Hepacivirus

Last updated

Hepacivirus
12985 2017 753 Fig2 HTML.webp
Hepacivirus structure and genome
Virus classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Kitrinoviricota
Class: Flasuviricetes
Order: Amarillovirales
Family: Flaviviridae
Genus:Hepacivirus
Synonyms
  • Hepatitis C-like viruses [1]
  • Hepatitis virus C group [2]

Hepacivirus is a genus of positive-strand RNA viruses in the family Flaviviridae . [3] The hepatitis C virus (HCV), in species Hepacivirus C , infects humans and is associated with hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. [3] [4] There are fourteen species in the genus which infect a range of other vertebrate. [3]

Contents

History

Hepatitis C virus (HCV), which is the causative agent of hepatitis C in humans, and a member of the species Hepacivirus C, was discovered in 1989. [5] Seven genotypes (1–7) and eighty-six subtypes (1a, 1b etc.) of hepatitis C virus have been named. [6]

GBV-B virus (also known as GB virus B) discovered in 1995 is capable of infecting New World monkeys, in particular tamarins. Like HCV it is transmitted by the blood-borne route and similar to HCV it is associated with the viral hepatitis. However GBV-B has never been identified in wild animals and its natural host is not known. [5]

Structure

Viruses in the genus Hepacivirus are enveloped and have spherical icosahedral-like geometries with pseudo T=3 symmetry. The virus particle diameter is around 50 nm. Genomes are linear, non-segmented, and around 10,000 nucleotides in length. [3] [4]

Life cycle

Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment of the viral envelope protein E to host receptors, which mediates clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Replication follows the positive-strand RNA virus replication model. Positive strand RNA virus transcription is the method of transcription. Translation takes place by viral initiation. Humans and other vertebrate serve as the natural host. Transmission routes are sexual, blood, and contact. [3] [4]

Taxonomy

Phylogenetic tree of hepaciviruses and pegiviruses with their host 41598 2019 50580 Fig3 HTML.webp
Phylogenetic tree of hepaciviruses and pegiviruses with their host

In the genus Hepacvirus there are 14 species: [7] [3]

Additional information

Additional hepaciviruses have been described from bats, rodents including bank voles, horses, and dogs. [8] [9] [10] Rodent hepacivirus is found in the deer mouse ( Peromyscus maniculatus ). [5] A virus related to hepaciviruses is found in bamboo rat ( Rhizomys pruinosus ). [11] A virus related to hepaciviruses infects the long-tailed ground squirrel Spermophilus undulatus. [12]

Cattle are a host for viruses of the species Hepacivirus N. [13] [14] The viruses most closely related to Hepacivirus C are the equine hepaciviruses of the species Hepacivirus A. [15] There are at least two subtypes of equine hepacivirus. [16] Hepacivirus A infecting horses has also been found in donkeys. [17]

A virus related to the hepaciviruses has been isolated from bald eagles ( Haliaeetus leucocephalus ). [18] Another unclassified virus in this taxon is duck hepacivirus-like virus. [19] A virus related to hepaciviruses has been isolated from the graceful catshark ( Proscyllium habereri ). [20] The virus – Jogalong virus – has been described that appears to belong to another species in this genus. [21]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">RNA virus</span> Subclass of viruses

An RNA virus is a virus—other than a retrovirus—that has ribonucleic acid (RNA) as its genetic material. The nucleic acid is usually single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) but it may be double-stranded (dsRNA). Notable human diseases caused by RNA viruses include the common cold, influenza, SARS, MERS, COVID-19, Dengue virus, hepatitis C, hepatitis E, West Nile fever, Ebola virus disease, rabies, polio, mumps, and measles.

<i>Flaviviridae</i> Family of viruses

Flaviviridae is a family of enveloped positive-strand RNA viruses which mainly infect mammals and birds. They are primarily spread through arthropod vectors. The family gets its name from the yellow fever virus; flavus is Latin for "yellow", and yellow fever in turn was named because of its propensity to cause jaundice in victims. There are 89 species in the family divided among four genera. Diseases associated with the group include: hepatitis (hepaciviruses), hemorrhagic syndromes, fatal mucosal disease (pestiviruses), hemorrhagic fever, encephalitis, and the birth defect microcephaly (flaviviruses).

Hepatitis D is a type of viral hepatitis caused by the hepatitis delta virus (HDV). HDV is one of five known hepatitis viruses: A, B, C, D, and E. HDV is considered to be a satellite because it can propagate only in the presence of the hepatitis B virus (HBV). Transmission of HDV can occur either via simultaneous infection with HBV (coinfection) or superimposed on chronic hepatitis B or hepatitis B carrier state (superinfection).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hepatitis A</span> Acute infectious disease of the liver

Hepatitis A is an infectious disease of the liver caused by Hepatovirus A (HAV); it is a type of viral hepatitis. Many cases have few or no symptoms, especially in the young. The time between infection and symptoms, in those who develop them, is 2–6 weeks. When symptoms occur, they typically last 8 weeks and may include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, jaundice, fever, and abdominal pain. Around 10–15% of people experience a recurrence of symptoms during the 6 months after the initial infection. Acute liver failure may rarely occur, with this being more common in the elderly.

<i>Orthohantavirus</i> Genus of viruses

Orthohantavirus is a genus of single-stranded, enveloped, negative-sense RNA viruses in the family Hantaviridae within the order Bunyavirales. Members of this genus may be called orthohantaviruses or simply hantaviruses.

<i>Hepadnaviridae</i> Family of viruses

Hepadnaviridae is a family of viruses. Humans, apes, and birds serve as natural hosts. There are currently 18 species in this family, divided among 5 genera. Its best-known member is hepatitis B virus. Diseases associated with this family include: liver infections, such as hepatitis, hepatocellular carcinomas, and cirrhosis. It is the sole accepted family in the order Blubervirales.

<i>Polyomaviridae</i> Family of viruses

Polyomaviridae is a family of viruses whose natural hosts are primarily mammals and birds. As of 2024, there are eight recognized genera. 14 species are known to infect humans, while others, such as Simian Virus 40, have been identified in humans to a lesser extent. Most of these viruses are very common and typically asymptomatic in most human populations studied. BK virus is associated with nephropathy in renal transplant and non-renal solid organ transplant patients, JC virus with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, and Merkel cell virus with Merkel cell cancer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hepatitis C virus</span> Species of virus

The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a small, enveloped, positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus of the family Flaviviridae. The hepatitis C virus is the cause of hepatitis C and some cancers such as liver cancer and lymphomas in humans.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rubella virus</span> Species of virus

Rubella virus (RuV) is the pathogenic agent of the disease rubella, transmitted only between humans via the respiratory route, and is the main cause of congenital rubella syndrome when infection occurs during the first weeks of pregnancy.

<i>Bunyavirales</i> Order of RNA viruses

Bunyavirales is an order of segmented negative-strand RNA viruses with mainly tripartite genomes. Member viruses infect arthropods, plants, protozoans, and vertebrates. It is the only order in the class Ellioviricetes. The name Bunyavirales derives from Bunyamwera, where the original type species Bunyamwera orthobunyavirus was first discovered. Ellioviricetes is named in honor of late virologist Richard M. Elliott for his early work on bunyaviruses.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arenavirus</span> Family of RNA viruses

An arenavirus is a bi- or trisegmented ambisense RNA virus that is a member of the family Arenaviridae. These viruses infect rodents and occasionally humans. A class of novel, highly divergent arenaviruses, properly known as reptarenaviruses, have also been discovered which infect snakes to produce inclusion body disease, mostly in boa constrictors. At least eight arenaviruses are known to cause human disease. The diseases derived from arenaviruses range in severity. Aseptic meningitis, a severe human disease that causes inflammation covering the brain and spinal cord, can arise from the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Hemorrhagic fever syndromes, including Lassa fever, are derived from infections such as Guanarito virus, Junin virus, Lassa virus, Lujo virus, Machupo virus, Sabia virus, or Whitewater Arroyo virus. Because of the epidemiological association with rodents, some arenaviruses and bunyaviruses are designated as roboviruses.

GB virus C (GBV-C), formerly known as hepatitis G virus (HGV) and also known as human pegivirus – HPgV is a virus in the family Flaviviridae and a member of the Pegivirus, is known to infect humans, but is not known to cause human disease. Reportedly, HIV patients coinfected with GBV-C can survive longer than those without GBV-C, but the patients may be different in other ways. Research is active into the virus' effects on the immune system in patients coinfected with GBV-C and HIV.

<i>Alphavirus</i> Genus of viruses

Alphavirus is a genus of RNA viruses, the sole genus in the Togaviridae family. Alphaviruses belong to group IV of the Baltimore classification of viruses, with a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome. There are 32 alphaviruses, which infect various vertebrates such as humans, rodents, fish, birds, and larger mammals such as horses, as well as invertebrates. Alphaviruses that could infect both vertebrates and arthropods are referred dual-host alphaviruses, while insect-specific alphaviruses such as Eilat virus and Yada yada virus are restricted to their competent arthropod vector. Transmission between species and individuals occurs mainly via mosquitoes, making the alphaviruses a member of the collection of arboviruses – or arthropod-borne viruses. Alphavirus particles are enveloped, have a 70 nm diameter, tend to be spherical, and have a 40 nm isometric nucleocapsid.

<i>Murine coronavirus</i> Species of virus

Murine coronavirus (M-CoV) is a virus in the genus Betacoronavirus that infects mice. Belonging to the subgenus Embecovirus, murine coronavirus strains are enterotropic or polytropic. Enterotropic strains include mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) strains D, Y, RI, and DVIM, whereas polytropic strains, such as JHM and A59, primarily cause hepatitis, enteritis, and encephalitis. Murine coronavirus is an important pathogen in the laboratory mouse and the laboratory rat. It is the most studied coronavirus in animals other than humans, and has been used as an animal disease model for many virological and clinical studies.

Hepacivirus A, or Canine hepacivirus (CHV) or Equine hepacivirus (EHV), is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus of the genus Hepacivirus. It infects dogs and horses, and causes pulmonary infections in dogs. Unlike the related Hepatitis C virus, it is not known to cause hepatitis in either host.

<i>Pegivirus</i> Genus of viruses

Pegivirus is the approved name for a genus of single positive-stranded RNA viruses in the family Flaviviridae. The name is a derived one: "Pe" stands for "persistent" and "g" is a reference to Hepatitis G, a former name of the C species.

Hantaan orthohantavirus (HTNV) is an enveloped, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus species of Old World Orthohantavirus. It is the causative agent of Korean hemorrhagic fever in humans. It is named for the Hantan River in South Korea, and in turn lends the name to its genus Orthohantavirus and family Hantaviridae.

Equine pegivirus (EPgV) is a virus in the genus Pegivirus of the family Flaviviridae. It was discovered in 2013 in blood of horses and causes chronic infections. EPgV is not known to be responsible for any disease in horses. In a serosurvey of EPgV and related viruses, antibodies to EPgV were detected in the majority of horses, indicating a high prevalence in them.

Francis "Frank" Vincent Chisari is a physician, experimental pathologist, and viral immunologist, known for his research on virus-host interactions and disease pathogenesis during hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus infections.

<i>Adnaviria</i> Realm of viruses

Adnaviria is a realm of viruses that includes archaeal viruses that have a filamentous virion and a linear, double-stranded DNA genome. The genome exists in A-form (A-DNA) and encodes a dimeric major capsid protein (MCP) that contains the SIRV2 fold, a type of alpha-helix bundle containing four helices. The virion consists of the genome encased in capsid proteins to form a helical nucleoprotein complex. For some viruses, this helix is surrounded by a lipid membrane called an envelope. Some contain an additional protein layer between the nucleoprotein helix and the envelope. Complete virions are long and thin and may be flexible or a stiff like a rod.

References

  1. ↑ Pringle, C. R. (1996). "Virus Taxonomy 1996 - A Bulletin from the Xth International Congress of Virology in Jerusalem" (PDF). Archives of Virology. 141 (11): 2251–6. doi:10.1007/BF01718231. ISSN   1432-8798. OCLC   76349762. PMC   7086844 . PMID   8992952 . Retrieved 13 March 2019. To name the genus comprising the hepatitis C-like viruses as the genus Hepacivirus.
  2. ↑ 1ICTV 6th Report Murphy, F. A., Fauquet, C. M., Bishop, D. H. L., Ghabrial, S. A., Jarvis, A. W. Martelli, G. P. Mayo, M. A. & Summers, M. D.(eds)(1995). Virus Taxonomy. Sixthreport of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Archives of Virology Supplement 10, p. 424 https://ictv.global/ictv/proposals/ICTV%206th%20Report.pdf
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Flaviviridae". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV).
  4. 1 2 3 "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  5. 1 2 3 Stapleton, J. T; Foung, S; Muerhoff, A. S; Bukh, J; Simmonds, P (2010). "The GB viruses: A review and proposed classification of GBV-A, GBV-C (HGV), and GBV-D in genus Pegivirus within the family Flaviviridae". Journal of General Virology. 92 (2): 233–46. doi:10.1099/vir.0.027490-0. PMC   3081076 . PMID   21084497.
  6. ↑ "HCV Classification". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV).[ dead link ]
  7. ↑ Smith, Donald B; Becher, Paul; Bukh, Jens; Gould, Ernest A; Meyers, Gregor; Monath, Thomas; Muerhoff, A Scott; Pletnev, Alexander; Rico-Hesse, Rebecca; Stapleton, Jack T; Simmonds, Peter (2016). "Proposed update to the taxonomy of the genera Hepacivirus and Pegivirus within the Flaviviridae family". Journal of General Virology. 97 (11): 2894–2907. doi:10.1099/jgv.0.000612. PMC   5770844 . PMID   27692039.
  8. ↑ Kapoor, A; Simmonds, P; Scheel, T. K. H; Hjelle, B; Cullen, J. M; Burbelo, P. D; Chauhan, L. V; Duraisamy, R; Sanchez Leon, M; Jain, K; Vandegrift, K. J; Calisher, C. H; Rice, C. M; Lipkin, W. I (2013). "Identification of Rodent Homologs of Hepatitis C Virus and Pegiviruses". mBio. 4 (2): e00216–13. doi:10.1128/mBio.00216-13. PMC   3622934 . PMID   23572554.
  9. ↑ Drexler, Jan Felix; Corman, Victor Max; Müller, Marcel Alexander; Lukashev, Alexander N; Gmyl, Anatoly; Coutard, Bruno; Adam, Alexander; Ritz, Daniel; Leijten, Lonneke M; Van Riel, Debby; Kallies, Rene; Klose, Stefan M; Gloza-Rausch, Florian; Binger, Tabea; Annan, Augustina; Adu-Sarkodie, Yaw; Oppong, Samuel; Bourgarel, Mathieu; Rupp, Daniel; Hoffmann, Bernd; Schlegel, Mathias; Kümmerer, Beate M; Krüger, Detlev H; Schmidt-Chanasit, Jonas; Setién, Alvaro Aguilar; Cottontail, Veronika M; Hemachudha, Thiravat; Wacharapluesadee, Supaporn; Osterrieder, Klaus; et al. (2013). "Evidence for Novel Hepaciviruses in Rodents". PLOS Pathogens. 9 (6): e1003438. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003438 . PMC   3688547 . PMID   23818848.
  10. ↑ Lauck, M; Sibley, S. D; Lara, J; Purdy, M. A; Khudyakov, Y; Hyeroba, D; Tumukunde, A; Weny, G; Switzer, W. M; Chapman, C. A; Hughes, A. L; Friedrich, T. C; O'Connor, D. H; Goldberg, T. L (2013). "A Novel Hepacivirus with an Unusually Long and Intrinsically Disordered NS5A Protein in a Wild Old World Primate". Journal of Virology. 87 (16): 8971–81. doi:10.1128/JVI.00888-13. PMC   3754081 . PMID   23740998.
  11. ↑ Van Nguyen, Dung; Van Nguyen, Cuong; Bonsall, David; Ngo, Tue; Carrique-Mas, Juan; Pham, Anh; Bryant, Juliet; Thwaites, Guy; Baker, Stephen; Woolhouse, Mark; Simmonds, Peter (2018). "Detection and Characterization of Homologues of Human Hepatitis Viruses and Pegiviruses in Rodents and Bats in Vietnam". Viruses. 10 (3): 102. doi: 10.3390/v10030102 . PMC   5869495 . PMID   29495551.
  12. ↑ Li LL, Liu MM, Shen S, Zhang YJ, Xu YL, Deng HY, Deng F, Duan ZJ (2019) Detection and characterization of a novel hepacivirus in long-tailed ground squirrels (Spermophilus undulatus) in China. Arch Virol
  13. ↑ Corman, Victor Max; Grundhoff, Adam; Baechlein, Christine; Fischer, Nicole; Gmyl, Anatoly; Wollny, Robert; Dei, Dickson; Ritz, Daniel; Binger, Tabea; Adankwah, Ernest; Marfo, Kwadwo Sarfo; Annison, Lawrence; Annan, Augustina; Adu-Sarkodie, Yaw; Oppong, Samuel; Becher, Paul; Drosten, Christian; Drexler, Jan Felix (2015). "Highly Divergent Hepaciviruses from African Cattle". Journal of Virology. 89 (11): 5876–82. doi:10.1128/JVI.00393-15. PMC   4442428 . PMID   25787289.
  14. ↑ Baechlein, Christine; Fischer, Nicole; Grundhoff, Adam; Alawi, Malik; Indenbirken, Daniela; Postel, Alexander; Baron, Anna Lena; Offinger, Jennifer; Becker, Kathrin; Beineke, Andreas; Rehage, Juergen; Becher, Paul (2015). "Identification of a Novel Hepacivirus in Domestic Cattle from Germany". Journal of Virology. 89 (14): 7007–15. doi:10.1128/JVI.00534-15. PMC   4473572 . PMID   25926652.
  15. ↑ Thézé, Julien; Lowes, Sophia; Parker, Joe; Pybus, Oliver G (2015). "Evolutionary and Phylogenetic Analysis of the Hepaciviruses and Pegiviruses". Genome Biology and Evolution. 7 (11): 2996–3008. doi:10.1093/gbe/evv202. PMC   5635594 . PMID   26494702.
  16. ↑ Pronost, S; Hue, E; Fortier, C; Foursin, M; Fortier, G; Desbrosse, F; Rey, F. A; Pitel, P.-H; Richard, E; Saunier, B (2017). "Prevalence of Equine Hepacivirus Infections in France and Evidence for Two Viral Subtypes Circulating Worldwide". Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. 64 (6): 1884–1897. doi: 10.1111/tbed.12587 . PMID   27882682. S2CID   19064165.
  17. ↑ Walter S, Rasche A, Moreira-Soto A, Pfaender S, Bletsa M, Corman VM, Aguilar-Setien A, García-Lacy F, Hans A, Todt D, Schuler G, Shnaiderman-Torban A, Steinman A, Roncoroni C, Veneziano V, Rusenova N12, Sandev N12, Rusenov A, Zapryanova D, García-Bocanegra I, Jores J, Carluccio A, Veronesi MC, Cavalleri JMV, Drosten C, Lemey P, Steinmann E, Drexler JF (2016) Differential infection patterns and recent evolutionary origins of Equine Hepaciviruses in donkeys. J Virol 91(1)
  18. ↑ Goldberg TL, Sibley SD, Pinkerton ME, Dunn CD, Long LJ, White LC, Strom SM (2019) Multidecade mortality and a homolog of Hepatitis C Virus in bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), the national bird of the USA. Sci Rep 9(1):14953
  19. ↑ Chu L, Jin M, Feng C, Wang X, Zhang D (2019) A highly divergent hepacivirus-like flavivirus in domestic ducks. J Gen Virol
  20. ↑ Shi, Mang; Lin, Xian-Dan; Vasilakis, Nikos; Tian, Jun-Hua; Li, Ci-Xiu; Chen, Liang-Jun; Eastwood, Gillian; Diao, Xiu-Nian; Chen, Ming-Hui; Chen, Xiao; Qin, Xin-Cheng; Widen, Steven G; Wood, Thomas G; Tesh, Robert B; Xu, Jianguo; Holmes, Edward C; Zhang, Yong-Zhen (2016). "Divergent Viruses Discovered in Arthropods and Vertebrates Revise the Evolutionary History of the Flaviviridae and Related Viruses". Journal of Virology. 90 (2): 659–69. doi:10.1128/JVI.02036-15. PMC   4702705 . PMID   26491167.
  21. ↑ Williams SH, Levy A, Yates RA, Somaweera N, Neville PJ, Nicholson J, Lindsay MDA, Mackenzie JS, Jain K, Imrie A, Smith DW, Lipkin WI (2020) Discovery of Jogalong virus, a novel hepacivirus identified in a Culex annulirostris (Skuse) mosquito from the Kimberley region of Western Australia. PLoS One 15(1):e0227114
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.