Massachusetts Department of Transportation Volpe Center ^[82] established.
  • Alfred Vellucci becomes mayor.
• 1971
  • Cambridge and Somerville Legal Services established. ^[89]
  • Grendel's Den pub in business.
  • Revels performance series begins.
• 1972
  • Broadway Bicycle School in business. ^{[90] [91]}
  • Longfellow National Historic Site and Cambridge Women's Center ^[92] established.
  • Harvard's Gund Hall built.
  • October: Protest in East Cambridge against police conduct. ^[37]
• 1973
  • Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics established.
  • Draper Laboratory active.
  • T.T. the Bear's Place and Hacker's Haven car repair shop^{[ citation needed ]} in business.
• 1974
  • Cambridge Food Co-op, ^[93] city Arts Council, ^[94] city Community Development Department, ^{[53] [95]} and Buckingham Browne & Nichols school established.
  • James Sullivan becomes city manager.
  • Cambridge Naturals in business. ^[96]
• 1975 - Coffee Connection in business.
• 1977
  • Cambridge Rindge and Latin School formed.

Cambridge Rindge and Latin School (building.Cambridge, MA)Cambridge Rindge and Latin School

Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) is a research institute of the Smithsonian Institution Harvard, concentrating on astrophysical studies including galactic and extragalactic astronomy, cosmology, solar, earth and planetary sciences, theory

• • River Festival begins. ^[97]
  • Changsho restaurant in business. ^[98]
• 1978
  • National Bureau of Economic Research active. ^[87]
  • Formaggio Kitchen in business. ^[99]
• 1979 - Harvard's Film Archive opens.

1980s–1990s

Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research Cambridge, Massachusetts

• 1980
  • American Repertory Theater and MIT's PiKa housing cooperative ^[100] established.
  • MIT Museum active.
• 1981
  • American Academy of Arts and Sciences moves to Cambridge. ^[101]
  • Cambridge College active. ^[102]
  • Robert W. Healy becomes city manager. ^[103]
  • Cambridge Center complex construction begins. ^[82]
• 1982
  • Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research founded.
  • Biogen, ^[104] Toscanini's, and Upstairs at the Pudding restaurant in business. ^[55]
  • Sister city relationships established with Coimbra, Portugal, and Gaeta, Italy. ^[105]
• 1983
  • Harvard Square Homeless Shelter and Albert Einstein Institution established.
  • Monitor Group and Cambridge Energy Research Associates headquartered in Cambridge.
  • Sister city relationships established with Tsukuba Science City, Ibaraki, Japan; and Dublin, Ireland. ^[105]
  • Pegasystems Inc. and Forrester Research in business.
  • Premiere of Marsha Norman's play Night, Mother .
• 1984
  • MIT Media Lab, ^[106] Institute for Resource and Security Studies, ^[107] and city Police Review & Advisory Board ^[108] established.
  • Sister city relationship established with Ischia, Italy. ^[105]
  • Porter MBTA Red Line station opens.
  • Conflict Management Group headquartered in city.
  • Thinking Machines Corporation and Charles Hotel in business.

The Tasty sandwich shop in Harvard Square, 1985.

• 1985
  • Alewife (MBTA station) opens.
  • Harvard's Arthur M. Sackler Museum built.
  • Dante Alighieri Society building inaugurated. ^[109]
  • Memorial Drive partially pedestrianized along Riverbend Park.
• 1986
  • Garment District (clothing retailer) in business.
  • Thinking Machines' Connection Machine invented. ^[74]
  • MIT flea market begins. ^[110]
• 1987
  • Sister city relationships established with Yerevan, Armenia; ^[111] San José Las Flores, Chalatenango, El Salvador; and Catania, Italy. ^[105]
  • Cambridge becomes a Peace Messenger City. ^[112]
  • Catch a Rising Star in business.
  • Joseph P. Kennedy II becomes U.S. representative for Massachusetts's 8th congressional district.
• 1988 - Cambridge Community Television ^[113] and Cambridge Eviction Free Zone established.
• 1989
  • Cambridge Sane/Freeze active. ^[21]
  • Sister city relationship established with Kraków, Poland. ^[105]
• 1990
  • CambridgeSide Galleria built.

Cambridgeside Galleria, built in 1990.

• • Sapient Corporation in business.
• 1991
  • City Bicycle Committee [108] and Ig Nobel Prize established.
  • MÄK Technologies in business.
• 1992
  • Boston Dynamics (robotics firm) ^[114] and Dewey, Cheetham & Howe ^[115] in business.
  • Kenneth Reeves becomes mayor.
  • Sister city relationship established with Florence, Italy. ^[105]

Boston Dynamics BigDog

• 1993
  • City master plan published. ^[116]
  • MIT's The Tech newspaper web edition begins publication.
  • Timothy J. Toomey, Jr. becomes state representative for 29th Middlesex district. ^[117]
• 1994
  • Islamic Society of Boston mosque opens. ^[78]
  • Rialto restaurant in business. ^[118]
• 1995
  • Kendall Square Cinema opens. ^[56]
  • Porter Square Neighbors Association formed.
  • Cybersmith ^[119] and Phoenix Landing (music venue) ^[120] in business.
• 1996
  • Cambridge Health Alliance and On The Rise nonprofit established. ^[121]
  • City Dance Party begins. ^{[122] [123]}
  • Sheila Russell becomes mayor.
• 1997
  • City website online. ^[124]
  • Cambridge Civic Journal begins publication. ^[125]
  • Sister city relationship established with Galway, Ireland. ^[105]
  • French-American International School active.^{[ citation needed ]}

Akamai's headquarters in Cambridge, Massachusetts

• 1998
  • Akamai Technologies in business.
  • MIT's Center for Reflective Community Practice active. ^[126]
  • Francis Duehay becomes mayor.
  • Harvard's Berkman Center for Internet & Society founded.
• 1999
  • Cambridge Innovation Center in business.
  • Mike Capuano becomes U.S. representative for Massachusetts's 8th congressional district. ^[127]

Part of the world-famousHarvard Yard

One of many entrances to Harvard Yard, November 2019

Harvard University,. November, 2019

The Out of Town News, Harvard Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts in 2019.

21st century

• 2000
  • Zipcar in business.
  • Anthony Galluccio becomes mayor.
  • MIT's Kismet (robot) introduced. ^[74]
• 2001
  • New water treatment plant at Fresh Pond opens. ^[128]
• 2002 - Michael A. Sullivan becomes mayor. ^[129]
• 2003
  • Novartis research division headquartered in city. ^[130]
  • Longwood Players (theatre group) active. ^{[131] [132]}
  • MIT's Poverty Action Lab and Harvard's Ash Institute for Democratic Governance and Innovation ^[65] founded.
  • Sister city relationship established with Santo Domingo Oeste, Dominican Republic. ^[105]

Out of Town News Harvard Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts

Broad Institute, Community Charter School of Cambridge opens in 2004

• 2004
  • Broad Institute, Community Charter School of Cambridge, ^[133] and ActBlue (nonprofit) ^[134] established.
  • MIT's Stata Center built.
  • Sister city relationship established with Southwark, London, England. ^[105]
  • February 4: Facebook launched at Harvard College. ^[135]
• 2005
  • Sister city relationships established with Cienfuegos, Cuba; ^[111] Yuseong, Daejeon, Korea; and Haidian, Beijing, China. ^[105]
  • Cambridge Day begins publication.
  • Patricia D. Jehlen becomes state senator for 2nd Middlesex district. ^{[136] [137]}
• 2006
  • Green Decade Cambridge incorporated. ^[138]
  • Kenneth Reeves becomes mayor again.
  • Harvard's Rappaport Institute for Greater Boston established.
  • HubSpot in business.

Further information: Wiesner building

The new Media Lab expansion (Building E14). The original Wiesner Building (E15) is visible at left.

• 2007
  • Microsoft New England Research & Development Center opens. ^[139]
  • Cambridge Science Festival begins. ^[106]
  • MIT's Center for Future Civic Media established.
  • Unitarian Universalist Service Committee headquartered in Cambridge.
  • Anthony Petruccelli becomes state senator for 1st Suffolk and Middlesex district. ^[140]
• 2008
  • Alliance of Cambridge Tenants, ^[141] and Google Inc. branch established.
  • ImprovBoston moves to Cambridge.
  • Harvard Square Library incorporated. ^[83]
  • E. Denise Simmons becomes mayor.
  • ROFLCon meme convention begins.
  • Central Square Theater built. ^[142]
  • Jon Hecht elected state representative for 29th Middlesex district.
• 2009
  • July: Henry Louis Gates arrest controversy
  • West Cambridge Youth and Community Center opens. ^[143]
  • Kendall Square Association established. ^[82]
  • Cambridge Open Studios active.
  • Trader Joe's grocery in business at Fresh Pond. [144]
• 2010
  • David Maher becomes mayor.
  • Population: 105,162; ^[145] metro 4,552,402. ^[146]
  • Sal DiDomenico becomes state senator for Middlesex, Suffolk and Essex district. ^[147]
• 2011
  • January 6: Aaron Swartz arrested.
  • Area Four restaurant, Veggie Galaxy restaurant ^{[148] [149]} and Danger!awesome in business.
• 2012
  • MIT/Harvard edX launched.
  • Henrietta Davis becomes mayor.
  • Hack/reduce nonprofit founded.
  • Sinclair ^[150] and Amazon office ^[151] in business.
• 2013
  • Richard Rossi becomes city manager.
  • Cambridge Open Data Ordinance drafted. ^[152]
  • Cambridge Happenings in publication. ^[153]
  • April 18–19: MIT officer killed; manhunt for Boston Marathon bombing suspects takes place. ^[154]
  • November: Municipal election.
  • December: Katherine Clark becomes U.S. representative for Massachusetts's 5th congressional district. ^[155]
  • Marjorie Decker becomes state representative for 25th Middlesex district, Dave Rogers becomes state representative for 24th Middlesex district, ^[156] and Jay Livingstone becomes state representative for 8th Suffolk district.
• 2014
  • City open data portal launched. ^[157]
  • H Mart grocery and Alden & Harlow restaurant ^[158] in business.
  • David Maher becomes mayor again.
• 2015
  • January 2015 North American blizzard.
  • September 6: Lawrence Lessig presidential campaign, 2016 headquartered in city.
  • December 3: Fire. ^[159]

Spot being tested alongside British Royal Air Force service members

See also

• Cambridge, Massachusetts history section
• List of mayors of Cambridge, Massachusetts
• National Register of Historic Places listings in Cambridge, Massachusetts
• List of National Historic Landmarks in Massachusetts, Cambridge section
• History of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
• History of Harvard University
• Timelines of other municipalities in Middlesex County, Massachusetts: Lowell, Somerville, Waltham

References

1. Britannica 1910.
2. Roden 1905.
3. Alden Bradford (1843). New England Chronology. Boston: S.G. Simpkins.
4. Ritter, Priscilla R.; Thelma Fleishman (1982). Newton, Massachusetts 1679–1779: A Biographical Directory. New England Historic Genealogical Society.
5. "The American Revolution Comes to Cambridge, Part II (Note 3) Retrieved 2 November 2013 Archived June 17, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
6. "The American Revolution Comes to Cambridge, Part III: Retreat: Deadly Skirmishes in North Cambridge" Access date 7 December 2013 Archived June 17, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
7. "Eighteenth-Century American Newspapers in the Library of Congress: Massachusetts". Library of Congress. Retrieved August 16, 2011.
8. Baedeker 1909.
9. "Harvard Medical School history" . Retrieved August 15, 2011.
10. "Boston", Appleton's Handbook of American Travel: Northern and Eastern Tour, New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1870
11. "Brief Chronology of Fresh Pond". Friends of Fresh Pond Reservation. Retrieved April 30, 2014.
12. White 1931.
13. Aloian, John (November 5, 2012). "The Harvard Botanic Garden". Harvard Community Garden.
14. "History of Brighton-Allston" . Retrieved November 26, 2013.
15. "Town of Arlington, Massachusetts: History". Archived from the original on January 9, 2008. Retrieved November 26, 2013.
16. "Houghton Library: Collections", HOLLIS, Harvard Library , retrieved September 24, 2019
17. Greenough 1873.
18. Library Special Collections, Cambridge Historical Society, retrieved June 30, 2014
19. Weightman, Gavin (2003). The Frozen-Water Trade: A True Story. New York: Hyperion. p. 110
20. Greenough 1910.
21. Cambridge Historical Commission. "Finding Aids to Archival Collections". City of Cambridge. Retrieved April 30, 2014.
22. Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States: 1790 to 1990, U.S. Census Bureau, 1998
23. "United States and Canada, 1800–1900 A.D.: Key Events". Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art . Retrieved June 30, 2014.
24. Cambridge Historical Commission 1977, pp. 134–35.
25. Davies Project. "American Libraries before 1876". Princeton University. Retrieved August 14, 2013.
26. Louis Menand (2001). The Metaphysical Club: A Story of Ideas in America. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN   978-0-374-19963-0.
27. "US Newspaper Directory". Chronicling America. Washington DC: Library of Congress. Retrieved November 4, 2012.
28. Henry Varnum Poor (1860), History of the railroads and canals of the United States, New York: J.H. Schultz
29. Gilman 1896.
30. City Council 1875.
31. "The Great Refractor". Harvard College Observatory . Retrieved August 15, 2011.
32. Report of the Free Public Library Commission of Massachusetts. 1891.
33. Donna M. Di Grazia, ed. (2013). Nineteenth-Century Choral Music. Routledge. ISBN   978-0-415-98852-0.
34. Department of Veterans' Services. "Our History". City of Cambridge. Retrieved April 30, 2014.
35. "Massachusetts: Cambridge". American Newspaper Directory. George P. Rowell. 1884.
36. Soldiers' Monument in Cambridge, Cambridge, Massachusetts: J. Wilson and Son, 1870, OCLC   6322068, OL   6906910M
37. Harvard Crimson 2001.
38. Cambridge Historical Society. Proceedings, 1980-1985.
39. "BB&N – A Brief History". Buckingham Browne & Nichols School. Retrieved August 15, 2011.
40. Cambridge Historical Society Proceedings for the years 1953-54.
41. Moravek 2010.
42. Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute. "Cambridge Plant and Garden Club. Records, 1889-1991: A Finding Aid".
43. "Keezer's" . Retrieved June 30, 2014.
44. Robin D. G. Kelley and Earl Lewis, ed. (2005). "Chronology". To Make Our World Anew: a History of African Americans. Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0-19-983893-6.
45. J. Leonard, ed. (1914). Woman's Who's Who of America. NY: American Commonwealth Co.
46. "Cambridge Skating Club".
47. Proceedings, vol. 1, Cambridge Historical Society, 1906
48. "Who We Are". Cambridge Historical Society.
49. "Lesley University History". Lesley University. Retrieved August 15, 2011.
50. "Harvard Square Business Association Archives". Harvard Square Business Association. Retrieved August 14, 2013.
51. Report of the Cambridge Housing Association, 1913
52. "Big Bang at Lechmere", Boston Globe, June 2, 1989
53. Stephen Kaiser (February 10, 2014), Creation of the Community Development Department: A Brief History, Cambridge Community Television
54. "MIT facts". MIT. Retrieved August 15, 2011.
55. Robertson 2012.
56. "Movie Theaters in Cambridge, Massachusetts". CinemaTreasures.org. Los Angeles: Cinema Treasures LLC. Retrieved August 11, 2013.
57. "Mac-Gray is Cleaning Up in World of Wash and Dry", Boston Globe, May 16, 2006
58. "History". Cambridge Community Center.
59. Sloan School. "Timeline". MIT Course XV Centennial. MIT. Retrieved June 30, 2014.
60. "Adoption of Plan E". Welcome to the City of Cambridge. City of Cambridge, MA. Archived from the original on December 13, 2014. Retrieved November 25, 2014.
61. Magazine of Cambridge, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Cambridge Chamber of Commerce, 1941-1973. OCLC   28534348 – via WorldCat.
62. "Civic Unity Committee", Cambridge Civic Journal, Robert Winters, 2011
63. Irving House at Harvard
64. Karl L. Wildes; Nilo A. Lindgren (1985). A Century of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at MIT, 1882-1982 . MIT Press. ISBN   978-0-262-23119-0.
65. "Organizations". International Relations and Security Network . Switzerland: Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich . Retrieved March 10, 2014.
66. Cheapo Records
67. "Hong Kong Restaurant Celebrates 60th Anniversary", Harvard Crimson, February 24, 2014
68. "Elsie's Tradition Endures in Falmouth", The Crimson, October 18, 1983
69. Mincer, Shifra B. (October 6, 2006). "Camera Shop Shutters, Its Long Kodak Moment Over". The Harvard Crimson.
70. Pluralism Project. "Buddhism in America". America's Many Religions: Timelines. Harvard University. Retrieved October 4, 2013.
71. "Pangloss Bookstore". Harvard Crimson . December 13, 1957. Retrieved August 14, 2013.
72. Club Passim: 50 Years Of Folk Legends, USA: National Public Radio, August 2008
73. "Cambridge dumpling festival a tribute to Joyce Chen", Boston Globe, September 29, 2014
74. "Timeline: Building Smarter Machines", New York Times, June 24, 2010
75. Siliezar, Juan (November 1, 2019). "Out of Town out of time". Harvard Gazette.
76. "Out of Town News, a Harvard Square Fixture for 60 Years, Has Closed". September 16, 2019.
77. "Julia Child". Britannica.com. Retrieved August 15, 2011.
78. Pluralism Project. "Cambridge, Massachusetts". Directory of Religious Centers. Harvard University. Retrieved August 14, 2013.
79. Harvard University Archives. "Records of the Cambridge Electron Accelerator: an inventory". Harvard University. Retrieved August 14, 2013.
80. "About CSU: Club History". Cambridge Sports Union. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
81. "About the Historical Commission". City of Cambridge. Retrieved August 15, 2011.
82. Boston Globe 2014.
83. "Affiliated Organizations". First Parish in Cambridge.
84. Harvard Crimson, December 2, 1968
85. United Press International (January 8, 1969). "Coed at Harvard Is Slain in Apartment". The New York Times . Retrieved December 31, 2018.
86. Mitchell K. Hall (2008). "Chronology". Historical Dictionary of the Nixon-Ford Era. Scarecrow Press. ISBN   978-0-8108-6410-8.
87. Mike Tigas; Sisi Wei, eds. (May 9, 2013). "Cambridge, Massachusetts". Nonprofit Explorer. New York: ProPublica . Retrieved March 10, 2014.
88. Harvard Crimson, October 7, 1970
89. "About Us: History". Greater Boston Legal Services.
90. "About". Broadway Bicycle School. Retrieved June 21, 2013.
91. "A Woman Without A Bicycle Is Like A Fish Without A Man?", The Crimson, 1991, Bicycle Repair Collective
92. Flora Davis (1991), Moving the mountain: the women's movement in America since 1960, Simon & Schuster, ISBN   0671602071
93. "Harvest Co-op Market (Cambridge)". Iowa: National Cooperative Grocers Association. November 2013.
94. "Cambridge City Arts Council".
95. Community Development Department, City of Cambridge
96. "Cambridge Naturals".
97. "Cambridge Arts". City of Cambridge.
98. "Stylish New Home for Cambridge Favorite", Boston Globe, January 29, 1987
99. "Formaggio Kitchen". Archived from the original on August 18, 2007.
100. "About pika". Cambridge: pika. Retrieved October 25, 2013.
101. American Academy of Arts and Sciences. "Historical notes" . Retrieved August 15, 2011.
102. "About Cambridge College". Archived from the original on June 18, 2003.
103. "The Most Powerful Man in Cambridge", Harvard Crimson, May 24, 2012, retrieved April 30, 2014
104. "How Cambridge became the life sciences capital", Boston Globe, March 17, 2016
105. Cambridge Peace Commission (2008). "Information on Cambridge's Sister Cities". City of Cambridge. Archived from the original on February 2, 2015. Retrieved June 21, 2013.
106. MIT 2011.
107. "Think Tank Directory". Philadelphia, USA: Foreign Policy Research Institute. Archived from the original on November 10, 2013. Retrieved March 10, 2014.
108. "Boards and Commissions Directory". City of Cambridge. Retrieved August 14, 2013.
109. "Cultural Center: a Slice of Italy", Boston Globe, June 17, 1985
110. "MIT's Flea Market Specializes in Rare, Obscure Electronics", Washington Times, Associated Press, September 25, 2016
111. "Looking to strengthen family ties with 'sister cities'", Boston Globe, October 12, 2008
112. "Member Cities". International Association of Peace Messenger Cities. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
113. "CCTV newsletter". January 2002.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
114. Boston Dynamics Inc., archived from the original on December 2, 1998
115. "Motor Mouths", Boston Globe, January 12, 2005
116. Community Development Department, Master Plan and Growth Policy, City of Cambridge
117. "House of Representatives of the General Court of Massachusetts". Public Officers of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. 1993.
118. "50 Best Restaurants", Boston Magazine, October 2014
119. "Tech Speak", Boston Globe, February 10, 1995
120. "New club in Central Square", Boston Globe, November 23, 1995
121. On the Rise, archived from the original on May 1, 2001
122. "City Dance Party". News. City of Cambridge. Retrieved June 30, 2014.
123. "Dance party to take over Cambridge street", Boston Globe, May 29, 2015
124. "Cambridge, Massachusetts - Official Web Site". Archived from the original on February 5, 1997 – via Internet Archive, Wayback Machine.
125. "Issues". Cambridge Civic Journal. Robert Winters. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
126. Center for Reflective Community Practice, MIT, archived from the original on June 9, 2004
127. "Massachusetts". Official Congressional Directory. Washington DC: Government Printing Office. 1999–2000. hdl:2027/mdp.39015046791664.
128. "Water Treatment - Water - City of Cambridge, Massachusetts".
129. Harvard Crimson 2002.
130. Ross, Casey (October 27, 2010). "Novartis doubles plan for Cambridge". Boston Globe.
131. "About Us". Cambridge: Longwood Players, Inc. Retrieved October 26, 2013.
132. "Member Directory". Eastern Massachusetts Association of Community Theatres. Archived from the original on October 30, 2013. Retrieved October 26, 2013.
133. "About CCSC" . Retrieved August 15, 2011.
134. "How to Pump Young Democrats' Energy and Money into the Political Process", Boston Phoenix, June 28, 2004
135. "Happy Tenth Birthday, Facebook", Boston Magazine , February 4, 2014
136. "Senate of the General Court of Massachusetts". Public Officers of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. 2007.
137. "Massachusetts Senatorial Districts — 2002". Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts . Retrieved July 30, 2014.
138. Green Decade Cambridge
139. "About". Microsoft New England Research & Development Center. Microsoft Corporation.
140. "General Court Senatorial Districts, with Senators for 2007-2008". Massachusetts General Court. Archived from the original on August 1, 2008.
141. "History". Alliance of Cambridge Tenants.
142. "Central Square Theater" . Retrieved April 30, 2014.
143. City Manager. "Annual Report 2009/2010". City of Cambridge. Retrieved August 14, 2013.
144. Cambridge Day, November 13, 2009
145. "Cambridge (city), Massachusetts". State & County QuickFacts. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on March 27, 2014. Retrieved April 30, 2014.
146. "Largest Urbanized Areas With Selected Cities and Metro Areas (2010)". US Census Bureau. 2012.
147. "General Court Massachusetts Senatorial Districts, with Senators for 2009-2010". Massachusetts General Court. Archived from the original on August 6, 2010.
148. Harris, Patricia; Lyon, David (2012). Food Lovers' Guide to Boston: The Best Restaurants, Markets & Local Culinary Offerings. Globe Pequot Press. p. 279. ISBN   978-0762788880 . Retrieved September 12, 2013.
149. Chen, Jialu (October 12, 2011). "Vegetarian diner food reaches for the stars". The Boston Globe . NY Times Co. Retrieved January 21, 2013.
150. "The Sinclair", Harvard Crimson, February 7, 2013
151. Scott Kirsner (May 24, 2015), "What's next for Kendall Square?", Boston Globe
152. "Open Data Policies at Work". Washington DC: Sunlight Foundation. Archived from the original on October 22, 2013.
153. Saul Tannenbaum, ed. (March 7, 2013), Cambridge Happenings , retrieved April 30, 2014– via Paper.li {{citation}}: External link in |via= (help)
154. "Manhunt Underway, Boston Under Lockdown", The Atlantic , April 19, 2013
155. Civic Impulse, LLC. "Members of Congress". GovTrack . Washington, D.C. Archived from the original on April 12, 2014.
156. "Ballotpedia". Lucy Burns Institute . Retrieved July 30, 2014.
157. Saul Tannenbaum (June 8, 2014). "City Launches Portal Providing Access to City Datasets". Cambridge Community Television. Socrata
158. "Munch Madness 2015", Boston Globe, retrieved March 26, 2015
159. Firefighters battle major fire in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Reuters, December 3, 2016

Bibliography

Published in the 19th century

1800s-1840s

• Abiel Holmes (1801), History of Cambridge, Boston: Samuel Hall, OL   22882322M
• "Cambridge". Edinburgh Gazetteer. Edinburgh: A. Constable and co.; etc., etc. 1822. hdl:2027/nyp.33433000458731.
• Jedidiah Morse; Richard C. Morse (1823), "Cambridge", A New Universal Gazetteer (4th ed.), New Haven: S. Converse
• William Darby; Theodore Dwight Jr. (1834), "Cambridge", New gazetteer of the United States of America (2nd ed.), Hartford: E. Hopkins
• City of Cambridge, Annual Report
  • 1848-1894
  • 1901-1921
  • 2003-present
• Cambridge Directory ... for 1848. 1848.

1850s-1870s

• John Hayward (1857), "Cambridge, Ms.", New England Gazetteer (2nd ed.), Boston: Otis Clapp, OCLC   3441657
• Charter and Ordinances of the City of Cambridge. Riverside Press. 1871.
  • Revised Ordinances of 1889 of the City of Cambridge. Cashman, Keating & Co. 1890.
• Dean Dudley (1872). Cambridge Directory. Cambridge: Published by Dean Dudley at 8 Congress Square, Boston.
• Cambridge Directory for 1873. Boston: Greenough, Jones & Co. 1873.
• Griffith Morgan Hopkins (1873). Atlas of the City of Cambridge. Philadelphia: G.M. Hopkins & Co. – via Harvard University. 1886 ed.
• Annual Report of the City Engineer, City of Cambridge. 1875-
• Cambridge in the 'Centennial': Proceedings, July 3, 1875, in Celebration of the Centennial Anniversary of Washington's Taking Command of the Continental Army. City Council. 1875.
• Greenough's Cambridge Directory. Boston: Greenough & Co.
  • 1875, 1876, 1878, 1879
  • 1880, 1889
  • 1890, 1899
  • 1900, 1909
• Lucius R. Paige (1877), History of Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1630-1877, Boston: H.O. Houghton and Company, OCLC   1305589, OL   7045727M
• "Cambridge (3.)"  . Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 4 (9th ed.). 1878. p. 732.

1880s-1890s

• Samuel Adams Drake (1880), History of Middlesex County, Massachusetts, Boston: Estes and Lauriat, OL   23400952M
• Exercises in celebrating the two hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the settlement of Cambridge, held December 28, 1880, Cambridge, Massachusetts: University Press, John Wilson & Son, 1881, OL   23359150M
• (Cambridge and parts of Somerville). Vol. 6. New York: Sanborn Map and Publishing Co. 1888 – via Harvard University.{{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
• George F. Crook, ed. Cambridge annual for 1886-1888.
• Blue Book of Cambridge for 1892. 1891.
• Gossiping Guide to Harvard and Places of Interest in Cambridge, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Cambridge Tribune, 1892, OCLC   4571172, OL   6943590M
• Park Commission, Annual Report, City of Cambridge 1894- . 1890s
• Atlas of the City of Cambridge. Philadelphia: G.W. Bromley and Co. – via Harvard University.. 1894?
• Blue Book of Cambridge for 1895. 1890.
• Arthur Gilman (1896), Cambridge of Eighteen Hundred and Ninety-Six, Cambridge: Riverside Press, OL   7062042M
• Walter Gee Davis, ed. (1897), Cambridge Fifty Years a City, 1846-1896, Cambridge: Riverside Press, OCLC   911131, OL   7145491M
• John Wesley Freese (1897), Historic Houses and Spots in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and Near-By Towns, Boston: Ginn & Company, OCLC   1821792, OL   7060328M
• Thomas Wentworth Higginson (1899), Old Cambridge, New York: Macmillan Company, OCLC   2220162, OL   528896M

Published in the 20th century

• Insurance Maps of Cambridge, Massachusetts. New York: Sanborn-Perris Map Company. 1900 – via Harvard University.
• Records of the Town of Cambridge (Formerly New-Towne) Massachusetts, 1630-1703, Cambridge, 1901, OL   7057190M
• Atlas of the City of Cambridge. Philadelphia: G.W. Bromley and Co. 1903 – via Harvard University. 1916 ed.
• Robert F. Roden (1905), The Cambridge Press, 1638-1692, NY: Dodd, Mead, and Company, OL   6964651M
• Massachusetts Daughters of the American Revolution, Hannah Winthrop Chapter, Cambridge (1907), An Historic Guide to Cambridge, Cambridge, Massachusetts, OCLC   3292475, OL   6981640M
• "Cambridge", United States (4th ed.), Leipzig: K. Baedeker, 1909, OCLC   02338437
• "Cambridge (Massachusetts)"  . Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 5 (11th ed.). 1910. pp. 96–97.
• Cambridge Directory. Boston: Greenough & Co. 1910.
• Samuel A. Eliot (1913), A History of Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1630-1913, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Cambridge Tribune, OCLC   6876563, OL   6563862M
• Atlas of the City of Cambridge. G.W. Bromley & Co. 1930 – via State Library of Massachusetts.
• Norman Hill White Jr. (1931), Proceedings for the Years 1920 and 1921, Publications, vol. 15, Cambridge Historical Society, hdl:2027/wu.89067481739, Printing in Cambridge Since 1800
• Federal Writers' Project (1937), "Cambridge", Massachusetts: a Guide to its Places and People, American Guide Series, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, hdl:2027/mdp.39015014440781 + Chronology
• Survey of Architectural History in Cambridge: Northwest Cambridge, Cambridge Historical Commission, 1977, ISBN   0-262-53032-5
• Police Department, Annual Crime Report, City of Cambridge 1995- 2004-present
• "Cambridge". Historical Data Relating to Counties, Cities and Towns in Massachusetts. Boston: New England Historic Genealogical Society. 1997. pp. 28–29. (Timeline of boundary changes)
• "Commonwealth Communities: City of Cambridge". Commonwealth of Massachusetts Official Website. Archived from the original on February 15, 1998.
• Anthony Mitchell Sammarco (1999), Cambridge, Arcadia Publishing, OL   7981887M

Published in the 21st century

• "Timeline: 1972-1976", Harvard Crimson, June 5, 2001
• "Timeline 2001-2002", Harvard Crimson, June 6, 2002
• Natalie Moravek (2010), "Walking Tour", William James' Cambridge, Cambridge Historical Society
• "MIT Timeline". MIT 150. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 2011.
• Rain Robertson (2012). "Cambridge's Culinary Culture". Cambridge Historical Society.
• "A Kendall Square Timeline", Boston Globe, February 2, 2014
• Saul Tannenbaum (February 21, 2014), The Case for Municipal Broadband in Cambridge, NeighborMedia, Cambridge Community Television

External links

• "Cambridge (Mass.)". Boston TV News Digital Library. WBGH. 1960s-2000
• "Local Media Map". Cambridge Community Television. Local stories mapped right down to the street corner where they take place
• MIT Media Lab (2014). "Cambridge Biking Accidents". You Are Here. Archived from the original on April 12, 2014. 2010-2013 (map)
• "Cambridge Room (blog)". Cambridge Public Library.
• Items related to Cambridge, various dates (via Digital Public Library of America).
• "Town Guides: Massachusetts: Cambridge". New England Historic Genealogical Society.
• Cambridge Soldiers and Sailors Monument at the Massachusetts Civil War Monuments Project

Images

• 
  George Washington in Cambridge, 1775
• 
  Harvard alumni procession, Harvard Square, 1836
• 
  Cambridge Observatory, 1849
• 
  Harvard Square, ca.1880s-1900s
• 
  Washington Elm, Cambridge Common, ca.1880s-1900s
• 
  Cambridge Public Library, 1891
• 
  Central Square and Mass. Ave., 1910s
• 
  Overview of Harvard Square area, 1919
• 
  Harvard Bridge and MIT, ca.1920

42°22′25″N71°06′38″W / 42.373611°N 71.110556°W / 42.373611; -71.110556