List of cities in the United Kingdom

For a list of the largest urban areas in the UK, including conurbations, see List of urban areas in the United Kingdom.

Examples of cities in the United Kingdom; Liverpool, Edinburgh, Worcester; and London.

This is a list of cities in the United Kingdom that are officially designated as such as of 12 November 2022 ^[update] . ^{[1] [2]} It lists those places that have been granted city status by letters patent or royal charter. ^{[3] [4]}

There are currently 76 such cities in the United Kingdom: 55 in England, eight in Scotland, seven in Wales, and six in Northern Ireland. ^[3] Of these, 24 in England, two in Wales, and two in Northern Ireland have Lord Mayors; four in Scotland have Lord Provosts. ^[a] In some cases, the area holding city status does not coincide with the built up area or conurbation of which it forms part. In Greater London, for example, the Cities of London and Westminster hold city status separately, but no other local authority in the London Region has been granted city status, nor has the Greater London Authority.

In other cases, such as the cities of Canterbury and Lancaster, the status applies to a local government district which extends over a number of towns and rural areas outside the main settlement proper. ^[5] In England, city status sometimes applies to civil parishes, such as with Ripon; though the status may not apply to the local government district which share their name. For example, the civil parishes of Lichfield and Chichester each hold city status, but Lichfield District and Chichester District in which they are situated do not.

As of 2022, there are currently five ceremonial counties which contain three cities – Cambridgeshire (Ely, Cambridge and Peterborough ^[b] ), Essex, Hampshire, West Midlands and West Yorkshire. Outside the UK within British overseas cities of the British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies, there are currently five. The number increased as part of the Platinum Jubilee celebrations by the addition of Stanley in the Falkland Islands and Douglas in the Isle of Man.

History

Main articles: City status in the United Kingdom and Ireland, also Roman cities in Britain.

The earliest cities (Latin : civitas ) in Britain were the fortified settlements organised by the Romans as capitals of the Celtic tribes under Roman rule. The British clerics of the early Middle Ages later preserved a traditional list of the "28 Cities" (Old Welsh : cair ) which was mentioned in De Excidio Britanniae ^[c] and Historia Brittonum . ^[7]

The title of city was initially informal and, into the 20th century, royal charters were considered to recognise city status rather than grant it. ^[d] The usual criterion in early modern Britain was the presence of a cathedral, particularly after King Henry VIII granted letters patent establishing six new cities when he established a series of new dioceses of the Church of England in the 1540s as part of the English Reformation. ^[9] No new cities were created between the 16th and 19th centuries, but following the Industrial Revolution and the accompanying population boom and growth in urbanisation, new sees were established at Ripon (1836) and Manchester (1847); their councils began to style them cities immediately. Inverness in Scotland was refused a charter at the time of the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria honours of 1897, in part because it would have drawn more attention to the other traditional "cities" still not formally chartered as such. ^{[5] [ page needed ]}

Beginning in the mid-19th century, however, the process became more formal. After a visit by Queen Victoria in 1851, Manchester petitioned Parliament for recognition of its status. Ripon followed in the 1860s, and a series of hitherto informal "cities" were formally recognised in the 1880s and 1890s. On the basis of its size, importance, and regular government, Belfast was elevated in spite of its lack of a cathedral in 1888; other large municipalities followed, while smaller applicants began to be rejected. King Edward VII and the Home Office established three criteria for future applicants in 1907: a minimum population of 300,000, a good record of local government, and a "local metropolitan character". ^[5] These criteria were not made public, however, and following Leicester's successful elevation in 1919, a series of exceptions were made. The Local Government Act 1972 effectively eliminated all authorities holding city status outside Greater London on 1 April 1974; most of their replacements were confirmed in their predecessor's status—even in cases such as the 1974–2023 City of Carlisle district, where much of the local authority area was undeveloped countryside—but the Borough of Medway was not permitted to continue Rochester's title. In recent times there have been competitions for new grants of city status. Towns or councils that claim city status or add "city" to their name have been rebuked by the Advertising Standards Authority. ^[10]

The cities of the Kingdom of Scotland and Kingdom of Ireland were treated separately. Scottish towns irregularly applied the description to themselves, but were formally organised as royal burghs; the special rights of these were preserved by Article XXI of the Treaty of Union which established the single state of the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707. ^[11] Edinburgh and Glasgow were confirmed as cities "by ancient usage" in the 18th century, ^[5] as was Aberdeen, ^[12] and this was later reconfirmed in the Act enlarging the burgh in 1891. Dundee was granted letters patent in 1889 and Elgin and Perth were recognised as cities by the Home Office in 1972, before the privilege was removed by the Scottish Local Government Act of 1973. ^[13] In Northern Ireland, only the seat of the Primate of All Ireland at Armagh was accorded city status by ancient usage, and this status was abolished by the Municipal Corporations (Ireland) Act 1840. All other cities have been those explicitly recognised as such.

Thirty-two cities have a Lord Provost (in Scotland) or a Lord Mayor (in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland), see List of lord mayoralties and lord provostships in the United Kingdom. The six cities where the Lord Mayor or Lord Provost has the right to the style The Right Honourable are York, the City of London, Edinburgh, Glasgow (since 1912), Belfast (since 1923), and Cardiff (since 1956).

Statistical role

Further information: City status in the United Kingdom § Smallest and largest cities, and City status in the United Kingdom § Populous towns

City status has little statistical significance in UK because it is not a measure of a city's size and only holds a ceremonial status. Historic cities, such as St Davids (a cathedral city in Wales) can be quite small, however newer cities, such as those conferred in 2022, can range in size from anywhere between 50,000 to over 200,000. Populous towns, such as Luton, Northampton and Reading, do not have city status.

Conurbations

The term "city" is sometimes loosely applied to conurbations in the UK. The government tends to recognise these as primary urban areas for statistical and economic purposes, though greater urban areas are what most people determine to be a city region. ^[14] Large cities other than London, such as Manchester or Birmingham, are often confused with these conurbations. Manchester has a significantly lower population than Birmingham, though the Greater Manchester Built-up Area is more populous than the West Midlands conurbation. ^[15] This question of definition has provoked a second city debate in the United Kingdom.^{[ citation needed ]}

Conversely, many official cities in the UK contain a substantial rural area encompassing settlements which are physically separated from the core urban area. The City of Milton Keynes (a unitary authority) and City of Colchester (non-metropolitan district) received letters patent which covered an area substantially larger than that of their respective core urban areas; this meant that extra-urban settlements such as the towns of Olney ^[16] and West Mersea fall within de jure cities. ^{[17] [18]}

List of cities

De facto [e]			De jure [f]
Bath Birmingham Bradford Brighton & Hove Bristol Cambridge Canterbury Carlisle Chelmsford Chester Chichester Colchester Coventry Derby     Doncaster Durham Ely Exeter Gloucester Hereford Hull Lancaster Leeds Leicester Lichfield Lincoln Liverpool London Manchester Milton Keynes Newcastle Norwich Nottingham Oxford Peterborough Plymouth Portsmouth Preston Ripon Salford Salisbury Sheffield Southampton Southend St Albans Stoke Sunderland Truro Wakefield Wells Westminster Winchester Wolverhampton Worcester York Aberdeen Dundee Dunfermline Edinburgh Glasgow Inverness Perth Stirling Bangor Cardiff Newport St Asaph     St Davids Swansea Wrexham Armagh Bangor Belfast Lisburn Newry Derry Douglas class=notpageimage| Cities in the UK & the Isle of Man: Diocese cities before 1230 English reformation cities (1540–42); Derry (1604) 18th century cities to 2022
City	Statistical region	Year granted or confirmed	# on map	City [3] [1]	City council status	Population
Aberdeen 32 (Scots : Aiberdeen) (Scottish Gaelic : Obar Dheathain)	Scotland	1891 [g] (Burgh: 1179)	1	Aberdeen	Council area	224,000 (2022) [19]
Armagh [h] (Irish : Ard Mhacha) (Ulster-Scots: Airmagh)	Northern Ireland	1994	2	None	Represented on Armagh City, Banbridge and Craigavon Borough Council	16,310 (2021) [20]
Bangor	Wales	"time immemorial"	3	Bangor community [i]	Community	15,060 (2021) [21]
Bangor (Irish : Beannchar)	Northern Ireland	2022 [22]	4	None	Represented on Ards and North Down Borough Council	64,596 (2021) [23]
Bath	South West, England	1090 ("time immemorial")	5	(Bath and North East Somerset does not hold status) [i]	Charter trustees	95,043 (2021) [24] [25]
Belfast (Irish : Béal Feirste) (Ulster-Scots dialect: Bilfawst)	Northern Ireland	1888	6	Belfast		345,418 (2021) [26]
Birmingham	West Midlands	1889 [27]	7	City of Birmingham [j]	Metropolitan borough	1,171,467 (2023) [29]
Bradford	Yorkshire and the Humber	1897	8	City of Bradford [i]	Metropolitan borough	556,880 (2023) [30]
Brighton and Hove	South East England	2001	9	Brighton and Hove [31]	Unitary authority	278,455 (2023) [32]
Bristol	South West England	1542	10	City of Bristol [i]	Unitary authority and ceremonial county	482,815 (2023) [29]
Cambridge	East of England	1951 [33]	11	City of Cambridge [k]	Non-metropolitan borough	147,797 (2023) [34]
Canterbury	South East England	"time immemorial"	12	City of Canterbury [k]	Non-metropolitan borough	160,351 (2023) [35]
Cardiff [l] (Welsh : Caerdydd)	Wales	1905 [m]	13	Cardiff	Principal area	381,759 (2023) [29]
Carlisle	North West, England	1133 ("time immemorial")	14	(Cumberland does not hold status) [i]	Charter trustees	110,024 (2021) [38]
Chelmsford	East of England	2012	15	City of Chelmsford [n]	Non-metropolitan borough	185,288 (2023) [40]
Chester	North West England	1541	16	(Cheshire West and Chester does not hold status) [k]	Charter trustees [o]	138,873 (2021) [43]
Chichester	South East England	1075 ("time immemorial")	17	Chichester parish [i]	Civil parish	29,407 (2021) [44]
London	London	"time immemorial" [p]	18	City of London [q]	Sui generis and ceremonial county	12,156 (2023) [29]
Westminster	London	1540	19	City of Westminster [r]	London borough	213,119 (2023) [29]
Colchester	East of England	2022 [46]	20	City of Colchester	Non-metropolitan borough	196,808 (2023) [47]
Coventry	West Midlands	1102 ("time immemorial")	21	City of Coventry [i]	Metropolitan borough	368,483 (2023) [48]
Derby	East Midlands	1977	22	City of Derby [49]	Unitary authority	265,082 (2023) [50]
Derry [s] (Irish : Doire) (Ulster-Scots: Derrie)	Northern Ireland	1604 [52]	23	None	Represented on Derry City and Strabane District Council	85,279 (2021) [23]
Doncaster	Yorkshire and the Humber	2022 [53]	24	City of Doncaster	Metropolitan borough	314,252 (2023) [54]
Dundee [t] (Scottish Gaelic : Dùn Dèagh)	Scotland	1889 [u] (Burgh: 1191)	25	Dundee	Council area	148,100 (2022) [56]
Dunfermline	Scotland	2022 [57]	26	None	None	76,210 (2020) [58]
Durham [i]	North East, England	"time immemorial"	27	(County Durham does not hold status) [i]	Charter trustees [o]	126,486 (2021) [59]
Edinburgh 32 (Scottish Gaelic : Dùn Èideann)	Scotland	mid-18th century [12] (Burgh: 1329)	28	Edinburgh	Council area	512,700 (2022) [60]
Ely	East of England	1109 [61] ("time immemorial")	29	Ely parish [i]	Civil parish	20,574 (2021) [62]
Exeter	South West England	"time immemorial"	30	City of Exeter [i]	Non-metropolitan borough	137,462 (2023) [63]
Glasgow 32 (Scots : Glesga) (Scottish Gaelic : Glaschu)	Scotland	mid-18th century [12] (Burgh: 1492)	31	Glasgow	Council area	620,700 (2022) [60]
Gloucester	South West, England	1541	32	City of Gloucester [i]	Non-metropolitan borough	133,998 (2023) [64]
Hereford	West Midlands	"time immemorial"	33	Hereford parish [i] [v]	Civil parish	53,113 (2021) [65]
Inverness (Scots : Inerness) (Scottish Gaelic : Inbhir Nis)	Scotland	2001	34	None	None	63,730 (2020) [58]
Kingston upon Hull	Yorkshire and the Humber	1897	35	City of Kingston upon Hull [w]	Unitary authority	271,095 (2023) [32]
Lancaster	North West, England	1937 [67]	36	City of Lancaster [i]	Non-metropolitan borough	145,346 (2023) [34]
Leeds	Yorkshire and the Humber	1893	37	City of Leeds [i]	Metropolitan borough	829,417 (2023) [29]
Leicester	East Midlands	1919 [x]	38	City of Leicester [i]	Unitary authority	379,963 (2023) [48]
Lichfield	West Midlands	"time immemorial"	39	Lichfield parish [y]	Civil parish	32,580 (2021) [74]
Lincoln	East Midlands	1072 ("time immemorial")	40	City of Lincoln [k]	Non-metropolitan borough	102,392 (2023) [75]
Lisburn (Irish : Lios na gCearrbhach)	Northern Ireland	2002	41	None	Represented on Lisburn and Castlereagh City Council	51,447 (2021) [76]
Liverpool	North West England	1880	42	City of Liverpool [j]	Metropolitan borough	504,932 (2023) [29]
Manchester	North West England	1853 [77]	43	City of Manchester [i]	Metropolitan borough	585,057 (2023) [78]
Milton Keynes	South East England	2022 [79]	44	City of Milton Keynes	Unitary authority	297,180 (2023) [80]
Newcastle upon Tyne [i]	North East England	1882	45	City of Newcastle upon Tyne [i]	Metropolitan borough	315,110 (2023) [81]
Newport (Welsh : Casnewydd)	Wales	2002	46	Newport [82]	Principal area	163,547 (2023) [83]
Newry (Irish : Iúr Cinn Trá) (Ulster-Scots: Newrie)	Northern Ireland	2002	47	None	Represented on Newry, Mourne and Down District Council	28,530 (2021) [84]
Norwich	East of England	1094 ("time immemorial")	48	City of Norwich [i]	Non-metropolitan borough	144,251 (2023) [63]
Nottingham	East Midlands	1897	49	City of Nottingham [i]	Unitary authority	330,949 (2023) [85]
Oxford	South East England	1542	50	City of Oxford [i]	Non-metropolitan borough	165,257 (2023) [29]
Perth (Scots : Pairth) (Scottish Gaelic : Peairt)	Scotland	2012 [86] (Burgh: 12th century) [88]	51	None	None	47,350 (2020) [89]
Peterborough	East of England	1541	52	City of Peterborough [j]	Unitary authority	218,179 (2023) [90]
Plymouth	South West England	1928 [91]	53	City of Plymouth [i]	Unitary authority	267,888 (2023) [50]
Portsmouth	South East England	1926 24	54	City of Portsmouth [i]	Unitary authority	209,171 (2023) [47]
Preston	North West England	2002	55	City of Preston [92]	Non-metropolitan borough	155,634 (2023) [35]
Ripon	Yorkshire and the Humber	1865	56	Ripon parish [i]	Civil parish	16,590 (2021) [93]
Salford	North West England	1926 [94]	57	City of Salford [i]	Metropolitan borough	282,487 (2023) [80]
Salisbury	South West England	1227	58	Salisbury parish [z]	Civil parish [o]	41,552 (2021) [96]
Sheffield	Yorkshire and the Humber	1893	59	City of Sheffield [k]	Metropolitan borough	579,082 (2023) [98]
Southampton	South East England	1964	60	City of Southampton [i]	Unitary authority	257,160 (2023) [50]
Southend-on-Sea	East of England	2022 [99]	61	City of Southend-on-Sea	Unitary authority	182,278 (2023) [40]
St Albans	East of England	1877 [100]	62	St Albans City and District [aa]	Non-metropolitan borough	147,410 (2023) [34]
St Asaph (Welsh : Llanelwy)	Wales	2012	63	St Asaph community [n]	Community	3,485 (2021) [102]
St Davids (Welsh : Tyddewi)	Wales	1994	64	St Davids and the Cathedral Close [ab]	Community	1,751 (2021) [106]
Stirling (Scots : Stirlin) (Scottish Gaelic : Sruighlea)	Scotland	2002	65	None	None	49,950 (2020) [107]
Stoke-on-Trent	West Midlands	1925 [108]	66	City of Stoke-on-Trent [k]	Unitary authority	261,867 (2023) [50]
Sunderland	North East England	1992	67	City of Sunderland [109]	Metropolitan borough	279,556 (2023) [80]
Swansea [l] (Welsh : Abertawe)	Wales	1969 [110]	68	Swansea	Principal area	245,440 (2023) [50]
Truro (Cornish : Truru)	South West England	1877	69	Truro parish [i]	Civil parish	21,046 (2021) [111]
Wakefield	Yorkshire and the Humber	1888	70	City of Wakefield [k]	Metropolitan borough	362,355 (2023) [48]
Wells	South West England	"time immemorial"	71	Wells parish [i]	Civil parish	11,145 (2021) [112]
Winchester	South East, England	"time immemorial"	72	City of Winchester [i]	Non-metropolitan borough	132,341 (2023) [64]
Wolverhampton	West Midlands	2001	73	City of Wolverhampton [31]	Metropolitan borough	271,173 (2023) [32]
Worcester	West Midlands	"time immemorial"	74	City of Worcester [k]	Non-metropolitan borough	104,589 (2023) [75]
Wrexham (Welsh : Wrecsam)	Wales	2022 [113]	75	Wrexham County Borough	Principal area	137,341 (2023) [29]
York	Yorkshire and the Humber	"time immemorial"	76	City of York [i] [ac]	Unitary authority	206,825 (2023) [47]

Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies

Main article: British overseas cities

The British Overseas Territories and the Crown Dependencies do not form part of the United Kingdom but are part of its sovereign territory. Association of city status with cathedrals ended in 1865. ^[114] There are presently five cities in Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies. ^[115]

City	Territory and region	Year granted or confirmed	Population (census date)
Gibraltar	Gibraltar Southwestern Europe	1842 [116] [117]	32,194 (2012)
Douglas (Manx : Doolish)	Isle of Man Irish Sea	2022 [118]	27,938 (2011)
Stanley	Falkland Islands South Atlantic Ocean	2022 [119]	2,460 (2016)
Hamilton	Bermuda North Atlantic Ocean	1897	854 (2016)
Jamestown, St Helena	St Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha South Atlantic Ocean	1859	629 (2016)

See also

• United Kingdom portal
• Cities portal

• Centre for Cities
• List of lord mayoralties and lord provostships in the United Kingdom
• List of towns in the United Kingdom
• List of urban areas in the United Kingdom
• List of smallest cities in the United Kingdom

• City status in Ireland

Notes

1. See List of lord mayoralties and lord provostships in the United Kingdom.
2. Peterborough was in Northamptonshire from the middle ages until 1974
3. De Excidio Britanniae , §3. (in Latin) Cited in the "Civitas" entry of Celtic Culture. ^[6]
4. The 11th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica , for instance, listed St Asaph and Southwell as cities on the basis of their cathedrals despite their lack of charters or, in Southwell's case, local government. ^{[8] [ page needed ]}
5. De facto - named city settlement
6. De jure - entity with city status
7. Burghs of Old Aberdeen and Woodside and the district of Torry incorporated as the City and Royal Burgh of Aberdeen by the Aberdeen Corporation Act 1891 (54 & 55 Vict. c. cxxiv).
8. Armagh had previously enjoyed city status, with St Patrick's Cathedral the seat of the metropolitan primate of all Ireland. The city status was lost in 1840 when the city corporation was abolished. However, the successor urban district council and district council frequently used the title of city without official sanction prior to 1994.
9. City status confirmed by Letters Patent issued under the Great Seal dated 1 April 1974. ^[68]
10. City status confirmed by Letters Patent issued under the Great Seal dated 25 June 1974. ^[28]
11. City status confirmed by Letters Patent issued under the Great Seal dated 28 May 1974. ^[97]
12. Letters Patent under the Great Seal were issued on 29 March 1996 ordaining that the counties of Swansea and Cardiff should have the status of cities from 1 April 1996. The counties replaced the previous district councils which had enjoyed city status. ^[36]
13. The Letters Patent also granted the title of Lord Mayor. ^[37]
14. Letters Patent dated 1 June 2012 "to ordain that the Town of Chelmsford in the County of Essex and the Town of St Asaph in the County of Denbighshire shall have the status of a City". ^[39]
15. The status of these cities changed on 1 April 2009 due to local government reforms. Salisbury became a civil parish, while charter trustees were formed for the former district council areas of Chester and Durham in the new unitary authorities of Cheshire West and Chester and County Durham respectively. ^{[41] [42]}
16. meaning before 1189, the official start of English common law
17. the City of London covers only the "square mile", and is usually just referred to as "the City". The larger conurbation of Greater London has no city charter, and consists of the City of London, the City of Westminster and 31 other London boroughs.
18. The title of City was used "by courtesy" after 1550 when Westminster ceased to be the see of a bishop. By Letters Patent dated 27 October 1900 city status was conferred on the newly created Metropolitan Borough of Westminster from 1 November. ^[45] This status was continued on the creation of the City of Westminster as a London borough in 1965.
19. Legally, the city and county are called "Londonderry", while the local government district is called "Derry". See Derry/Londonderry name dispute. ^[51]
20. The present council areas are designated "cities" by virtue of the Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994, which also reserves the post of Lord Provost for the convener of the four councils. The previous local government districts and district councils created by the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973 enjoyed the same privileges
21. Warrant issued 28 January 1889 that Letters Patent be issued under the Seal appointed by the treaty of union to be used in place of the Great Seal of Scotland, ordaining and declaring that the Burgh of Dundee shall be a City, and shall be called and styled "The City of Dundee". ^[55]
22. City status was conferred on Hereford Town Council 11 October 2000.[76] The status had previously been confirmed to the district council formed in 1974. When that council was abolished in 1996 charter trustees were formed for the City of Hereford. On the formation of a town council for Hereford in April 2000 the charter trustees were dissolved, and the city status temporarily lapsed.
23. City Status confirmed by Letters Patent issued under the Great Seal dated 18 March 1975. ^[66]
24. A letter from the Home Secretary to the Mayor of Leicester dated 14 June 1919, confirming that the city status would be bestowed, noted that this was a "restoration to your ancient town of its former status of a city". ^{[69] [70] [71]}
25. Letters Patent dated 4 November 1980. A town council had been constituted in 1980 leading to the dissolution of the Charter Trustees of the City of Lichfield. ^{[72] [73]}
26. Letters Patent 1 April 2009 ^[95] City status had been held prior to this date and, since 1974, by the Charter Trustees of the City of New Sarum (The city of Salisbury's formal name was New Sarum c.f. Old Sarum from 1227 until 2009)
27. City status was confirmed by Letters Patent dated 9 July 1974. ^[101] The city status extends to the entire district, although the district council calls itself "St Albans District Council" or "St Albans City and District"
28. St David's historically had city status because of the presence of St David's Cathedral. In 1849 it was noted that the city had no municipal corporation: There was however a recognised "city" in which a mayor had limited jurisdiction. ^[103] A Royal Commission appointed in 1876 reported that the corporation had long been extinct, and the city was formally abolished in 1886 under the provisions of the Municipal Corporations Act 1883. ^[104] Letters Patent dated 16 September 1994 ordained that the "Town of St. David's shall have the status of a City". ^[105]
29. Letters Patent under the Great Seal conferring City Status were issued to the unitary authority of York on 1 April 1996, confirming the right of the Lord Mayor to be styled "Right Honourable", in continuation to those granted to the previous City Council abolished 31 March 1996. ^[36]

References

1. Weaver, Matthew (1 March 2022). "'I will tell my grandchildren': Southend celebrates city status". The Guardian .
2. West, Robby; McMenemy, Rachael (1 March 2022). "Southend ready to celebrate city status granted by Queen". BBC News.
3. "UK Government Web Archive". webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
4. McClatchey, Caroline (22 June 2011). "Why do towns want to become cities?". BBC News . Retrieved 5 August 2020.
5. Beckett (2005).
6. John T Koch, ed. (2006). "Civitas". Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia. Vol. I. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 451. ISBN   978-1-85109-440-0.
7. Nennius (Traditional attribution) (1898) [Composed after AD 830], "VI. Civitates Britanniae", in Mommsen, Theodore (ed.), Chronica Minora, Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Auctorum Antiquissimi xiii (in Latin), Berlin: Weidmann – via Latin Wikisource
8. Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed. 1911.
9. Beckett (2005), p. 22.
10. "ASA Adjudication on Medway Council". Asa.org.uk. 16 March 2011. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
11. ""Act of Union", §XXI". Kingdoms of England and Scotland. Archived from the original on 26 February 2015.. 16 January 1707.
12. Beckett (2005), p. 16.
13. Clark, M. Lynda & al. "Committee on Privileges Second Report", Appendix 3, ss58. Parliament of the United Kingdom (London), 1999.
14. Swinney, Paul (12 July 2021). "Does how we define cities change our understanding of them?". The Centre for Cities.
15. "2011 Census: KS101EW Usual resident population, local authorities in England and Wales". Office for National Statistics . Retrieved 8 January 2013.
16. "Milton Keynes celebrates City status". The Royal Family. 23 February 2023.
17. Milton Keynes City Council (December 2021). "Milton Keynes city status application" (PDF).
18. Colchester City Council (November 2022). "Colchester City Status".
19. "Scotland's Census 2022 – Rounded population estimates – data". Scotland's Census. Retrieved 21 February 2024.
20. "Census 2021 main statistics demography tables – age and sex". Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. 7 September 2022. Retrieved 20 February 2024.
21. UK Census (2021). "2021 Census Area Profile – Bangor community (W04000046)". Nomis. Office for National Statistics . Retrieved 20 February 2023.
22. "Bangor receives city status in Princess Anne visit". BBC News. 2 December 2022. Retrieved 3 December 2022.
23. "Census 2021 main statistics demography tables – age and sex". Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. 7 September 2022. Retrieved 20 February 2024.
24. "BANES 2021 Census Ward Profiles – (Combined populations of the 14 wards that make-up the city.)". app.powerbi.com. Retrieved 21 February 2024.
25. "City Map showing Ward Boundaries" (PDF).
26. "Census 2021 main statistics demography tables – age and sex". Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. 7 September 2022. Retrieved 20 February 2024.
27. From the London Gazette, 18 January 1889, The Times, 19 January 1889
28. "No. 46303". The London Gazette . 28 June 1974. pp. 6485–6486.
29. "Admin-based population estimates for local authorities in England and Wales". Office for National Statistics. 18 December 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023. Admin-based population estimates are official statistics in development while we refine methods and data sources. They do not replace our official mid-year population estimates and should not be used for decision making.
30. "2011 Census: KS101EW Usual resident population, local authorities in England and Wales". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
31. "No. 56109". The London Gazette . 2 May 2001. p. 1431.
32. "Admin-based population estimates for local authorities in England and Wales". Office for National Statistics. 18 December 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
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• Beckett, J. V. (2005). City Status in the British Isles, 1830–2002. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing. ISBN   0-7546-5067-7.