List of Egyptian deities

Last updated

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.
The gods Osiris, Anubis, and Horus in the Tomb of Horemheb (KV57) in the Valley of the Kings. La Tombe de Horemheb cropped.jpg
The gods Osiris, Anubis, and Horus in the Tomb of Horemheb (KV57) in the Valley of the Kings.

Ancient Egyptian deities were an integral part of ancient Egyptian religion and were worshiped for millennia. Many of them ruled over natural and social phenomena, as well as abstract concepts [1] These gods and goddesses appear in virtually every aspect of ancient Egyptian civilization, and more than 1,500 of them are known by name. Many Egyptian texts mention deities' names without indicating their character or role, while other texts refer to specific deities without even stating their name, so a complete list of them is difficult to assemble. [2]

Contents

Major deities

Gods

Goddesses

Male and Female forms or Hermaphroditic

Minor deities

Gods

Goddesses

Male or female

Objects

Lesser-known deities

Gods

Goddesses

Male or female

Groups of deities

Citations

  1. ↑ Allen 2000 , pp. 43–45
  2. ↑ Wilkinson 2003 , pp. 6–7, 73
  3. 1 2 Hart 2005 , pp. 11
  4. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 13–22
  5. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 113–114
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Gods of Egypt". www.touregypt.net (in Russian).
  7. 1 2 3 Petry (1994). The Egyptian gods. p. 127.
  8. 1 2 3 Hart 2005 , pp. 25–28
  9. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 29–31
  10. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 34–40
  11. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 40–42
  12. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 48
  13. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 49–50
  14. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 58–60
  15. ↑ Wilkinson 2003 , pp. 200
  16. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 70–76
  17. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 78–79
  18. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 84–85
  19. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 85–86
  20. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 86–88
  21. 1 2 Hart 2005 , pp. 92
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 "GVC09-24: Mystical creatures and gods -Egyptian". winners.virtualclassroom.org.
  23. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 96–97
  24. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 92–95
  25. 1 2 Hart 2005 , pp. 99
  26. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 114–124
  27. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 128–131
  28. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 133–135
  29. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 143–145
  30. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 147
  31. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 148
  32. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 156–159
  33. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 28–29
  34. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 45–47
  35. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 47–48
  36. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 61–65
  37. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 67–68
  38. ↑ Wilkinson 2003 , pp. 173–174
  39. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 Coulter, Charles Russell; Turner, Patricia (2000). Encyclopedia of ancient deities. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn. ISBN   1-57958-270-2.
  40. ↑ Wilkinson 2003 , pp. 145–146
  41. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 79–83
  42. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 89–90
  43. 1 2 Wilkinson 2003 , pp. 179
  44. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 97–99
  45. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 100–101
  46. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 101–102
  47. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 102–103
  48. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 110–112
  49. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 125
  50. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 135–137
  51. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 140–141
  52. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 138–139
  53. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 141–142
  54. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 156
  55. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 161
  56. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 164
  57. 1 2 Hart 2005 , pp. 61
  58. 1 2 Hart 2005 , pp. 66
  59. ↑ "Chapter VII THE OLDEST COMPANY OF THE GODS AND THE CREATION". The gods of the Egyptians, or, Studies in Egyptian mythology. pp. 241, 283–286.
  60. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 102
  61. ↑ Porter & Moss 1991 , pp. 76
  62. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 109–110
  63. 1 2 Hart 2005 , pp. 154
  64. 1 2 https://seshkemet.weebly.com/aa-aa.html
  65. 1 2 https://www.godchecker.com/egyptian-mythology/ABTU/
  66. ↑ Coulter, Charles Russell; Turner, Patricia (2013-07-04). Encyclopedia of Ancient Deities. Routledge. ISBN   978-1-135-96390-3.
  67. ↑ https://seshkemet.weebly.com/aby.html
  68. ↑ Eberhard Otto: Ach. In: Wolfgang Helck (Hrsg.): Lexikon der Ägyptologie (LÄ), vol. 1. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1975, ISBN   3-447-01670-1, p. 49-52.
  69. 1 2 Hart 2005 , pp. 12
  70. 1 2 Shorter, Alan W.; with a new bibliography by Petry, Bonnie L. (1994). The Egyptian gods: a handbook (Rev. ed.). San Bernardino (Calif.): the Borgo press. p. 125. ISBN   0-89370-535-7.
  71. ↑ Willockx, Sjef. "Amentet, Andjeti and Anubis: Three Ancient Egyptian Gods (2007)". p. 25.
  72. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 29
  73. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 31–32
  74. 1 2 Budge (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary. p. 119.
  75. ↑ Georg Meurer: Die Feinde des Königs in den Pyramidentexten (= Orbis biblicus et orientalis, vol. 189). Saint-Paul, 2002, ISBN   3525530463, pp. 5 & 325.}}
  76. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 32–33
  77. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 33
  78. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 199
  79. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 44
  80. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 44–45
  81. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Budge (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary. p. 199.
  82. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 45
  83. ↑ Hollis, Susan T. (1984), Chronique d'Égypte, Vol. 59, pp. 248–57
  84. ↑ Wilkinson 2003 , pp. 172–173
  85. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 52
  86. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 Mark, Joshua J. "Egyptian Gods – The Complete List". World History Encyclopedia .
  87. ↑ Willockx, Sjef. "Amentet, Andjeti and Anubis: Three Ancient Egyptian Gods (2007)". p. 35.
  88. ↑ Willockx, Sjef. "Amentet, Andjeti and Anubis: Three Ancient Egyptian Gods (2007)". p. 9.
  89. ↑ Kampakoglou, Alexandros v (2016). Danaus βουγενής: Greco-Egyptian Mythology and Ptolemaic Kingship. Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies. pp. 119–122.
  90. 1 2 3 4 Petry (1994). The Egyptian gods. p. 52.
  91. ↑ https://seshkemet.weebly.com/dua-dwa.html
  92. ↑ Schirmer, R. (July 1962). "[Duau, the Tutelary deity of Egyptial ophthalmologists of the old kingdom]". Klinische Monatsblätter für Augenheilkunde und für augenärztliche Fortbildung. 140: 887–888. ISSN   0344-6360. PMID   14498471.
  93. ↑ https://exhibitions.kelsey.lsa.umich.edu/art-science-healing/harpocrates.php
  94. 1 2 Lorton, Claude Traunecker. transl. from the French by David (2001). The gods of Egypt (1st English-language, enhanced and expanded ed.). Ithaca, N.Y [u.a.]: Cornell University Press. pp.  59. ISBN   0-8014-3834-9.
  95. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 66–67
  96. ↑ The Griffiths Institute
  97. ↑ Manassa, Colleen (2006-02-01). "The Crimes of Count Sabni Reconsidered". Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde. 133 (2): 151–163. doi:10.1524/zaes.2006.133.2.151. ISSN   2196-713X.
  98. ↑ Smith, William (1878). A New Classical Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography Mythology and Geography Partly Based Upon the Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. Harper. p. 72.
  99. ↑ A survey of the literary and archaeological evidence for the background of Hermes Trismegistus as the Greek god Hermes and the Egyptian god Thoth may be found in Bull, Christian H. (2018). "The Myth of Hermes Trismegistus". The Tradition of Hermes Trismegistus: The Egyptian Priestly Figure as a Teacher of Hellenized Wisdom. Religions in the Graeco-Roman World. Vol. 186. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. pp. 31–96. doi:10.1163/9789004370845_003. ISBN   978-90-04-37081-4. ISSN   0927-7633. S2CID   172059118.
  100. ↑ "Hery-Ma'at".
  101. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 68–69
  102. ↑ https://www.godchecker.com/egyptian-mythology/HEZ-UR/
  103. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 76
  104. 1 2 3 Budge (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary. p. 474.
  105. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 77
  106. ↑ Marti, Heri Abruña (2018). "Igai 'the Lord of the Oasis'". The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. 104 (1): 41–58. doi:10.1177/0307513318777479. ISSN   0307-5133. S2CID   220268859.
  107. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 77–78
  108. ↑ https://seshkemet.weebly.com/irer.html
  109. ↑ https://www.godchecker.com/egyptian-mythology/KEMWER/
  110. ↑ Willockx, Sjef. "Amentet, Andjeti and Anubis: Three Ancient Egyptian Gods (2007)". p. 5.
  111. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 85
  112. ↑ Institute for Ancient Near Eastern Civilizations (IANES), Egyptologists suspect cliff sanctuary in Athribis: Team from the University of Tübingen and the Egyptian Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities discovers Ptolemaic temple , University of Tübingen, November 11, 2024 (with several images)
  113. ↑ Smith 1994 , pp. 167
  114. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 90–91
  115. ↑ Taylor, John (22 September 2010). "What is a Book of the Dead?". British Museum. Archived from the original on 17 April 2015. Retrieved 17 April 2015.
  116. 1 2 Hart 2005 , pp. 91
  117. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 95–96
  118. ↑ "Nebnerou".
  119. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 99–100
  120. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 23
  121. ↑ Wilkinson 2003 , pp. 204
  122. ↑ Wilkinson 2003 , pp. 33
  123. ↑ Hermann Alexander Schlögl: Das alte Ägypten. Beck, München 2008, ISBN   3-406-48005-5, S. 123.
  124. ↑ Gerald Massey (2008) [1907]. Ancient Egypt - The Light of the World: A Work of Reclamation and Restitution in Twelve Books. NuVision Publications. p. 319. ISBN   978-1595476067.
  125. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 137
  126. 1 2 Petry (1994). The Egyptian gods. p. 139.
  127. 1 2 3 Faulkner, Raymond; Goelet, Ogden; Andrews, Carol; Wasserman, James (1994). The Egyptian Book of the Dead: The Book of Going Forth by day (1st ed.). San Francisco: Chronicle Books. p. 175. ISBN   0-8118-0767-3.
  128. ↑ https://seshkemet.weebly.com/sudjem.html
  129. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 148–149
  130. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 139–140
  131. 1 2 Hart 2005 , pp. 146
  132. ↑ Gamelin, Thomas (2019). "Le dieu Chemânefer. Un support théologique multiple au temple d'Esna". ENiM (in French). 12: 25–42.
  133. ↑ Budge (1904). The Gods of The Egyptians or Studies in Egyptian Mythology. p. 296.
  134. ↑ Jørgensen, Jens Kristoffer Blach (2014). Egyptian Mythological Manuals: Mythological structures and interpretative techniques in the Tebtunis Mythological manual, the manual of the Delta and related texts. Københavns Universitet, Det Humanistiske Fakultet. p.89.
  135. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 146–147
  136. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 147–148
  137. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 151
  138. ↑ Budge 1905 , pp. 139–141.
  139. ↑ https://seshkemet.weebly.com/tenem.html
  140. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 159
  141. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 162
  142. ↑ {{harvnb|Hart|2005|pp=162
  143. ↑ ElMageed, Youssef. "Who is Wnty" (PDF). Journal of Association of Arab Universities for Tourism and Hospitality.
  144. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 162–163
  145. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 165
  146. ↑ Bassir, Hussein. "The Representation of the Hedgehog Goddess Abaset at Bahariya Oasis". www.researchgate.net.
  147. ↑ "McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia introduction and main index". McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia Online.
  148. ↑ Rilly, Claude; Voogt, Alex de (2012). The Meroitic Language and Writing System. Cambridge University Press. p. 185. ISBN   9781139560535 . Retrieved 23 January 2019.
  149. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 12–13
  150. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 22
  151. ↑ Petry (1994). The Egyptian gods. Borgo Press. p. 43. ISBN   0-89370-535-7.
  152. ↑ https://seshkemet.weebly.com/aper-set-aperetiset.html
  153. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 34
  154. ↑ Leitz, Christian (2009). Das Ichneumonweibchen von Herakleopolis - eine Manifestation der Bastet. Studien Zur Altägyptischen Kultur, 38, p.165.
  155. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 43–44
  156. ↑ "Female Bes". Metropolitan Museum of Art.
  157. ↑ Wilkinson 2003 , pp. 230
  158. ↑ George Hart (March 1, 2015). The Routledge Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses, cited in Pelican Mother of the King. Some Strangeness. Retrieved November 9, 2020.
  159. ↑ https://seshkemet.weebly.com/iaret-uraeus.html
  160. ↑ Wilkinson 2003 , pp. 145
  161. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 79
  162. ↑ Wilkinson 2003 , pp. 150
  163. ↑ Petry (1994). The Egyptian gods. p. 129.
  164. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 83
  165. ↑ Willockx, Sjef. "Amentet, Andjeti and Anubis: Three Ancient Egyptian Gods (2007)". p. 14.
  166. ↑ "Sopdu", Encyclopedia of African Religion, 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks California 91320 United States: SAGE Publications, Inc., 2009, doi:10.4135/9781412964623.n391, ISBN   978-1-4129-3636-1 , retrieved 2023-12-31{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  167. ↑ Crabben, Jan. "Lady Kheredouankh".
  168. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 90
  169. ↑ Random Gods:}}
  170. ↑ Petry (1994). The Egyptian gods. p. 8.
  171. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 91–92
  172. ↑ Durdin-Robertson, Lawrence (1979). Communion With The Goddess: Idols, Images, and Symbols of the Goddesses; Egypt Part III. Cesara Publications. p. 1.
  173. ↑ "Nebtuwi | Ancient Gods | Stronghold Nation". www.stronghold-nation.com. Retrieved 2023-08-19.
  174. ↑ Jørgensen 2014, p80.
  175. ↑ Wilkinson 2003 , pp. 156
  176. 1 2 Durdin-Robertson (1979). Communion With The Goddess. p. 20.
  177. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 132
  178. 1 2 Wilkinson 2003 , pp. 164
  179. ↑ Durdin-Robertson (1979). Communion With The Goddess. p. 21.
  180. ↑ Kim Ryholt, The Assyrian invasion of Egypt in Egyptian literary tradition, in Assyria and Beyond, Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten 2004, ISBN   9062583113, p. 501
  181. ↑ Gardiner, Alan H. (December 1945). "The Supposed Athribis of Upper Egypt". Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. 31: 108–111. doi:10.1177/030751334503100117. JSTOR   3855394. S2CID   192222399.
  182. ↑ Durdin-Robertson (1979). Communion With The Goddess. p. 22.
  183. 1 2 Durdin-Robertson (1979). Communion With The Goddess. p. 24.
  184. ↑ Durdin-Robertson (1979). Communion With The Goddess. p. 29.
  185. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 142–143
  186. ↑ Durdin-Robertson (1979). Communion With The Goddess. p. 30.
  187. ↑ Durdin-Robertson (1979). Communion With The Goddess. p. 31.
  188. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 151–152
  189. ↑ "Aswan History Facts and Timeline: Aswan, Egypt". www.world-guides.com.
  190. ↑ Durdin-Robertson (1979). Communion With The Goddess. p. 32.
  191. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 154–155
  192. 1 2 Lorton (2001). The gods of Egypt. p. 67.
  193. ↑ Zecchi, Marco (2001). "The god Hedjhotep". Chronique d'Égypte. LXXVI (151–152). Bruxelles: Fondation Égyptologique Reine Élizabeth: 5–19. doi:10.1484/J.CDE.2.309159.
  194. 1 2 Lorton (2001). The gods of Egypt. p. 31.
  195. 1 2 Durdin-Robertson (1979). Communion With The Goddess. p. 37.
  196. ↑ https://seshkemet.weebly.com/tenemu.html
  197. ↑ Nelson, Thomas (2017). The Woman's Study Bible: Receiving God's Truth for Balance, Hope, and Transformation. Biblica, Inc. p. 97.
  198. ↑ Durdin-Robertson (1979). Communion With The Goddess. p. 38.
  199. ↑ Wilkinson 2003 , pp. 199
  200. ↑ Durdin-Robertson (1979). Communion With The Goddess. p. 40.
  201. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 163
  202. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Budge (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary. p. 173.
  203. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 145–146
  204. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Budge (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary. p. 162.
  205. 1 2 Budge, Sir Ernest A. Wallis (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary (in two volumes, with an index of English words, king list and geographical list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, Coptic and Semitic alphabets. New York: Cosimo Classics. p. 24. ISBN   978-1-61640-460-4.
  206. 1 2 3 Budge (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary s. New York. p. 23.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  207. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Budge (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary. New York. p. 46.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  208. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Budge (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary s. p. 47.
  209. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Budge (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary. p. 48.
  210. ↑ Budge (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary. p. 59.
  211. ↑ Lorton (2001). The gods of Egypt. p. 60.
  212. ↑ Budge, Sir Ernest A. Wallis (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary. p. 67. Retrieved 20 July 2019.
  213. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Budge (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary. p. 67.
  214. ↑ Budge (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary. p. 13.
  215. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Budge (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary s. p. 472.
  216. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Budge (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary. p. 556.
  217. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Budge (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary. p. 267.
  218. ↑ Ritner, Robert K. (1984). "A uterine amulet in the Oriental Institute collection". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 43 (3): 209–221. doi:10.1086/373080. PMID   16468192. S2CID   42701708.
  219. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Budge (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary. p. 403.
  220. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Budge (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary. p. 336.
  221. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Budge (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary. p. 358.
  222. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Budge (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary. p. 359.
  223. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Budge (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary. p. 360.
  224. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Budge (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary. p. 363.
  225. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Budge (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary. p. 404.
  226. 1 2 3 4 5 Budge (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary. p. 165.
  227. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Budge (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary. p. 172.
  228. 1 2 3 4 5 Durdin-Robertson (1979). Communion With The Goddess. p. 2.
  229. ↑ te Velde, Herman (1988). Mut, the Eye of Re. In Schoske, Sylvie (ed.). Akten des vierten Internationalen Ägyptologen Kongresses Vol. 3. Munich: Helmut Buske 1985. pp. 396.
  230. ↑ Wilkinson 2003 , pp. 80
  231. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 53
  232. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 149–161
  233. ↑ Wilkinson 2003 , pp. 81–82
  234. ↑ "Gods of Ancient Egypt: Hemsut". www.ancientegyptonline.co.uk. Retrieved 2018-04-20.
  235. ↑ "Hemsut". www.reshafim.org.il. Archived from the original on 2018-07-23. Retrieved 2018-04-20.
  236. 1 2 Wilkinson 2003 , pp. 83
  237. ↑ Teresi, Dick. "The Nation; The Universe and Ground Zero".
  238. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 113
  239. ↑ http://www.reconstructingancientegypt.org/tag/shebtiu/
  240. ↑ Hart 2005 , pp. 152–153
  241. ↑ Wilkinson, John Gardner (2013). Modern Egypt and Thebes. Cambridge University Press. p. 282. ISBN   978-1-108-06510-8 . Retrieved 10 December 2019.

Works cited

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.