Human rights in Sri Lanka

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Human rights in Sri Lanka provides for fundamental rights in the country. The Sri Lanka Constitution states that every person is entitled to freedom of thought, conscience and religion, including the freedom to have or to adopt a religion or belief of his choice. And, that every person is equal before the law. [1]

Contents

Several human rights groups, including Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch, as well as the British government, [2] the United States Department of State [3] and the European Union, [4] have expressed concern about the state of human rights in Sri Lanka. The government of Sri Lanka and the separatist Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) as well as various other paramilitaries and marxist Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP) rebels are accused of violating human rights. [5] Although Sri Lanka has not officially practiced the death penalty since 1976, [6] there are well-documented cases of state-sponsored 'disappearances' and murders. [7] [8]

Background

Sri Lanka was embroiled in two JVP insurrections and a civil war for more than two decades. The repression of the second JVP revolution in the Southern Sri Lanka by government forces and paramilitaries has led to many human rights violations. Up to 60,000 people, mostly Sinhalese, including many students died as a result of this insurgency led by the factions of the Marxist JVP. [9] [10] In July 1983, the darkest anti-minority pogrom in Sri Lankan history, known as the Black July riots, erupted. The riots began as a response to a deadly ambush by the LTTE (Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam), one of the many Tamil militant groups of that time, on Sri Lankan Army soldiers, which lead to deaths of 13 soldiers. Government appointed commission's estimates put the death toll at nearly 1,000. [11] Mostly minority Sri Lankan Tamils died or 'disappeared' during these riots. [12] At least 150,000 Tamils fled the island. The Black July is generally seen as the start of a full-scale Sri Lankan Civil War between the Tamil militants and the government of Sri Lanka.

JVP insurrections

In 1971, an unsuccessful armed revolt was conducted by the communist Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP) against the Government of Ceylon under Prime Minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike. The revolt began on 5 April 1971 and lasted till June 1971. The insurgents were able to capture and hold several towns and rural areas for several weeks until they were recaptured by the armed forces. An estimated 8,000–10,000 people, mostly young rebels died during this insurrection. [13]

The 1987–89 JVP insurrection (also known as the 1989 Revolt) was the second unsuccessful armed revolt conducted by the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna against the Government of Sri Lanka under President J. R. Jayewardene. Unlike the first unsuccessful JVP insurrection of 1971, the second insurrection was not an open revolt but appeared to be a low intensity conflict that lasted from 1987 to 1989 with the JVP resorting to subversion, assassinations, raids and attacks on military and civilian targets. Both the government and its paramilitaries as well as the rebels of JVP were accused of major HR violations during this period. JVP members are accused of killing its political rivals and civilians who disobeyed their orders by beheading and shooting during these insurrections. Charred dead bodies of suspected JVP members burnt using tyre pyres were a common sight in Sri Lanka during this period. [14] An estimated 60,000 people mostly suspected JVP members were killed during this insurrection. [15]

Sri Lankan Civil War

Government

1980s

On April 19, 1986, Ramanujam Manikkalingam, an MIT physics graduate, was arrested by government security forces in his native country of Sri Lanka under the provisions of the Prevention of Terrorism Act. Family and friends said that he was arrested while walking home from the local post office and that he was tortured in custody. [16] [17] [18]

1990s

The Eastern province of Sri Lanka was taken over by Sri Lankan Forces after heavy fighting in 1990. Even after government forces moved in the early 1990 large number of disappearances and extrajudicial execution were continued. By October 1990, 3,000 people were estimated to have been killed or to have disappeared in the Ampara district. Further Many of the disappeared people were believed to have been killed as a result of extrajudicial execution. Likewise in Batticaloa another 1,500 people were reported to have disappeared. [19] However, the true perpetrators of the disappearances are yet to be determined, with the Sri Lankan government and the rebels both accusing each other.

2000s

The European Union also condemned Sri Lankan security forces in the year 2000 concerning human rights, after fighting displaced 12,000 civilians. [20]

The US State Department stated that "The civilian authorities generally maintained effective control of the security forces, although some members of the security forces committed serious human right abuses". [21]

During President Mahinda Rajapaksa's reign White vans started to be associated with abductions and disappearances both during and after the war. Most disappearances of various critics, journalist and others who had disputes with members of the Rajapaksa government as well as kidnapping for ransom has been associated with the "White vans" which were believed to be operated by Military personnel. [22]

Sahathevan Nilakshan, also spelt Sahadevan Nilakshan a Sri Lankan Tamil student journalist and the head of the Chaalaram magazine. Sahadevan was shot dead inside his house during nighttime curfew in an area heavily guarded by the Sri Lankan Army. [23] Sahadevan was part of a series of killing of Tamil media workers particularly those seen supporting the Tamil nationalist cause as Chaalaram magazine for which he worked was linked to the Federation of Jaffna District Students was seen supporting Tamil nationalism. It was seen as part of the intimidation of Tamil media. [24] [25]

Post-war

People who were previously in, or who assisted, the Tamil Tigers have alleged that the government has been continuing to torture them after the formal end of hostilities. Human Rights Watch has said that 62 cases of sexual violence have been documented since the end of the civil war, though the government says that there have only been 5. Similarly, the government asserts that these are isolated cases, while those making the allegations believe that this is a part of an organized government campaign. One specific link to a formal government program investigated by the BBC found numerous people who say they were tortured at government rehabilitation camps, run for suspected former rebels. Several of those involved have medical documentation of torture along with documentation of having attended these programmes. Two UN reports have stated that the programme does not meet international standards and that there was a possibility of torture occurring. The government claimed to the BBC that they did not agree with the claims, and asserted that those anonymous people making the reports may have been paid by the Tamil Tigers or tortured by the Tigers themselves. [26]

Abuses by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE)

The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam have repeatedly been accused of attacks on civilians during their separatist guerrilla campaign. The US State Department reported several human rights abuses in 2005, but it specifically states that there were no confirmed reports of politically motivated killings by the government. The report states that "they [LTTE] continued to control large sections of the north and east and engaged in politically motivated killings, disappearances, torture, arbitrary arrest and detention, denial of a fair public trial, arbitrary interference with privacy, denial of freedom of speech, press, of assembly and association, and the recruitment of child soldiers". The report further accused the LTTE of extrajudicial killings in the North and East. [27]

The LTTE committed massacres in the Northern and Eastern provinces of Sri Lanka. The number of civilians massacred in a single incident were as high as 144 (Anuradhapura massacre) in 1985. Some of the major attacks resulting in civilian deaths include the Kebithigollewa massacre, the Gonagala massacre (54 dead), the Dehiwala train bombing (56 dead), [28] the Palliyagodella massacre (109 dead) and the bombing of Sri Lanka's Central Bank (102 dead). Further a Claymore antipersonnel mine attack by the LTTE on June 15, 2006 on a bus carrying 140 civilians killed 68 people including 15 children, and injured 60 others. [29]

Tamil Tigers were also credited by FBI for the invention of suicide bra and suicide belt. [30] Most of the targets of suicide attacks were made on civilians rather than the government forces.

Abuses by other groups

The TamilEela Makkal Viduthalai Pulikal (TMVP), an armed organization led by Colonel Karuna, was accused by many human rights and non-governmental organizations of recruiting children, torture, assassinations and engaging in extortion in its war against the LTTE. [31] [32] [33] The TMVP was also involved in kidnappings for ransom of wealthy, predominantly Tamil, businessmen to raise money in Colombo and other towns. Some businessmen were killed because their family could not pay the ransom. [34] [35] [36] [37]

Aftermath

The legacy of alleged human rights abuses continued to affect Sri Lanka after the end of the war. For example, the biennial Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting was held in Sri Lanka in 2013. The prime ministers of India, Canada, and Mauritius refused to attend due to concerns about Sri Lanka's human rights record, including "ongoing allegations of abuse of opposition politicians and journalists". [38]

Investigations

After President Mahinda Rajapaksa was ousted from power, investigations into the disappearances were launched by the new government which revealed a secret unit within the Sri Lankan Navy that was responsible for several disappearances. In March 2015, three navy personnel and a former police officer were arrested in relation to the killing of parliamentarian Nadarajah Raviraj in 2006 and in August 2015, police also announced that they had arrested several military personnel in relation to the disappearance of journalist and cartoonist Prageeth Eknaligoda. [39] [40]

On 2015 October 11, Former Eastern Province Chief Minister Sivanesathurai Chandrakanthan alias Pillayan of the former paramilitary group TMVP was arrested by the Criminal Investigation Department in connection with the killing of former TNA parliamentarian Joseph Pararajasingham who was shot dead on December 25, 2005 in Batticaloa. [41] He was allowed to be detained till 4 November for further questioning [42]

Post-war ethnic clashes

The 2014 anti-Muslim riots in Sri Lanka were religious and ethnic riots in June 2014 in south-western Sri Lanka that were sparked by the assault of a senior Buddhist monk, Ayagama Samitha, and his driver by Muslims in Dharga Town on the holy day of Poson. Muslims and their property were attacked by Sinhalese Buddhists in the towns of Aluthgama, Beruwala and Dharga Town in Kalutara District. At least four people were killed and 80 injured. [43] Hundreds were made homeless following attacks on homes, shops, factories, mosques and a nursery. [44] 10,000 people (8,000 Muslims and 2,000 Sinhalese) were displaced by the riots. [45] The riots followed rallies by Bodu Bala Sena (BBS), a hard line Buddhist group. [46] The BBS was widely blamed for inciting the riots but it has denied responsibility. [47] [48] [49] The mainstream media in Sri Lanka censored news about the riots following orders from the Sri Lankan government. [50]

Moderate Buddhist monk Watareka Vijitha, who had been critical of the BBS, was abducted and assaulted in the Bandaragama area on 19 June 2014. [51] [52] Vijitha had been forcibly circumcised. [53] [54]

Schools in the riot affected re-opened on 23 June 2014. [55] [56] Sporadic attacks against Muslim targets continued in the days after the riots. [57]

LGBT rights in Sri Lanka

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in Sri Lanka face legal and social challenges not faced by non-LGBT people. Article 365 of the Sri Lankan Penal Code, which dates from the time of colonial British Ceylon, criminalizes sexual acts deemed "against the order of nature". [58] For much of the law's history, the prohibition applied to sexual acts between males; in 1995, Article 365 was amended to replace the word "males" with "persons" so that same-sex sexual activity between two consenting adult females was outlawed in addition to that between consenting adult males. Other laws that marginalize and disadvantage LGBTQI individuals are enforced against purported gender impersonation (Article 399, used against transgender people) [59] and public indecency (Section 7, 1841 Vagrants Ordinance, used against sex workers, and anyone whose public behaviours are deemed to indicate same-sex sexual activity). [60] [61]

Asylum seeker organisations and human rights NGOs have reported that police and government workers used the threat of arrest to assault, harass, and sexually and monetarily extort LGBTQI individuals. [62] [63] [64] Vigilante attacks, vigilante executions, torture, forced anal examinations, [65] [66] and beatings are also tolerated.

Sri Lanka has not yet implemented anti-discrimination laws. [67]

Child marriage

In Sri Lanka, the legal marriage age is 18. However, the Muslim Marriage and Divorce Act (MMDA) allows underage Muslims older than 12 to be married and does not require the bride's consent. The age can be reduced even further if a quazi allows it. The penal code also exempts Muslims from prosecution for statutory rape if the victim is married to the perpetrator and is 12 or older. Child marriage rates in Sri Lanka are at 2% by 15 and 12% by 18, lower than other South Asian nations however some marriages are unregistered and may be higher. Many Muslim girls have attempted suicide to avoid being forcefully married off and girls that oppose marriages are beaten by their families. Husbands can also get quick divorces without having to offer any explanation while the wife has to endure a long process that requires her to produce witnesses and attend hearings. The laws are administered through special sharia courts administered by quazis. Women are not allowed to be quazis and quazis routinely order women to keep quiet during proceedings, representation through lawyers are also not allowed. [68] [69] [70]

Many incidents of domestic abuse, rape and murder of teenagers have been reported due to the MMDA. In one instance a girl was sent to her uncle's house by her parents due to falling in love with a boy while having an education and a visitor to the house asked the family to marry her. The girl refused and was beaten up by the family, and in desperation, she cut her arms and took several pills in a suicide attempt. After she was hospitalized her family bribed the doctors and took her to a private hospital and later married her off. Her husband regularly abused her and was paranoid of her having an affair with her former love interest. When she revealed her pregnancy he threw her to the floor taunting that he only needed her for one night. As a result, she suffered a miscarriage and the police didn't believe her story and the mosque reunited her with the husband despite her objections. Then her husband put her phone number on social media which resulted in various strangers asking her to have sex for money. As a result, her education was sabotaged and was unable to even travel outside. In 2017 another 4 month pregnant 18 year old died after her husband she married when she was 16, tied her to a chair, poured oil and set her on fire. Her husband threatened that he would hurt her other infant if she reported the abuse to the police. [70] [69] There have been instances of children as young as 12 being dragged from playgrounds, given wedding clothes and being forcibly married off while crying in the middle of the wedding ceremony and being forced into sex even before puberty. [71]

Supporters of the MMDA such as the All Ceylon Jamiyyathul Ulama, a union of male Islamic scholars claim that child marriages are rare. However, 22% of marriages registered in 2015 in Kattankudy, a Muslim majority town in Eastern Province, the woman was 17 or younger up from 14% in 2014. [68]

Many Muslim organizations such as the Women's Action Network (WAN) and Muslim Women's Research and Action Forum have been attempting to reform or abolish the MMDA and give equal rights to women and ban child marriage. However, members of the organizations face harassment and threats from extremist Muslim organizations. Activists have expressed fears to even engage in daily tasks such as travelling and sending children to school due to regular threats. [70]

See also

References and further reading

  1. ↑ THE CONSTITUTION OF THE DEMOCRATIC SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF SRI LANKA CHAPTER III, 10
  2. ↑ Keerthisinghe, Lakshman I. (2013). "The British duplicity in protecting human rights in Sri Lanka". Daily Mirror. Archived from the original on 2013-10-21. Retrieved 2013-10-21.
  3. ↑ Sri Lanka
  4. ↑ "The EU's relations with Sri Lanka – Overview". Archived from the original on September 10, 2007.
  5. ↑ 2006 Annual Report for Sri Lanka, Amnesty International USA, archived from the original on 2008-11-29, retrieved 2009-02-12
  6. ↑ "Death penalty in Sri Lanka". Ste's Site. Archived from the original on February 22, 2006.
  7. ↑ Recurring Nightmare: State Responsibility for "Disappearances" and Abductions in Sri Lanka
  8. ↑ "Sri Lanka – Out of the Silence". Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
  9. ↑ "Sri Lanka: The Years of Blood | Sri Lanka Brief". Archived from the original on 2018-10-15. Retrieved 2019-06-17.
  10. ↑ "Sri Lankans Address World's Worst Human Rights Record". Christian Science Monitor. 1993-05-05. ISSN   0882-7729 . Retrieved 2019-06-17.
  11. ↑ "President Kumaratunga's speech on the 21st Anniversary of 'Black July'". Archived from the original on 19 April 2012. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
  12. ↑ Amnesty International Canada || News Release Archived 2007-09-11 at the Wayback Machine
  13. ↑ Imtiaz, Zahrah. "Sanguinary memories : JVP insurgence of 1971". Daily News. Retrieved 2019-06-17.
  14. ↑ "LankaWeb – Demons of Batalanda: Who was behind them?" . Retrieved 2019-06-17.
  15. ↑ "JVP Demands Justice For Executed Comrades | The Sunday Leader". Archived from the original on 2017-12-01. Retrieved 2019-06-17.
  16. ↑ Fish, Andrew L. (12 August 1986). "Sri Lanka continues to hold IT student" (PDF). The Tech. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 August 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2015.
  17. ↑ Hamilton, David P. (29 April 1986). "Students, faculty marshal support for prisoner" (PDF). The Tech. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 August 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2015.
  18. ↑ Schlacter, Barry (28 July 1986). "Prime Minister's Talk Moved Off Campus After Protest". Associated Press News Archive. Associated Press. Retrieved 9 February 2016.
  19. ↑ "Human Rights Reports – Amnesty International USA". Archived from the original on 14 February 2009. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
  20. ↑ "Sri Lanka rapped over human rights". BBC News. April 3, 2000. Retrieved May 4, 2010.
  21. ↑ Line 5
  22. ↑ "Demands for inquiry into Sri Lanka 'white van' abductions" . Retrieved 2015-09-30.
  23. ↑ "Sahadevan Nilakshan" . Retrieved 6 March 2015.
  24. ↑ "Intimidation of Tamil media" . Retrieved 6 March 2015.
  25. ↑ IFJ calls for end to brutal targeting of Lankan media Archived September 30, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  26. ↑ Harrison, Francis (9 November 2013). "'Tamils still being raped and tortured in Sri Lanka". BBC. Retrieved 9 November 2013.
  27. ↑ "Sri Lanka". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
  28. ↑ Timeline of the Tamil conflict, BBC News, September 4, 2000
  29. ↑ United States Condemns Terrorist Attack on Sri Lankan Bus, US State Department, archived from the original on February 2, 2009
  30. ↑ "Taming the Tamil Tigers". FBI. Archived from the original on 13 February 2008. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
  31. ↑ "Sri Lanka", Human Rights Watch , August 9, 2007, archived from the original on 2007-09-29
  32. ↑ "Complicit in Crime: State Collusion in Abductions and Child Recruitment by the Karuna Group", Human Rights Watch, 19, January 2007, archived from the original on 2016-08-19, retrieved 2016-12-04
  33. ↑ "Sri Lanka: Armed groups infiltrating refugee camps", Amnesty International , August 9, 2007, archived from the original on September 11, 2007
  34. ↑ "Impunity reigns", Human Rights Watch (1(C)), August 9, 2007
  35. ↑ "Sri Lanka: Karuna Group Abducts Children for Combat - Human Rights Watch". 24 January 2007. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
  36. ↑ "Sri Lanka: Letter to Pope Benedict XVI on the Situation In Sri Lanka". Human Rights Watch. 16 April 2007. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
  37. ↑ Thomson Reuters Foundation. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 24 July 2008. Retrieved 6 March 2015.{{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  38. ↑ Paramaguru, Kharunya (15 November 2013). "Controversy Over Sri Lanka's Human Rights Record Overshadows Commonwealth Summit Read more: Sri Lanka Human Rights Questioned at Commonwealth Meeting". Time . Retrieved 15 November 2013.
  39. ↑ "Video: Secret Navy unit probed". www.dailymirror.lk. Retrieved 2015-09-30.
  40. ↑ "SL judicial system isn't equipped to probe war crimes: Zeid". www.dailymirror.lk. Retrieved 2015-09-30.
  41. ↑ "Pillayan arrested over Pararajasingham killing". www.dailymirror.lk.
  42. ↑ "Pillayan to be detained till November 4". www.dailynews.lk. Retrieved 2015-10-14.
  43. ↑ Colombage, Dinouk (17 June 2014). "n Pictures: Sri Lanka hit by religious riots". Al Jazeera .
  44. ↑ "Sri Lankan riots spark international concern". Gulf Times . Agence France-Presse. 16 June 2014.
  45. ↑ Karunarathne, Waruni (22 June 2014). "The Human Tragedy Of Aluthgama". The Sunday Leader . Archived from the original on 30 July 2018. Retrieved 24 August 2015.
  46. ↑ "Religious Riots Kill 3 Muslims in Sri Lanka". Voice of America . 16 June 2014.
  47. ↑ Athas, Iqbal; Hume, Tim (20 June 2014). "Fear, shock among Sri Lankan Muslims in aftermath of Buddhist mob violence". CNN .
  48. ↑ "Sri Lanka police hit back after media flak over deadly riots". The Times of India . Agence France-Presse. 22 June 2014.
  49. ↑ "Muslim businesses stay shut in Colombo after ethnic riots". Oman Tribune . Agence France-Presse. 19 June 2014. Archived from the original on 8 February 2015. Retrieved 24 August 2015.
  50. ↑ "Sectarian violence in south declared off-limits for media". Reporters Without Borders. 17 June 2014. Archived from the original on 17 March 2016. Retrieved 24 August 2015.
  51. ↑ "Sri Lanka moderate monk critical of anti-Muslim violence beaten". BBC News . 19 June 2014.
  52. ↑ "Ven. Watareka Vijitha thera assaulted". The Daily Mirror (Sri Lanka) . 19 June 2014. Archived from the original on 22 June 2014. Retrieved 24 August 2015.
  53. ↑ Indrakumar, Menaka (22 June 2014). "Abductors forcibly circumcise Vijitha Thera". Ceylon Today . Archived from the original on 14 January 2016.
  54. ↑ "Abductors attempt to circumcise the Sri Lankan Buddhist monk who tried to build inter faith harmony". Colombo Page. 19 June 2014.
  55. ↑ "Aluthgama, Beruwala area schools to reopen on Monday". The Sunday Times (Sri Lanka) . 21 June 2014. Archived from the original on 25 June 2014.
  56. ↑ "Schools in Aluthgama and Beruwala re-opens on Monday". Ceylon Today . 21 June 2014. Archived from the original on 14 January 2016.
  57. ↑ "Sri Lanka charges moderate monk critical of anti-Muslim violence". BBC News . 25 June 2014.
  58. ↑ "Road to reform- LGBTIQ rights in Sri Lanka". themorning.lk. 16 September 2018. Archived from the original on 23 January 2019. Retrieved 2019-01-23.
  59. ↑ Fonseka, Piyumi (6 July 2018). "Removing barriers for LGBT + people in Sri Lanka". Daily Mirror. Archived from the original on 7 January 2022.
  60. ↑ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. "Refworld — Sri Lanka: Treatment of sexual minorities, including legislation, state protection, and support services". Refworld. Archived from the original on 26 January 2019. Retrieved 2019-01-26.
  61. ↑ "Sri Lanka Should Take Up the Challenge on LGBT Rights". Human Rights Watch. 2018-09-12. Archived from the original on 23 February 2019. Retrieved 2019-01-27.
  62. ↑ "Custom report Excerpts: Sri Lanka". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
  63. ↑ "Responses to Information Requests: LKA103948.E" (PDF). Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. 13 January 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 June 2019. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
  64. ↑ Wimalasiri vs. Officer-in-Charge, Police Station, Maradana & Honourable Attorney General, District Court of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri LankaSC Appeal No.32/11 – [SC SPL LA No. 304/2009 HCMCA no. 595/04 No. 7923/C ](Supreme Court of Sri Lanka30 November 2016),archived from the original on 20 June 2019.
  65. ↑ "Sri Lanka: Forced Anal Exams in Homosexuality Prosecutions". Human Rights Watch. 2020-10-20. Retrieved 2022-02-01.
  66. ↑ Home Office; Country Policy and Information Team (CIPIT) (October 2018). Country Policy and Information Note Sri Lanka: Sexual orientation and gender identity and expression (PDF) (Report). Government of the United Kingdom. Version 3.0. Archived from the original on 25 July 2019. Retrieved 2022-02-01.
  67. ↑ "LGBT community yearns for acceptance by society". Sunday Observer. 2018-06-23. Archived from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 2018-09-09.
  68. 1 2 "Sri Lanka debates its antiquated Muslim family laws". The Economist. Retrieved 2017-06-23.
  69. 1 2 "Tortured Sri Lankan Muslim Child Marriage Victim Dies, Police Soft-Pedals Capture Of Murderous Husband – Colombo Telegraph". www.colombotelegraph.com. 20 May 2017. Retrieved 2017-06-23.
  70. 1 2 3 "The wounded victims of Sri Lanka's child marriage law". BBC News. 2017-06-20. Retrieved 2017-06-23.
  71. ↑ Daniel, Smriti. "In Sri Lanka, Muslim women are fighting back against unfair marriage laws". Scroll.in. Retrieved 2017-06-25.

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Eelam War I is the name given to the initial phase of the armed conflict between the government of Sri Lanka and the LTTE.

The Sooriyakanda mass grave is the mass burial ground of murdered school children from Embilipitiya Maha Vidyalaya in Sri Lanka. These school children were killed and buried as part of the counterinsurgency during the second JVP uprising in Sri Lanka. It was alleged that over 300 bodies were buried in the location. The mass grave was located in 1994. The Sri Lankan government last reported in 1996 to have conducted a forensic analysis of the burial ground uncovering an unspecified number of bodies. Local media, NGOs and the US state department have claimed that the investigations are not satisfactory.

Tens of thousands of people have been disappeared in Sri Lanka since the 1980s. A 1999 study by the United Nations found that Sri Lanka had the second highest number of disappearances in the world and that 12,000 Sri Lankans had disappeared after being detained by the Sri Lankan security forces. A few years earlier the Sri Lankan government had estimated that 17,000 people had disappeared. In 2003 the Red Cross stated that it had received 20,000 complaints of disappearances during the Sri Lankan Civil War of which 9,000 had been resolved but the remaining 11,000 were still being investigated. Amnesty International reported in 2017 that the disappeared persons in Sri Lanka could be between 60,000 and 100,000 since the late 1980s.

The war was waged for over a quarter of a century, with an estimated 70,000 killed by 2007. Immediately following the end of war, on 20 May 2009, the UN estimated a total of 80,000–100,000 deaths. However, in 2011, referring to the final phase of the war in 2009, the Report of the Secretary-General's Panel of Experts on Accountability in Sri Lanka stated, "A number of credible sources have estimated that there could have been as many as 40,000 civilian deaths." The large majority of these civilian deaths in the final phase of the war were said to have been caused by indiscriminate shelling of a formerly designated 'No Fire Zone' by the Sri Lankan Armed Forces.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of Sri Lanka (1948–present)</span>

The history of Sri Lanka from 1948 to the present is marked by the independence of the country through to Dominion and becoming a Republic.

Freedom of the press in Sri Lanka is guaranteed by Article 14(1)(a) of the Constitution of Sri Lanka which gives every citizen "the freedom of speech and expression including publication". But under some government's there was widespread suppression of the media, particularly those critical of those governments. Sri Lanka is ranked 146 out of 180 countries in Reporters Without Borders's Press Freedom Index for 2022

Terrorism in Sri Lanka has been a highly destructive phenomenon during the 20th and 21st centuries, especially so during the periods of the Sri Lankan Civil War (1983–2009) and the first (1971) and second JVP insurrections (1987–1989). A common definition of terrorism is the systematic or threatened use of violence to intimidate a population or government for political, religious, or ideological goals. Sri Lanka is a country that has experienced some of the worst known acts of modern terrorism, such as suicide bombings, massacres of civilians and assassination of political and social leaders. Terrorism has posed a significant threat to the society, economy and development of the country. The Prevention of Terrorism Act of 1978 is the legislation that provides the powers to law enforcement officers to deal with issues related to terrorism in Sri Lanka. It was first enacted as a temporary law in 1979 under the presidency of J. R. Jayewardene, and later made permanent in 1982.

Sexual violence against Tamils in Sri Lanka has occurred repeatedly during the island's long ethnic conflict. The first instances of rape of Tamil women by Sinhalese mobs were documented during the 1958 anti-Tamil pogrom. This continued in the 1960s with the deployment of the Sri Lankan Army in Jaffna, who were reported to have molested and occasionally raped Tamil women.

The Veeramunai massacres refers to the mass killing and disappearances of over 250 Tamil civilians by Sri Lankan security forces and Muslim home guards in 1990.

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