World Anti-Slavery Convention

Last updated • 5 min readFrom Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

1840 World Anti-Slavery Convention. Move your cursor to identify delegates or click the icon to enlarge. The Anti-Slavery Society Convention, 1840 by Benjamin Robert Haydon.jpgIsaac Crewdson (Beaconite) writerSamuel Jackman Prescod - Barbadian JournalistWilliam Morgan from BirminghamWilliam Forster - Quaker leaderGeorge Stacey - Quaker leaderWilliam Forster - Anti-Slavery ambassadorJohn Burnet -Abolitionist SpeakerWilliam Knibb -Missionary to JamaicaJoseph Ketley from GuyanaGeorge Thompson - UK & US abolitionistJ. Harfield Tredgold - British South African (secretary)Josiah Forster - Quaker leaderSamuel Gurney - the Banker's BankerSir John Eardley-WilmotDr Stephen Lushington - MP and JudgeSir Thomas Fowell BuxtonJames Gillespie Birney - AmericanJohn BeaumontGeorge Bradburn - Massachusetts politicianGeorge William Alexander - Banker and TreasurerBenjamin Godwin - Baptist activistVice Admiral MoorsonWilliam TaylorWilliam TaylorJohn MorrisonGK PrinceJosiah ConderJames Dean (abolitionist)John Keep - Ohio fund raiserJoseph EatonJoseph Sturge - Organiser from BirminghamJames WhitehorneGeorge BennettRichard AllenWilliam Leatham, bankerSir Edward Baines - JournalistSamuel Fox, Nottingham grocerJonathan BackhouseWilliam Dawes - Ohio fund raiserRobert Kaye Greville - BotanistJoseph Pease - reformer in India)M.M. Isambert (sic)Mary Clarkson -Thomas Clarkson's daughter in lawWilliam TatumSaxe Bannister - PamphleteerRichard Davis Webb - IrishNathaniel Colver - Americannot knownJohn Cropper - Most generous LiverpudlianWilliam JamesWilliam WilsonThomas SwanEdward Steane from CamberwellWilliam BrockEdward BaldwinJonathon MillerCapt. Charles Stuart from JamaicaSir John Jeremie - JudgeCharles Stovel - BaptistRichard Peek, ex-Sheriff of LondonJohn SturgeRev. Isaac BassHenry SterryPeter Clare -; sec. of Literary & Phil. Soc. ManchesterJ.H. JohnsonThomas PriceJoseph ReynoldsSamuel WheelerWilliam BoultbeeDaniel O'Connell - "The Liberator"William FairbankJohn WoodmarkWilliam Smeal from GlasgowJames Carlile - Irish Minister and educationalistRev. Dr. Thomas BinneyEdward Barrett - Freed slaveJohn Howard Hinton - Baptist ministerJohn Angell James - clergymanJoseph CooperDr. Richard Robert Madden - IrishThomas BulleyIsaac HodgsonEdward SmithSir John Bowring - diplomat and linguistJohn EllisC. Edwards Lester - American writerTapper Cadbury - Businessmannot knownThomas PinchesDavid Turnbull - Cuban linkRichard BarrettJohn SteerHenry TuckettJames Mott - American on honeymoonRobert Forster (brother of William and Josiah)John BirtWendell Phillips - AmericanJean-Baptiste Symphor Linstant de Pradine from HaitiHenry Stanton - AmericanProf William AdamMrs Elizabeth Tredgold - British South AfricanT.M. McDonnellMrs John BeaumontAnne Knight - FeministElizabeth Pease - SuffragistJacob Post - Religious writerAnne Isabella, Lady Byron - mathematician and estranged wifeAmelia Opie - Novelist and poetMrs Rawson - Sheffield campaignerThomas Clarkson's grandson Thomas ClarksonThomas MorganThomas Clarkson - main speakerGeorge Head Head - Banker from CarlisleWilliam AllenHenry Beckford - emancipated slave and abolitionistUse your cursor to explore (or Click "i" to enlarge)
1840 World Anti-Slavery Convention. Move your cursor to identify delegates or click the icon to enlarge.

The World Anti-Slavery Convention met for the first time at Exeter Hall in London, on 12–23 June 1840. [2] It was organised by the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, largely on the initiative of the English Quaker Joseph Sturge. [2] [3] The exclusion of women from the convention gave a great impetus to the women's suffrage movement in the United States. [4]

Contents

Background

Engraving depicting the exterior of Exeter Hall, reproduced on a 1909 postcard. Exeter Hall.jpg
Engraving depicting the exterior of Exeter Hall, reproduced on a 1909 postcard.

The Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade (officially Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade) was principally a Quaker society founded in 1787 by 12 men, nine of whom were Quakers and three Anglicans, one of whom was Thomas Clarkson. Due to their efforts, the international slave trade was abolished throughout the British Empire with the passing of the Slave Trade Act 1807. The Society for the Mitigation and Gradual Abolition of Slavery Throughout the British Dominions, in existence from 1823 to 1838, helped to bring about the Slavery Abolition Act 1833, advocated by William Wilberforce, which abolished slavery in the British Empire from August 1834, when some 800,000 people in the British empire became free. [5]

Similarly, in the 1830s many women and men in America acted on their religious convictions and moral outrage to become a part of the abolitionist movement. Many women in particular responded to Wm. Lloyd Garrison's invitation to become involved in the American Anti-Slavery Society. They were heavily involved, attending meetings and writing petitions. Arthur Tappan and other conservative members of the society objected to women engaging in politics publicly. [6]

Given the perceived need for a society to campaign for anti-slavery worldwide, the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society (BFASS) was accordingly founded in 1839. [2] One of its first significant deeds was to organise the World Anti-Slavery Convention in 1840: "Our expectations, we confess, were high, and the reality did not disappoint them." [7] [ page needed ] The preparations for this event had begun in 1839, when the Society circulated an advertisement inviting delegates to participate in the convention. [2] Over 200 of the official delegates were British. The next largest group was the Americans, with around 50 delegates. Only small numbers of delegates from other nations attended. [2]

Benjamin Robert Haydon painted The Anti-Slavery Society Convention, 1840, a year after the event [6] that today is in the National Portrait Gallery. This very large and detailed work shows Alexander as Treasurer of the new Society. [8] [ failed verification ] The painting portrays the 1840 meeting and was completed the next year. [1] The new society's mission was "The universal extinction of slavery and the slave trade and the protection of the rights and interests of the enfranchised population in the British possessions and of all persons captured as slaves." [8] [9]

The question of women's participation

The circular message, distributed in 1839, provoked a controversial response from some American opponents of slavery. The Garrisonian faction supported the participation of women in the anti-slavery movement. They were opposed by the supporters of Arthur and Lewis Tappan. When the latter group sent a message to the BFASS opposing the inclusion of women, a second circular was issued in February 1840 which explicitly stated that the meeting was limited to "gentlemen". [2]

Despite the statement that women would not be admitted, many American and British female abolitionists, including Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Lady Byron, appeared at the World Anti-Slavery Convention in London. The American Anti-Slavery Society, the Garrisonian faction, made a point to include a woman, Lucretia Mott, and an African American, Charles Lenox Remond, in their delegation. [10] Both the Massachusetts and Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Societies sent women members as their delegates, including Abigail Kimber, Elizabeth Neall, Mary Grew, and Sarah Pugh. [10] Cady Stanton was not herself a delegate; she was in England on her honeymoon, accompanying her husband Henry Brewster Stanton, who was a delegate. (Notably, he was aligned with the American faction that opposed women's equality.) [10] Wendell Phillips proposed that female delegates should be admitted, and much of the first day of the convention was devoted to discussing whether they should be allowed to participate. [2] Published reports from the convention noted "The upper end and one side of the room were appropriated to ladies, of whom a considerable number were present, including several female abolitionists from the United States." The women were allowed to watch and listen from the spectators gallery but could not take part. [6]

In sympathy with the excluded women, the Americans William Garrison, Charles Lenox Remond, Nathaniel P. Rogers, and William Adams refused to take their seat as delegates as well, and joined the women in the spectators' gallery.

Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, who eight years later organized the Seneca Falls Convention, met at this convention.

Proceedings (incomplete)

The convention's organising committee had asked the Reverend Benjamin Godwin to prepare a paper on the ethics of slavery. [11] The convention unanimously accepted his paper, which condemned not just slavery but also the world's religious leaders and every community who had failed to condemn the practice. The convention resolved to write to every religious leader to share this view. The convention called on all religious communities to eject any supporters of slavery from their midst. [12]

George William Alexander reported on his visits in 1839, with James Whitehorn, to Sweden and the Netherlands to discuss the conditions of slaves in the Dutch colonies and in Suriname. In Suriname, he reported, there were over 100,000 slaves with an annual attrition rate of twenty per cent. The convention prepared open letters of protest to the respective sovereigns. [7]

Joseph Pease spoke and accused the British government of being complicit in the continuing existence of slavery in India. [13]

Legacy

After leaving the convention on the first day, being denied full access to the proceedings, Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton "walked home arm in arm, commenting on the incidents of the day, [and] we resolved to hold a convention as soon as we returned home, and form a society to advocate the rights of women." Eight years later they hosted the Seneca Falls Convention in Seneca Falls, New York. [9]

One hundred years later, the Women's Centennial Congress was held in America to celebrate the progress that women had made since they were prevented from speaking at this conference.

Incomplete list of delegates (and women who attended)

The official list of delegates has 493 names. [14]

DelegateCountryIn painting?Comments
Prof William Adam UKvery top rightProfessor
Edward Adey UKvery far rightBaptist Minister
George William Alexander UKleftFinancier
Richard Allen IrelandrightPhilanthropist
Stafford Allen UKleft midPhilanthropist
William Allen UKfront mid leftScientist
Sir Edward Baines UKleftMember of Parliament
Edward BaldwinUKright frontFormer Attorney-General of New South Wales
Saxe Bannister UKrightPamphleteer
Edward (Jonas) Barrett USfar rightFormer Slave
Richard BarrettJamaicavery far right
Isaac BassUKfar right
Henry BeckfordJamaicafront centreFormer Slave
Abraham BeaumontUKleft
Mrs John BeaumontUKfront far right
William BeaumontUKleft
George BennettUKright front
Rev. Dr. Thomas Binney UKfar rightMinister
James Gillespie Birney USleftAttorney
John BirtUSback far right
Jonathan Backhouse UKleftBanker
W. T. BlairUKmid
William BoulbeeUKfar right
Samuel Bowly UKfar left backAdvocate
George Bradburn USleftMinister
William Brock UKright of centreMinister
John Burnet UKmidMinister
Anne Isabella, Lady Byron UKbonneted far right
Tapper Cadbury UKright back rowBusinessman
Mary Clarkson UKbonnet leftSpeaker's daughter in law
Thomas Clarkson UKmain speakerAbolitionist Speaker
Nathaniel Colver USrightMinister
Josiah Conder UK ?Author
Daniel O'Connell Irelandfar leftMember of Parliament
Francis Augustus Cox UKleftMinister
Isaac Crewdson UKback rowMinister
John Cropper UKright frontPhilanthropist
William Dawes USfar lefteducation
James DeanUS? ?Professor
Sir John Eardley-Wilmot, 1st Baronet UKmid leftMember of Parliament
Joseph EatonUK ?
John Ellis UKfar rightMember of Parliament
William Forster UKfrontMinister
Josiah Forster UKfront mid rightPhilanthropist
Wm. Lloyd Garrison USnoJournalist, publisher. Voluntarily sat with the women.
Samuel Gurney UKunder speakerBanker
George Head Head UKFront rightBanker
François-André Isambert FrancemidLawyer
Rev. John Keep US ?Minister; trustee of Oberlin College
William Knibb Jamaicafront mid rightMinister
Samuel Jackman Prescod Barbadosfront middleJournalist
William Morgan UKmiddle frontLawyer
William Harris Murch UKyesMinister
John Scoble Canadafront rightLawyer
Joseph Ketley Guyanafront rightMinister
George Stacey UKfrontMinister
George Thompson UK & USfront mid rightMember of Parliament
J. Harfield Tredgold South Africaunder speakerChemist
Stephen Lushington UKleftMember of Parliament
Sir Thomas Fowell Buxton, 1st Baronet UKleftMember of Parliament
Benjamin Godwin UKmidMinister
Vice Admiral Constantine Richard Moorsom UKleftRoyal Navy Officer
William TaylorUKmid
John MorrisonUKmid
Dr George PrinceUK ?
Joseph Soul UK ???Reformer
Joseph Sturge UKleft frontMinister
James WhitehorneJamaica ?
Joseph MarriageUKleft front
William Leatham UKleftBanker
Samuel Lucas UKleftJournalist
Samuel Fox UKleft back
Louis Celeste Lecesne UKleft back
Robert Greville UKfar leftBotanist
Joseph Pease UKleftMinister
William TatumUKright
Richard D. Webb IrelandrightPublisher
Rev. Thomas Scales UKright frontMinister
William JamesUKrightMinister
William WilsonUKright
Rev. Thomas SwanUKrightBaptist Minister
Rev. Edward Steane UKrightMinister
Colonel Jonathon Miller USright frontUnited States Army Officer
Captain Charles Stuart JamaicarightRoyal Navy Officer
Sir John Jeremie Coloniesright of centreJudge
Charles StovelUKfar right frontMinister
Richard Peek UKfar right frontSheriff of London
John SturgeUKfar rightOrganiser's brother
Robert Forster UKvery far rightPhilanthropist
Elon Galusha USrightLawyer
Cyrus Pitt Grosvenor USfar rightMinister
Henry SterryUKfar right
Peter ClareUKfar right
Rev. J.H. JohnsonUKfar right
Dr. Thomas PriceUKfar right
Joseph ReynoldsUKfar right
Samuel WheelerUKfar right
Wiliam FairbankUKfar right
Rev. John WoodmarkUKfar right
William Smeal UKfar rightMinister
James Carlile Irelandfar rightMinister
John Howard Hinton UKfar rightMinister
John Angell James Irelandfar rightMinister
Joseph CooperUKfar right
Dr. Richard Robert Madden Ireland/ Jamaicafar rightDoctor
Alderman Thomas BulleyUKfar right
Isaac HodgsonUKfar right
Edward SmithUKfar right
Sir John Bowring UKfar rightMember of Parliament
Anne Knight UKbonneted far right
C. Edwards Lester USfar rightWriter
Thomas Pinches ?far right
David Turnbull UKfar rightAuthor
John SteerUKvery far right
Henry TuckettUKvery far right
James Mott [15] USvery far rightMerchant
Richard Rathbone UKvery far rightBusinessman
Wendell Phillips USvery far rightAttorney
M. L'InstantHaitifront far right
Henry Stanton USfront far rightAttorney
Mrs Elizabeth Tredgold South Africanback row right
T.M. McDonnellUKvery far rightMinister
Mary Anne Rawson UKfar right
Elizabeth Pease UKvery far rightSuffragist
Jacob Post UKvery far rightMinister
Amelia Opie UKfront far rightNovelist
Rev. Thomas MorganUKmid rightMinister
Elizabeth Cady Stanton [16] USNomarried to Henry Stanton
Elizabeth Jesser Reid  ??NoUK philanthropist
Norton Strange Townshend USNoDoctor
Rev. A. Harvey [17] UKNoMinister
Mary Grew [15] USNoUS delegate (refused a main seat)
Lucretia Mott [15] USNo(refused a main seat)
Eliza Wigham UKNoScottish leader (refused a main seat)
Abby Southwick [15] USNo(refused a main seat)
Henry Grew [15] USNoTeacher
Elizabeth Ann Ashurst Bardonneau [18] UKNo
William H. Ashurst [19] UKNoSolicitor
Sir George Strickland, 7th Baronet [20] UKNoMember of Parliament
Thomas Hodgkin [21] UKNoDoctor
William Busfield [21] UKNoMember of Parliament
Ellis Cunliffe Lister [21] UKNoMember of Parliament
Gerrit Smith [21] UKNoPhilanthropist
James Canning Fuller [21] USNo
Samuel Joseph May [21] USNoMinister
John Greenleaf Whittier [21] USNoPoet
Cornelius Manning [21] UKNoPhilanthropist
Charles Pelham Villiers [21] UKNoMember of Parliament
Matilda Ashurst Biggs [22] UKNo
Lucy Townsend [23] UKNo
Elizabeth Neall [15] USNo
Ann Greene Phillips [15] USNoWife of Wendell Phillips.
Charles Lenox Remond [24] USNoFree man
Nathaniel Peabody Rogers [24] USNoPublisher
Benjamin Barron Wiffen [25] UKNoBusinessman
Emily Winslow [15] USNo
Isaac Winslow [15] USNoPolitician

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Declaration of Sentiments</span> 1848 document signed by attendees of the Seneca Falls Convention

The Declaration of Sentiments, also known as the Declaration of Rights and Sentiments, is a document signed in 1848 by 68 women and 32 men—100 out of some 300 attendees at the first women's rights convention to be organized by women. Held in Seneca Falls, New York, the convention is now known as the Seneca Falls Convention. The principal author of the Declaration was Elizabeth Cady Stanton, who modeled it upon the United States Declaration of Independence. She was a key organizer of the convention along with Lucretia Coffin Mott, and Martha Coffin Wright.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Seneca Falls Convention</span> First womens rights convention (1848)

The Seneca Falls Convention was the first women's rights convention. It advertised itself as "a convention to discuss the social, civil, and religious condition and rights of woman". Held in the Wesleyan Chapel of the town of Seneca Falls, New York, it spanned two days over July 19–20, 1848. Attracting widespread attention, it was soon followed by other women's rights conventions, including the Rochester Women's Rights Convention in Rochester, New York, two weeks later. In 1850 the first in a series of annual National Women's Rights Conventions met in Worcester, Massachusetts.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">American Anti-Slavery Society</span> Abolitionist society in existence from 1833–1870

The American Anti-Slavery Society (AASS) was an abolitionist society in the United States. AASS formed in 1833 in response to the nullification crisis and the failures of existing anti-slavery organizations, such as the American Colonization Society. AASS formally dissolved in 1870.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Henry Brewster Stanton</span> American politician

Henry Brewster Stanton was an American abolitionist, social reformer, attorney, journalist and politician. His writing was published in the New York Tribune, the New York Sun, and William Lloyd Garrison's Anti-Slavery Standard and The Liberator. He was elected to the New York State Senate in 1850 and 1851. His wife, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, was a leading figure of the early women's rights movement.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Martha Coffin Wright</span> American feminist and abolitionist (1806–1875)

Martha Coffin Wright was an American feminist, abolitionist, and signatory of the Declaration of Sentiments who was a close friend and supporter of Harriet Tubman.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">James Mott</span>

James Mott was a Quaker leader, teacher, merchant, and anti-slavery activist. He was married to suffragist leader Lucretia Mott. Like her, he wanted enslaved people to be freed. He helped found anti-slavery organizations, participated in the "free-produce movement", and operated an Underground Railroad depot with their family. The Motts concealed Henry "Box" Brown after he had been shipped from Richmond, Virginia in a crate. Mott also supported women's rights, chairing the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848. He spent four years supporting the establishment of Swarthmore College.

The first Anti-Slavery Convention of American Women was held in New York City on May 9–12, 1837, to discuss the American abolition movement. This gathering represented the first time that women from such a broad geographic area met with the common purpose of promoting the anti-slavery cause among women, and it also was likely the first major convention where women discussed women's rights. Some prominent women went on to be vocal members of the Women's Suffrage Movement, including Lucretia Mott, the Grimké sisters, and Lydia Maria Child. After the first convention in 1837, there were also conventions in 1838 and 1839

<span class="mw-page-title-main">George Bradburn</span> American politician

George Bradburn was an American politician and Unitarian minister in Massachusetts known for his support for abolitionism and women's rights. He attended the 1840 conference on Anti-Slavery in London where he made a stand against the exclusion of female delegates. In 1843 he was with Frederick Douglass on a lecture tour in Indiana when they were attacked. Lydia Maria Child wrote with regard to his work on anti-slavery that he had " a high place among the tried and true."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mary Grew</span> American abolitionist and suffragist

Mary Grew was an American abolitionist and suffragist whose career spanned nearly the entire 19th century. She was a leader of the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society and the Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society. She was one of eight women delegates, all from the United States, who were denied their seats at the London World Anti-Slavery Convention, in 1840. An editor and journalist, she wrote for abolitionist newspapers and chronicled the work of Philadelphia's abolitionists over more than three decades. She was a gifted public orator at a time when it was still noteworthy for women to speak in public. Her obituary summarized her impact: "Her biography would be a history of all reforms in Pennsylvania for fifty years."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Elizabeth Pease Nichol</span> English activist (1807–1897)

Elizabeth Nichol was an English abolitionist, anti-segregationist, woman suffragist, chartist and anti-vivisectionist. She was active in the Peace Society, the Temperance movement and founded the Darlington Ladies Anti-Slavery Society. In 1853 she married Dr. John Pringle Nichol (1804–1859), Regius Professor of Astronomy at the University of Glasgow. She was one of about six women who were in the painting of the World Anti-Slavery Convention of 1840.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lucretia Mott</span> American Quaker abolitionist and suffragist (1793–1880)

Lucretia Mott was an American Quaker, abolitionist, women's rights activist, and social reformer. She had formed the idea of reforming the position of women in society when she was amongst the women excluded from the World Anti-Slavery Convention held in London in 1840. In 1848, she was invited by Jane Hunt to a meeting that led to the first public gathering about women's rights, the Seneca Falls Convention, during which the Declaration of Sentiments was written.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society</span> American abolitionist organization (1833–1840)

The Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society (1833–1840) was an abolitionist, interracial organization in Boston, Massachusetts, in the mid-19th century. "During its brief history ... it orchestrated three national women's conventions, organized a multistate petition campaign, sued southerners who brought slaves into Boston, and sponsored elaborate, profitable fundraisers."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">American Equal Rights Association</span> US 19th-century suffrage organization

The American Equal Rights Association (AERA) was formed in 1866 in the United States. According to its constitution, its purpose was "to secure Equal Rights to all American citizens, especially the right of suffrage, irrespective of race, color or sex." Some of the more prominent reform activists of that time were members, including women and men, blacks and whites.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jane Hunt</span> American Quaker

Jane Clothier Hunt or Jane Clothier Master was an American Quaker who hosted the Seneca Falls meeting of Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rochester Women's Rights Convention of 1848</span>

The Rochester Women's Rights Convention of 1848 met on August 2, 1848 in Rochester, New York. Many of its organizers had participated in the Seneca Falls Convention, the first women's rights convention, two weeks earlier in Seneca Falls, a smaller town not far away. The Rochester convention elected Abigail Bush as its presiding officer, making it the first U.S. public meeting composed of both sexes to be presided by a woman. This controversial step was opposed even by some of the meeting's leading participants. The convention approved the Declaration of Sentiments that had first been introduced at the Seneca Falls Convention, including the controversial call for women's right to vote. It also discussed the rights of working women and took steps that led to the formation of a local organization to support those rights.

The Ohio Women's Convention at Salem in 1850 met on April 19–20, 1850 in Salem, Ohio, a center for reform activity. It was the third in a series of women's rights conventions that began with the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848. It was the first of these conventions to be organized on a statewide basis. About five hundred people attended. All of the convention's officers were women. Men were not allowed to vote, sit on the platform or speak during the convention. The convention sent a memorial to the convention that was preparing a new Ohio state constitution, asking it to provide for women's right to vote.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mary Ann M'Clintock</span> American suffragist and abolitionist

Mary Ann M'Clintock or Mary Ann McClintock (1800–1884) is best known for her role in the formation of the women's suffrage movement, as well as abolitionism.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sarah Pugh</span> American abolitionist, activist, and teacher

Sarah Pugh was an American abolitionist, activist, suffragist, and teacher. She was involved with promoting the free produce movement, including a boycott on sugar produced by slave labor. She was a leader of the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society from its earliest days in 1835 until it closed in 1870. Along with Lucretia Mott, Pugh was one of the delegates to the World Anti-Slavery Convention in London who were denied their seats because they were women.

Thankful Southwick was an affluent Quaker abolitionist and women's rights activist in Boston, Massachusetts. Thankful was lifelong abolitionist who joined the Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society in 1835 with her three daughters. She was present at both the 1835 Boston Mob and the Abolition Riot of 1836. During the 1840 schism in the Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society, Thankful sided with the Westons, Chapmans, Childs, Sergeants, and other radical Garrisonians to reestablish the Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society. She also later joined the New England Non Resistance Society.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Elizabeth Neall Gay</span> American abolitionist (1819–1907)

Elizabeth Johns Neall Gay was an American abolitionist and suffragist. She was one of the American Quaker women delegates refused admission to the World Anti-Slavery Convention in London in 1840.

References

  1. 1 2 The Anti-Slavery Society Convention, 1840, Benjamin Robert Haydon, 1841, National Portrait Gallery, London, NPG599, Given by British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society in 1880
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 McDaniel, W. Caleb (2007). "World's Anti-Slavery Convention". In Peter P. Hinks; John R. McKivigan; R. Owen Williams (eds.). Encyclopedia of Antislavery and Abolition. Vol. 2. Greenwood. pp. 760–762. ISBN   978-0-313-33144-2.
  3. Maynard 1960, p. 452.
  4. Sklar 1990, p. 453.
  5. Slavery and Abolition, ODNB, retrieved 10 July 2008 [dead link – needs investigation]
  6. 1 2 3 "Women and the American Story: 1840 London Anti-Slavery Convention" (PDF). New York Historical Society. 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 June 2017. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
  7. 1 2 "The Anti-Slavery Convention". The Citizen (Dublin) . 2 (10): 213–222. August 1840.
  8. 1 2 The baptist Magazine. 1854. p. 786. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
  9. 1 2 "1840 London Anti-Slavery Convention" (PDF). New York Historical Society Museum & Library. 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 July 2018. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
  10. 1 2 3 Sinha, Manisha (January 2016). The slave's cause: a history of abolition. New Haven. p. 289. ISBN   978-0-300-18137-1. OCLC   920017303.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  11. Paper presented to the General Anti-Slavery Convention, Rev. Benjamin Godwin, 1840
  12. The Baptist Magazine, page 374, retrieved 24 July 2014
  13. Madhavi Kale (1 January 1998). Fragments of Empire: Capital, Slavery, and Indian Indentured Labor Migration in the British Caribbean. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 120. ISBN   0-8122-3467-7.
  14. Society, British Foreign Anti-Slavery (1840). British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society: Convention, June 12th, 1840. No publisher name given. JSTOR   60228328.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Mary Grew, Abolitionist and Feminist, 1813–1896, retrieved 19 July 2008
  16. "Women's Rights". americaslibrary.gov. Retrieved 2 October 2015.
  17. DOCUMENT 4 (1: 53–62): World's Anti-Slavery Convention, London, England, June 1840, accessed February 2013
  18. Jonathan Spain, 'Ashurst, Elizabeth Ann [Eliza] (c.1814–1850)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 retrieved 30 July 2015
  19. Matthew Lee, 'Ashurst, William Henry (bap. 1791?, d. 1855)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 retrieved 30 July 2015
  20. BFASS Convention 1840, List of delegates, retrieved 2 August 2015
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 BFASS Convention 1840, List of delegates, retrieved 27 August 2015
  22. Jonathan Spain, 'Biggs, Matilda Ashurst (1816/17–1866)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2011 retrieved 30 July 2015
  23. Clare Midgley, 'Townsend, Lucy (1781–1847)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 retrieved 30 July 2015
  24. 1 2 [A Collection from the Miscellaneous Writings of Nathaniel Peabody Rogers], N.P.Rogers, 1949, p106, accessed April 2009
  25. Truman, R. W. "Wiffen, Benjamin Barron". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/29361.(Subscription or UK public library membership required.)

Sources

Further reading