Asian Spring

Last updated
Asian Spring
The victory celebration of Bangladeshi student's one point movement.jpg
2025 Indonesia Gelap protests 21 February (cropped).jpg
2021 Myanmar Protest in Hleden.jpg
2025 Nepalese Gen Z protesters infront of Bharatpur mahanagarpalika office.jpg
Trillion Peso March - EDSA.jpg
From top to bottom and left to right: July Revolution, 2025 Indonesian protests, Myanmar protests (2021–present), 2025 Nepalese anti-government protests, Trillion Peso March
Date2021–present
Location
South and Southeast Asia
Caused by
Goals
Methods
Resulted inVarious
Full result by country
Casualties
Death(s)c.8,400
Injuries13,000+
Arrested30,000+

Since the early 2020s, a series of mostly youth-led anti-government protests and uprisings have spread across South and Southeast Asia, with several leading to massive reforms and regime change. These protests began as a response to widespread corruption, nepotism, economic inequality and mismanagement, authoritarianism, and democratic backsliding. [1] [2] The term "Asian Spring" has been unofficially coined to describe these events, citing their similarities to the Arab Spring, though "Asian Uprising", "Gen-Z protests", and "Gen-Z revolutions" have also been used. [3] [4] [5] [6] [7]

Contents

The protests have been notable for the leading role taken by Generation Z, especially students, with social media playing a key role in organizing resistance and spreading their message. [8] [9] [10] [11] Several affected governments enacted social media bans as a result. [12] [13] [14] Symbols in popular culture, such as the flag of the Straw Hat Pirates from the Japanese manga series One Piece, have been adopted by protestors across Asia to support their cause. [15] [16] Governments were overthrown in Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, and Nepal; [17] while protests in Indonesia and Timor-Leste achieved reversals of unpopular policies. [18] [19] [20] Mass protests are ongoing in the Philippines. [21] [22] [23] In Myanmar, government crackdowns against pro-democratic demonstrations have led to the present-day civil war between the ruling junta and several major insurgencies. [24] [25] [26] Due to the heavy-handed response and violent suppression by government forces, there have been mass arrests and thousands of deaths. [27] [28] [29] [30]

Bangladesh

2024 Bangladesh quota reform movement

The 2024 Bangladesh quota reform movement was a series of anti-government [31] [32] [33] [34] and pro-democracy [35] [36] [37] [38] protests in Bangladesh, spearheaded primarily by university students. Initially focused on restructuring quota-based systems for government job recruitment, the movement expanded against what many perceived as an authoritarian government when government-associated groups carried out the July massacre of protestors and civilians, most of whom were students. [39] [40] [41] [42] Started as a student movement, the movement later escalated into a fully-fledged mass uprising known as the July Revolution.

The protest began in June 2024, in response to the Supreme Court of Bangladesh reinstating a 30% quota for descendants of freedom fighters, reversing the government decision made in response to the 2018 Bangladesh quota reform movement. Students began to feel like they have a limited opportunity based on merit. The protest quickly spread throughout the entire country because of the government's violent response, as well as growing public dissatisfaction against an oppressive government. The situation was further complicated by many other ongoing issues, like the government's inability to manage a prolonged economic downturn, reports of rampant corruption and human rights violations, and the absence of democratic channels for initiating changes. [43] [44] [45] [46]

The government sought to suppress the protests by shutting down all educational institutions. They deployed their student wing, the Chhatra League, along with other factions of the Awami League party. These groups resorted to using firearms and sharp weapons against the demonstrators. [47] [48] [49] The government then deployed Police, RAB, BGB and other armed forces, declaring a nationwide shoot-at-sight curfew [29] [50] [51] amid an unprecedented government-ordered nationwide internet and mobile connectivity blackout that effectively isolated Bangladesh from the rest of the world. [52] [53] Later, the government also blocked social media in Bangladesh. Government forces cordoned off parts of the capital city of Dhaka and conducted Block Raids, randomly picking up anyone they suspected having links to the protest, causing fear among the city residents. [54] As of August 2, there were 215 confirmed deaths, more than 20,000 injuries, [55] [56] and more than 11,000 arrests. [57] [58] [59] [60] The unofficial death toll was between 300 and 500. [61] UNICEF reported that at least 32 children were killed during July's protests, with many more injured and detained. [62] [63] Determining the exact number of deaths has been difficult because the government reportedly restricted hospitals from sharing information with the media without police permission, hospital CCTV footage was confiscated, and numerous individuals with gunshot wounds were buried without identification. [64] [65] [66]

The Awami League government, led by Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina have suggested that political opponents have co-opted the protest. [67] [68] Despite the curfew restrictions the movement remained ongoing as it expanded its demands to include accountability for violence, a ban on the student wing of the government Chhatra League, and resignation of certain government officials, [69] including the resignation of Prime Minister Hasina. [70] The government's use of widespread violence against the general public turned the student protest into a people's uprising known as the Non-Cooperation Movement. [71] [72] [73] [74]

Non-cooperation movement

The non-cooperation movement, [a] also known as the one-point movement, [b] was a pro-democratic disinvestment movement and a mass uprising against the Awami League-led government of Bangladesh, initiated within the framework of 2024 Bangladesh quota reform movement. The sole demand of this movement was the resignation of Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina and her cabinet. [75] [76] It was the final stage of the wider movement known as the July Revolution. Although the movement was initially limited to the goal of reforming quotas in government jobs, it snowballed into a mass anti-government uprising after the mass killings against civilians. The movement was also fueled by ongoing socio-economic and political issues, including the government's mismanagement of the national economy, rampant corruption by government officials, human rights violations, allegations of undermining the country's sovereignty by Sheikh Hasina, and increasing authoritarianism and democratic backsliding. [77] [78] [79]

On 3 August 2024, coordinators of the Anti-discrimination Students Movement announced a one-point demand for the resignation of the Prime Minister and her cabinet and called for "comprehensive non-cooperation". [76] [80] The following day, violent clashes broke out, resulting in the deaths of 97 people, including students. The coordinators called for a long march to Dhaka to force Hasina out of power on 5 August. That day, a large crowd of protesters made its way through the capital. [81] At around 3:00 p.m. (UTC+6), Sheikh Hasina resigned and fled to India, her government's biggest ally. [82] Widespread celebrations and violence occurred following her removal, while the military and President Mohammed Shahabuddin announced the formation of an interim government led by economist and Nobel laureate Muhammad Yunus. [83] Meanwhile, Indian media outlets were seen engaging in a widespread disinformation campaign aimed at destabilising Bangladesh, following Hasina's resignation and departure to India. [84] [85]

July Uprising

The July Revolution, [c] also known as the July Mass Uprising [d] , Gen Z revolution [86] [87] or the Student-People's Uprising, [e] was a mass uprising in Bangladesh in 2024. [88] [89] [90] [91] [92] It began as a quota reform movement in early June 2024, led by the Students Against Discrimination, after the Bangladesh Supreme Court invalidated the government's 2018 circular regarding job quotas in the public sector. Coinciding with the first anniversary of the resignation of Sheikh Hasina, on 5 August 2025, the revolution received constitutional acknowledgment with the announcement of the July Declaration, and it has been described as the world's first Gen Z revolution. [93] [94] [95]

The movement escalated into a full-fledged mass uprising after the government carried out mass killings of protesters, known as the July massacre, by late July. [96] Amnesty International blamed Hasina's government's "heavy-handed response" for causing the death of "students, journalists, and bystanders" and demanded that the Hasina-led "government of Bangladesh urgently end this repression." [97] Human Rights Watch had also called on foreign governments to urge Hasina to "end the use of excessive force against protesters and hold troops to account for human rights abuses." [98] HRW's deputy Asia director had also highlighted "unfettered security force abuses against anyone who opposes the Sheikh Hasina government." [98]

By early August, the movement evolved into a non-cooperation movement, ultimately leading to the ouster of the then-prime minister, Sheikh Hasina, who fled to India. Hasina's ouster triggered a constitutional crisis, leading to the formation of an interim government led by economist Muhammad Yunus, as the chief adviser.

Indonesia

Indonesian media held some regard to Indonesia's 2025 Protests as part of a larger Asian Spring primarily led by the Youth, Gen-Z, Student movement. [99] [100] [101] [102]

On 25 August 2025, protests began in Indonesia as part of a larger civil unrest that began in early 2025 over economic frustrations and a proposed hike in housing subsidies for members of parliament. Protesters initially demanded the House of Representatives reverse its subsidy schemes and penalize its members who made insensitive statements, as well as pass the Confiscation of Assets Act for lawmakers convicted of corruption. [103]

Student-led protesters expanded their demands to include total reform of the Indonesian National Police and resignation of the chief of police, Listyo Sigit Prabowo. [104] The protests, which were largely concentrated around the capital Jakarta, [105] [106] [107] grew in intensity and spread nationwide following the killing of Affan Kurniawan, a motorcycle taxi driver who was run over by a Brimob police tactical vehicle on 28 August during a larger violent crackdown on civil dissent. [105] In several cities such as Makassar and Surabaya, multiple government buildings were torched. [108] [109] Houses associated with or belonging to members of parliament were also looted and robbed. [110]

Background

During a break in the 2025 Annual Session of the DPR and DPD RI, several members of parliament were shown dancing, which drew mass criticism from netizens amid economic hardship (15 August 2025). [111]

The protests erupted over a proposed Rp  50 million (US$3,057) monthly housing allowance for parliament members, ten times Jakarta's minimum wage—one of the highest in Indonesia. Combined with existing food and transportation stipends, the allowance sparked public outrage amid rising food and education costs, mass layoffs, and property tax hikes due to central funding cuts. [112] [113]

A BBC Indonesia report estimated that House of Representatives (DPR) members earn over Rp  100 million (US$6,062) monthly, including a Rp  50 million housing allowance, salaries, and other stipends. [114] The Indonesian Forum for Budget Transparency (FITRA) NGO claims the BBC overlooked DPR members' take-home pay, reaching Rp  230 million (US$13,942.60) monthly or Rp  2.8 billion (US$169,736) annually, per the 2023–2025 DPR Budget Implementation List (DIPA). The budget for 580 DPR members’ salaries and allowances is set to hit Rp  1.6 trillion in 2025, up from Rp  1.2 trillion in 2023 and Rp  1.8 trillion in 2024. [115] [116] However, Mahfud MD, former Chief Justice of the Constitutional Court of Indonesia and Minister of Law and Human Rights, contradicted the claim that DPR members' salaries would not reach Rp  250 million per month, asserting instead that their total earnings could amount to billions of rupiah each month. [117]

Adding to the growing outrage in the general public were remarks made by certain members of parliament, which were seen as insensitive and tone deaf to the struggles of ordinary Indonesians. NasDem Party parliament member Nafa Urbach supported the allowance hike, stating that members of the House of Representatives experienced commuting difficulties. [118] She later apologized on social media following public backlash over her statement and pledged her allowance to be given to her constituency. [119] Ahmad Sahroni, deputy chairman of the House of Representative's third commission, described those calling for the dissolution of the parliament as "the dumbest people in the world" and later defended his comments. National Mandate Party parliament member Eko Patrio posted a parody video, which was viewed as mocking public concerns. [120]

Myanmar

Protests in Myanmar, known locally as the Spring Revolution [121] [122] (Burmese : နွေဦးတော်လှန်ရေး, Burmese pronunciation: [nwè.ú.tɔ̀.l̥àɰ̃.jé] ), began in early 2021 in opposition to the coup d'état on 1 February, staged by Min Aung Hlaing, the commander-in-chief of the country's armed forces, the Tatmadaw. [123] As of 23 June 2022, at least 2000 protesters have been killed, 14,000 arrested and 700,000 displaced by the military junta.[ needs update ]

Protesters mostly employed peaceful and nonviolent forms of protest, [124] which included acts of civil disobedience, labour strikes, a military boycott campaign, a pot-banging movement, a red ribbon campaign, public protests, and formal recognition of the election results by elected representatives. The colour red, which is associated with the National League for Democracy (NLD), has been donned by many protesters. [125] "Kamba Ma Kyay Buu", a song that was first popularised as the anthem of the 8888 Uprising (1988), has been revitalised by the civil disobedience movement as a protest song. [126] [127] [128] The three-finger salute has been widely adopted by protesters as a protest symbol. [129]

In response to the growing protest movement, the military leaders of the coup enacted a number of countermeasures. These included internet and social media blackouts, a media blackout, pursuit of arrests and criminal sentences against protesters, the spread of disinformation, political overtures to competing political parties to participate in the self-appointed State Administration Council (to replace the elected government body), deployment of pro-military protesters and instigators, and the violent use of force to suppress protests.

Armed insurgencies by the People's Defence Force of the National Unity Government have erupted throughout Myanmar in response to the military government's crackdown on anti-coup protests.

Background

The 2021 Myanmar coup d'état began on the morning of 1 February 2021 when democratically elected members of Myanmar's ruling party, the National League for Democracy (NLD), were deposed by the Tatmadaw  – Myanmar's military  –which vested power in a stratocracy, the State Administration Council. The Tatmadaw declared a year-long state of emergency and declared power had been vested in Commander-in-Chief of Defence Services Min Aung Hlaing. The coup d'état occurred the day before the Parliament of Myanmar was due to swear in the members elected at the November 2020 general election, thereby preventing this from occurring. [130] [131] [132] President Win Myint and State Counsellor Aung San Suu Kyi were detained, along with ministers and their deputies and members of Parliament. [133] [134]

The coup took place amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Myanmar was struggling with one of the most severe outbreaks in Southeast Asia, owing to its poor health infrastructure and ongoing internal conflict. The country had begun its COVID-19 vaccination deployment a few days before the coup. [135] [136] [137] The country's economy had also been greatly affected by the pandemic, shrinking by 5% during 2020. [138]

Nepal

In September 2025, large-scale anti-corruption protests and demonstrations took place across Nepal, predominantly organized by Generation Z students and young citizens. [139] Also known as "the Gen Z protests", [f] [140] they began following a nationwide ban on numerous social media platforms, and they incorporated the public's frustration with corruption and display of wealth by government officials and their families, as well as allegations of mismanagement of public funds. [141] [142] The movement expanded to encompass broader issues of governance, transparency, and political accountability. [143] [144] The protests escalated with violence against public officials and vandalism of government and political buildings taking place throughout the country.

On 9 September 2025, former King Gyanendra Shah called for calm and resolution be found internally. [145] On that same day, Prime Minister K. P. Sharma Oli, along with a few government ministers, resigned, and on 12 September, Sushila Karki was appointed as interim Prime Minister of Nepal. The protests had died down by 13 September. [146] [147]

Background

On 4 September 2025, the Government of Nepal ordered the shutdown of 26 social media platforms, including Facebook, X, YouTube, LinkedIn, Reddit, Signal, and Snapchat, for failing to register under the Ministry of Communication and Information Technology's new rules. [148] The registration requirement had been motivated in part as a way to enable the enforcement of a new Digital Services Tax and stricter value-added tax rules on foreign e-service providers in an effort to boost revenue. [149] However, critics alleged the shutdown was prompted by a social media trend highlighting nepotism, focusing on the undue privileges enjoyed by the children and relatives of influential political leaders. [150]

The significance of the media platform ban tied into Nepalese political economy. 33% of Nepalese GDP comes from remittances with hundreds of thousands of exit permits being issued, alongside 20% youth unemployment mean that these remittances keep households afloat and pay import bills, but also indicate a lack of structural transformation in the domestic economy toward an employment-first model, pushing the youth into work in online spaces. [149] Banning social media thus threatened youth livelihood.

Prior to the protests, the average Nepali made US$1,400 per year, while families of the country's ruling elite displayed their wealth on social media. [151] This "Nepo Kid" trend prompted significant public anger, particularly from Generation Z users. [152] [153] The median age of Nepal's population is 25, meaning that a large part of the population is in Gen Z, the age group that uses social media the most. Due to this, as well as the country's largely rural, rough terrain and substantial migration abroad, Nepal has some of the highest social media usage in South Asia, with nearly one account for every two people. [154]

Philippines

Since 2024, a series of allegations of corruption, mismanagement, and irregularities in government-funded flood management projects have been occurring in the Philippines under the administration of President Bongbong Marcos. The controversy centers on billions of pesos allocated for flood management initiatives, reports of "ghost" projects, [g] substandard construction, and the alleged cornering of contracts by a small group of favored contractors.

Background

Reports of anomalies in flood control projects, including incomplete or substandard work and alleged ghost projects, prompted widespread criticism of the government. [156] Public discontent grew amid calls for transparency and accountability in infrastructure spending.

The date of the rally, September 21, coincides with the anniversary of the official date [h] of the declaration of martial law by President Ferdinand Marcos Sr. in 1972, a symbolic choice for groups emphasizing democratic rights and government accountability. [159]

September 2025 protests

The September 2025 protests are a series of widespread protests in the Philippines, mainly to be held at Rizal Park in Manila and at the People Power Monument along EDSA in Quezon City, both within Metro Manila. [160] It involves several anti-corruption protests stemming from the investigation of government corruption in flood control programs, involving both executive and legislative branches of the Philippine government. The date coincides with the 53rd anniversary of the declaration of martial law in the Philippines. Several cities and municipalities in different provinces will also hold their own protests within their locality.

The protests in Rizal Park are organized by various sectoral groups, including activists and students, while the protest at the People Power Monument is known as the "Trillion Peso March" and was organized mainly by religious sectors, mainly the Catholic Church and Protestant churches. [161]

Trillion Peso March

The Trillion Peso March [162] is a series of mass demonstrations in the Philippines set for September 21, 2025. Organized by church groups, civil society organizations, labor unions, and political coalitions, the protests respond to alleged corruption in government flood control infrastructure projects. [163] [156] According to reports, the demonstrations focus on allegations of massive irregularities in flood control programs, with some ₱1.9 trillion (US$33 billion) spent over the past 15 years, more than half of which was allegedly lost to corruption. [164]

Sri Lanka

The Aragalaya (Sinhala : අරගලය, lit.  'The Struggle') was a series of mass protests that began in March 2022 against the government of Sri Lanka. The government was heavily criticized for mismanaging the Sri Lankan economy, which led to a subsequent economic crisis involving severe inflation, daily blackouts, and a shortage of fuel, domestic gas, and other essential goods. The protesters' main demand was the resignation of President Gotabaya Rajapaksa and key officials from the Rajapaksa family. Despite the involvement of several opposition parties, most protesters considered themselves to be apolitical, with many expressing discontent with the parliamentary opposition. [165] Protesters chanted slogans such as "Go Home Gota", "Go Home Rajapaksas", [166] [167] and "Aragalayata Jaya Wewa" ("Victory to the struggle"). [168] Most protests were organized by the general public, [169] [170] with youths playing a major part by carrying out protests at Galle Face Green. [171] [172] [173] [174]

The government reacted to the protests with authoritarian methods, such as declaring a state of emergency, allowing the military to arrest civilians, imposing curfews, and restricting access to social media. The government violated the law and the Sri Lankan constitution by attempting to suppress the protests. [28] [175] [176] The Sri Lankan diaspora also began demonstrations against the suppression of basic human rights in the country. [177] [178] In April, the government's ban on social media was perceived to have backfired; hashtags such as #GoHomeGota, which is believed to have been coined by an activist called Pathum Kerner in December 2021, had begun trending on Twitter internationally. The government's ban was lifted later that day. The Human Rights Commission of Sri Lanka condemned the government's actions and summoned officials responsible for the blocking and abuse of protesters. [14] [179]

On 3 April, all 26 members of the Second Gotabaya Rajapaksa cabinet resigned with the exception of Prime Minister Mahinda Rajapaksa. Critics said that the resignation was not valid as they did not follow constitutional protocol [180] [181] [182] and several of the ministers who "resigned" were reinstated in different ministries the next day. [183] Chief government whip Johnston Fernando insisted that President Gotabaya Rajapaksa would not resign under any circumstances. [184] The protests, however, led to the removal of officials and ministers, including members of the Rajapaksa family and their close associates, and to the appointment of more qualified and veteran officials and the creation of the Advisory Group on Multilateral Engagement and Debt Sustainability. [185]

In July 2022, protesters occupied the President's House in Colombo, causing Rajapaksa to flee and Prime Minister Ranil Wickremesinghe to announce his own willingness to resign. [186] About a week later, on 20 July, Parliament elected Wickremesinghe as President. [187] By November 2022, the protests had largely cooled off due to improvement in economic conditions. While the protests were mostly over, it was noted that it would take until 2026 for full economic recovery to be achieved. [188] [189]

Thailand

The 2025 Thai political crisis is an ongoing period of political instability that began on 18 June, when a phone call between then-Prime Minister Paetongtarn Shinawatra and Cambodian senate president Hun Sen leaked amidst a major border conflict between the two kingdoms. The leak led the Bhumjaithai Party to withdraw from the governing coalition led by Paetongtarn and her Pheu Thai Party. [190] [191] [192] [193]

The resulting controversy and backlash led the Constitutional Court to suspend Paetongtarn from her official duties on 1 July, before being fully removing her from office on 29 August. Due to the impasse created by the withdrawal of Bhumjaithai from the majority, the minority People's Party acted as kingmaker, supporting the former party's leader, Anutin Charnvirakul, to succeed the caretaker government. [194] [195]

Background

Following the progressive Move Forward Party victory in the 2023 Thai general election, the Pheu Thai Party and conservative establishment parties formed a coalition government under Srettha Thavisin. [190] Srettha was removed from office in August 2024 by the Constitutional Court, and was succeeded by Paetongtarn Shinawatra. [190] [196]

In May 2025, the country was described as "inching" towards a political crisis amidst the 2024 Thai Senate election scandal linked to vote buying and systemic fraud, along with tensions linked to former Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra's hospital detention. [197] [198] [199]

2024 Thai Senate election scandal

As of June 2025, 100 members of the Senate of Thailand have been accused of collusion and vote fixing in the 2024 Thai Senate election. [200] [201] Multiple probes led by the Election Commission (EC) and the Department of Special Investigation (DSI). [201]

2025 Cambodian–Thai border crisis

On 15 June 2025, Paetongtarn and Cambodian Senate President and former Prime Minister Hun Sen held a 17-minute phone call on the 2025 Cambodian–Thai border crisis. [202] On 18 June, a 9-minute audio segment of the call was leaked, including a section where Paetongtarn was critical of Lieutenant General Boonsin Padklang, the commander responsible for the border with Cambodia. [203]

Timor-Leste

In September 2025, student-led protests were held in Dili, the capital of Timor-Leste, against the National Parliament's decision to purchase SUVs for legislators at a cost of US$4 million. The demonstrators' demands soon expanded to calling for the cancellation of lifetime pensions for former MPs. After three days of demonstrations, student leaders and parliament reached an agreement, ending the protests.

On 15 September 2025, more than 1,000 people, mostly university students from Dili, gathered in front of parliament to demonstrate. Police responded with tear gas and rubber bullets, injuring four people, after some protestors threw stones towards the parliament building. Later that day, three parties within the ruling coalition—the National Congress for Timorese Reconstruction (CNRT), the Democratic Party (PD), and Kmanek Haburas Unidade Nasional Timor Oan (KHUNTO)—announced that they would ask parliament to cancel the purchase of cars for MPs.

More than 2,000 demonstrators returned to the streets the following day, with their demands expanding to call for the cancellation of the lifetime pensions provided to former lawmakers. Later that day, parliament voted unanimously to cancel the plan to purchase new cars. On September 17, a third day of demonstrations concluded with an agreement between protest leaders and parliament that the pensions for former MPs would be canceled and, in return, the demonstrations would conclude.

Notes

  1. ↑ Bengali: অসহযোগ আন্দোলন, romanized: Ôsôhôjōg Āndōlôn
  2. ↑ Bengali: এক দফা আন্দোলন, romanized: Ēk Dôphā Āndōlôn
  3. ↑ Bengali: জুলাই বিপ্লব, romanized: Julāi Biplôb
  4. ↑ Bengali: জুলাই গণ-অভ্যুত্থান, romanized: Julāi Gono-Ôbhyutthān
  5. ↑ Bengali: ছাত্র–জনতার অভ্যুত্থান, romanized: Chātrô–Jônôtār Ôbhyutthān
  6. ↑ Nepali: जेन-जे विरोध, romanized: Jēn-jē virōdha
  7. ↑ The Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR) defines "ghost" projects as government infrastructure projects that are reported in government documents as "completed" and "fully paid," but never actually constructed. [155]
  8. ↑ The actual announcement was on September 23, 1972, but Proclamation No. 1081 was officially dated by Ferdinand Marcos Sr. to have been signed on September 21, 1972. [157] [158]

References

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  2. ↑ "From Nepal to Indonesia, What's Driving Asia's Gen Z Protests?".
  3. ↑ Singh, Anand (2025-09-11). "Is this the Asian Spring? Are there parallels with the Arab Spring?". India Today. Retrieved 2025-09-19.
  4. ↑ "Opinion | From Arab Spring to Asian uprisings". kathmandupost.com. Retrieved 2025-09-19.
  5. ↑ Sufian, Abu (2024-08-15). "Arab Spring Effect In South Asia: After Sri Lanka And Bangladesh, Where Next? – OpEd". Eurasia Review. Retrieved 2025-09-19.
  6. ↑ "Opinion | A Leaderless and Connected Gen Z Is Taking Over in Asia". 2025-09-19. Retrieved 2025-09-19.
  7. ↑ Sharma, Yashraj. "Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka: Is South Asia fertile for Gen Z revolutions?". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2025-09-21.
  8. ↑ Subedi, D. B. (2025-09-11). "Deadly Nepal protests reflect a wider pattern of Gen Z political activism across Asia". The Conversation. Retrieved 2025-09-21.
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  10. ↑ "How Gen Z-led protests are rattling governments across Asia". NBC News. 2025-09-15. Retrieved 2025-09-21.
  11. ↑ Jacob, Jayanth (2025-09-14). "From Bangladesh to Nepal: Youth uprisings and what they mean for India". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 2025-09-19.
  12. ↑ Ramachandran, Naman (2024-07-19). "Bangladesh Internet in 'Total Shutdown' Amid Student Protests and Dozens of Deaths: 'Things Are Really Turning Bad'". Variety. Archived from the original on 20 July 2024. Retrieved 2024-07-20.
  13. ↑ "Gen Z protest in Kathmandu against corruption and ban on social media platforms". The Kathmandu Post . Retrieved 9 September 2025.
  14. 1 2 "Social media ban backfires : Anti Govt slogans trends in other countries". NewsWire. 3 April 2022. Retrieved 3 April 2022.
  15. ↑ Harvey, Lex (2025-09-20). "This Japanese manga flag has become a global protest symbol for Gen Z". CNN. Retrieved 2025-09-21.
  16. ↑ Guzman, Chad de. "Indonesian Authorities Respond to Mass Flying of 'One Piece' Flag". TIME. Archived from the original on 2025-09-17. Retrieved 2025-09-21.
  17. ↑ "How public fury toppled leaders in Nepal, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh". ABC Asia. 2025-09-18. Retrieved 2025-09-19.
  18. ↑ "Indonesian leader fires ministers of finance and security after deadly protests". NBC News. 2025-09-09. Retrieved 2025-09-19.
  19. ↑ "'Stop thieves': Timor-Leste protesters vow to keep rallying over MP car plan". ABC News. 2025-09-16. Retrieved 2025-09-19.
  20. ↑ International, VB Desk (2025-09-17). "Demonstrations shake Timor-Leste now". Views Bangladesh. Retrieved 2025-09-19.
  21. ↑ Lamb, Kate (2025-09-19). "Mass protest expected in Philippines capital amid public fury over alleged corruption in government projects". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 2025-09-19.
  22. ↑ "Philippines president says corruption scandal protests justified | International". BSS. Retrieved 2025-09-19.
  23. ↑ "Philippines: Fury over corruption and 'nepo babies' as floods paralyse daily life". www.bbc.com. 2025-09-17. Retrieved 2025-09-19.
  24. ↑ Agencies, News. "Myanmar military government sets long prison terms for election protests". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2025-09-19.{{cite web}}: |first= has generic name (help)
  25. ↑ "Myanmar military tightens grip as anti-coup protests enter fifth day".
  26. ↑ "Myanmar Violence Escalates With Rise of 'Self-defense' Groups, Report Says". Voice of America. Agence France-Presse. June 27, 2021. Archived from the original on 8 January 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
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