Runoff curve number

The runoff curve number (also called a curve number or simply CN) is an empirical parameter used in hydrology for predicting direct runoff or infiltration from rainfall excess. ^[1] The curve number method was developed by the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, which was formerly called the Soil Conservation Service or SCS — the number is still popularly known as a "SCS runoff curve number" in the literature. The runoff curve number was developed from an empirical analysis of runoff from small catchments and hillslope plots monitored by the USDA. It is widely used and is an efficient method for determining the approximate amount of direct runoff from a rainfall event in a particular area.

Definition

The runoff curve number is based on the area's hydrologic soil group, land use, treatment and hydrologic condition. References, such as from USDA ^[1] indicate the runoff curve numbers for characteristic land cover descriptions and a hydrologic soil group.

The runoff equation is:

${\displaystyle Q={\begin{cases}0&{\text{for }}P\leq I_{a}\\{\frac {(P-I_{a})^{2}}{{P-I_{a}}+S}}&{\text{for }}P>I_{a}\end{cases}}}$

where

${\displaystyle Q}$ is runoff ([L]; in)

${\displaystyle P}$ is rainfall ([L]; in)

${\displaystyle S}$ is the potential maximum soil moisture retention after runoff begins ([L]; in)

${\displaystyle I_{a}}$ is the initial abstraction ([L]; in), or the amount of water before runoff, such as infiltration, or rainfall interception by vegetation; historically, it has generally been assumed that ${\displaystyle I_{a}=0.2S}$, although more recent research has found that ${\displaystyle I_{a}=0.05S}$ may be a more appropriate relationship in urbanized watersheds where the CN is updated to reflect developed conditions. ^[2]

The runoff curve number, ${\displaystyle CN}$, is then related

${\displaystyle S={\frac {1000}{CN}}-10}$

${\displaystyle CN}$ has a range from 30 to 100; lower numbers indicate low runoff potential while larger numbers are for increasing runoff potential. The lower the curve number, the more permeable the soil is. As can be seen in the curve number equation, runoff cannot begin until the initial abstraction has been met. It is important to note that the curve number methodology is an event-based calculation, and should not be used for a single annual rainfall value, as this will incorrectly miss the effects of antecedent moisture and the necessity of an initial abstraction threshold.

Selection

The NRCS curve number is related to soil type, soil infiltration capability, land use, and the depth of the seasonal high water table. To account for different soils' ability to infiltrate, NRCS has divided soils into four hydrologic soil groups (HSGs). They are defined as follows. ^[1]

• HSG Group A (low runoff potential): Soils with high infiltration rates even when thoroughly wetted. These consist chiefly of deep, well-drained sands and gravels. These soils have a high rate of water transmission (final infiltration rate greater than 0.30 in (7.6 mm) per hour).
• HSG Group B: Soils with moderate infiltration rates when thoroughly wetted. These consist chiefly of soils that are moderately deep to deep, moderately well drained to well drained with moderately fine to moderately coarse textures. These soils have a moderate rate of water transmission (final infiltration rate of 0.15–0.30 in (3.8–7.6 mm) per hour).
• HSG Group C: Soils with slow infiltration rates when thoroughly wetted. These consist chiefly of soils with a layer that impedes downward movement of water or soils with moderately fine to fine textures. These soils have a slow rate of water transmission (final infiltration rate 0.05–0.15 in (1.3–3.8 mm) per hour).
• HSG Group D (high runoff potential): Soils with very slow infiltration rates when thoroughly wetted. These consist chiefly of clay soils with a high swelling potential, soils with a permanent high water table, soils with a claypan or clay layer at or near the surface, and shallow soils over nearly impervious materials. These soils have a very slow rate of water transmission (final infiltration rate less than 0.05 in (1.3 mm) per hour).

Selection of a hydrologic soil group should be done based on measured infiltration rates, soil survey (such as the NRCS Web Soil Survey), or judgement from a qualified soil science or geotechnical professional. The table below presents curve numbers for antecedent soil moisture condition II (average moisture condition). To alter the curve number based on moisture condition or other parameters, see Adjustments.

Values

Fully developed urban areas (vegetation established)

Cover description		Curve numbers for hydrologic soil group
		A	B	C	D
Open space (lawns, parks, golf courses, cemeteries, etc.)	Poor condition (grass cover <50%)	68	79	86	89
	Fair condition (grass cover 50 to 75%)	49	69	79	84
	Good condition (grass cover >75%)	39	61	74	80
Impervious areas	Paved parking lots, roofs, driveways, etc. (excluding right of way)	98	98	98	98
Streets and roads	Paved; curbs and storm sewers (excluding right-of-way)	98	98	98	98
	Paved; open ditches (including right-of-way)	83	89	92	93
	Gravel (including right of way)	76	85	89	91
	Dirt (including right-of-way)	72	82	87	89
Western desert urban areas	Natural desert landscaping (pervious area only)	63	77	85	88
	Artificial desert landscaping (impervious weed barrier, desert shrub with 1- to 2-inch sand or gravel mulch and basin borders)	96	96	96	96
Urban districts	Commercial and business (85% imp.)	89	92	94	95
	Industrial (72% imp.)	81	88	91	93
Residential districts by average lot size	1⁄8 acre or less (town houses) (65% imp.)	77	85	90	92
	1⁄4 acre (38% imp.)	61	75	83	87
	1⁄3 acre (30% imp.)	57	72	81	86
	1⁄2 acre (25% imp.)	54	70	80	85
	1 acre (20% imp.)	51	68	79	84
	2 acres (12% imp.)	46	65	77	82

Developing urban areas

Cover description	Curve numbers for hydrologic soil group
	A	B	C	D
Newly graded areas (pervious areas only, no vegetation)	77	86	91	94

Cultivated agricultural lands

Cover description			Curve numbers for hydrologic soil group
Cover type	Treatment [A]	Hydrologic condition	A	B	C	D
Fallow	Bare soil	—	77	86	91	94
	Crop residue cover (CR)	Poor	76	85	90	93
		Good	74	83	88	90
Row crops	Straight row (SR)	Poor	72	81	88	91
		Good	67	78	85	89
	SR + CR	Poor	71	80	87	90
		Good	64	75	82	85
	Contoured (C)	Poor	70	79	84	88
		Good	65	75	82	86
	C + CR	Poor	69	78	83	87
		Good	64	74	81	85
	Contoured & terraced (C&T)	Poor	66	74	80	82
		Good	62	71	78	81
	C&T + R	Poor	65	73	79	81
		Good	61	70	77	80
Small grain	SR	Poor	65	76	84	88
		Good	63	75	83	87
	SR + CR	Poor	64	75	83	86
		Good	60	72	80	84
	C	Poor	63	74	82	85
		Good	61	73	81	84
	C + CR	Poor	62	73	81	84
		Good	60	72	80	83
	C&T	Poor	61	72	79	82
		Good	59	70	78	81
	C&T + R	Poor	60	71	78	81
		Good	58	69	77	80
Close-seeded or broadcast legumes or rotation meadow	SR	Poor	66	77	85	89
		Good	58	72	81	85
	C	Poor	64	75	83	85
		Good	55	69	78	83
	C&T	Poor	63	73	80	83
		Good	51	67	76	80

A Crop residue cover applies only if residue is on at least 5% of the surface throughout the year.

Other agricultural lands

Cover description		Curve numbers for hydrologic soil group
Cover type	Hydrologic condition	A	B	C	D
Pasture, grassland, or range—continuous forage for grazing. A	Poor	68	79	86	89
	Fair	49	69	79	84
	Good	39	61	74	80
Meadow—continuous grass, protected from grazing and generally mowed for hay.	—	30	58	71	78
Brush—brush-weed-grass mixture with brush the major element. B	Poor	48	67	77	83
	Fair	35	56	70	77
	Good	30 C	48	65	73
Woods—grass combination (orchard or tree farm). D	Poor	57	73	82	86
	Fair	43	65	76	82
	Good	32	58	72	79
Woods. E	Poor	45	66	77	83
	Fair	36	60	73	79
	Good	30	55	70	77
Farmsteads—buildings, lanes, driveways, and surrounding lots.	—	59	74	82	86

A Poor: <50% ground cover or heavily grazed with no mulch; Fair: 50-75% ground cover and not heavily grazed; Good: >75% ground cover and light or only occasionally grazed.

B Poor: <50% ground cover; Fair: 50-75% ground cover; Good: >75% ground cover.

C Actual curve number is less than 30; use CN = 30 for runoff computation.

D CN's shown were computed for areas with 50% woods and 50% grass (pasture) cover. Other combinations of conditions may be computed from the CN's for woods and pasture.

E Poor: Forest litter, small trees, and brush are destroyed by heavy grazing or regular burning; Fair: Woods are grazed but not burned, and some forest litter covers the soil; Good: Woods are protected from grazing, and litter and brush adequately cover the soil.

Arid and semiarid rangelands

Cover description		Curve numbers for hydrologic soil group
Cover type	Hydrologic condition A	A B	B	C	D
Herbaceuous—mixture of grass, weeds, and low-growing brush, with brush the minor element	Poor	—	80	87	93
	Fair	—	71	81	89
	Good	—	62	74	85
Oak-aspen—mountain brush mixture of oak brush, aspen, mountain mahogany, bitter brush, maple, and other brush	Poor	—	66	74	79
	Fair	—	48	57	63
	Good	—	30	41	48
Pinyon-juniper—pinyon, juniper, or both; grass understory	Poor	—	75	85	89
	Fair	—	58	73	80
	Good	—	41	61	71
Sagebrush with grass understory	Poor	—	67	80	85
	Fair	—	51	63	70
	Good	—	35	47	55
Desert shrub—major plants include saltbush, geasewood, creosotebush, blackbrush, bursage, palo verde, mesquite, and cactus.	Poor	63	77	85	88
	Fair	55	72	81	86
	Good	49	68	79	84

A Poor: <30% ground cover (litter, grass, and brush overstory); Fair: 30 to 70% ground cover; Good: >70% ground cover.

B Curve numbers for group A have been developed only for desert shrub.

Adjustments

Runoff is affected by the soil moisture before a precipitation event, the antecedent moisture condition (AMC). A curve number, as calculated above, may also be termed AMC II or ${\displaystyle CN_{II}}$, or average soil moisture. The other moisture conditions are dry, AMC I or ${\displaystyle CN_{I}}$, and moist, AMC III or ${\displaystyle CN_{III}}$. The curve number can be adjusted by factors to ${\displaystyle CN_{II}}$, where ${\displaystyle CN_{I}}$ factors are less than 1 (reduce ${\displaystyle CN}$ and potential runoff), while ${\displaystyle CN_{III}}$ factor are greater than 1 (increase ${\displaystyle CN}$ and potential runoff). The AMC factors can be looked up in the reference table below. Find the CN value for AMC II and multiply it by the adjustment factor based on the actual AMC to determine the adjusted curve number.

Adjustments to select curve number for soil moisture conditions. ^[3]

Curve Number (AMC II)	Factors to Convert Curve Number for AMC II to AMC I or III
	AMC I (dry)	AMC III (wet)
10	0.40	2.22
20	0.45	1.85
30	0.50	1.67
40	0.55	1.50
50	0.62	1.40
60	0.67	1.30
70	0.73	1.21
80	0.79	1.14
90	0.87	1.07
100	1.00	1.00

Initial abstraction ratio adjustment

The relationship ${\displaystyle I_{a}=0.2S}$ was derived from the study of many small, experimental watersheds . Since the history and documentation of this relationship are relatively obscure, more recent analysis used model fitting methods to determine the ratio of ${\displaystyle I_{a}}$ to ${\displaystyle S}$ with hundreds of rainfall-runoff data from numerous U.S. watersheds. In the model fitting done by Hawkins et al. (2002) ^[2] found that the ratio of ${\displaystyle I_{a}}$ to ${\displaystyle S}$ varies from storm to storm and watershed to watershed and that the assumption of ${\displaystyle I_{a}/S=0.20}$ is usually high. More than 90 percent of ${\displaystyle I_{a}/S}$ ratios were less than 0.2. Based on this study, use of ${\displaystyle I_{a}/S}$ ratios of 0.05 rather than the commonly used value of 0.20 would seem more appropriate. Thus, the CN runoff equation becomes:

${\displaystyle Q={\begin{cases}0&{\text{for }}P\leq 0.05S\\{\frac {(P-0.05S_{0.05})^{2}}{P+0.95S_{0.05}}}&{\text{for }}P>0.05S\end{cases}}}$

In this equation, note that the values of ${\displaystyle S_{0.05}}$ are not the same as the one used in estimating direct runoff with an ${\displaystyle I_{a}/S}$ ratio of 0.20, because 5 percent of the storage is assumed to be the initial abstraction, not 20 percent. The relationship between ${\displaystyle S_{0.05}}$ and ${\displaystyle S_{0.20}}$ was obtained from model fitting results, giving the relationship:

${\displaystyle S_{0.05}=1.33{S_{0.20}}^{1.15}}$

The user, then, must do the following to use the adjusted 0.05 initial abstraction ratio:

1. Use the traditional tables of curve numbers to select the value appropriate for your watershed.
2. Calculate ${\displaystyle S_{0.20}}$ using the traditional equation:${\displaystyle S={\frac {1000}{CN}}-10}$
3. Convert this S value to ${\displaystyle S_{0.05}}$ using the relationship above.
4. Calculate the runoff depth using the CN runoff equation above (with 0.05 substituted for the initial abstraction ratio).

See also

• Hydrological modelling
• Runoff model (reservoir)
  • Recharge (hydrology)

References

1. United States Department of Agriculture (1986). Urban hydrology for small watersheds (PDF). Technical Release 55 (TR-55) (Second ed.). Natural Resources Conservation Service, Conservation Engineering Division.
2. Hawkins, R.H.; Jiang, R.; Woodward, D.E.; Hjelmfelt, A.T.; Van Mullem, J.A. (2002). "Runoff Curve Number Method: Examination of the Initial Abstraction Ratio". Proceedings of the Second Federal Interagency Hydrologic Modeling Conference, Las Vegas, Nevada. 42 (3): 629–643. doi:10.1111/j.1752-1688.2006.tb04481.x. S2CID   130013737.
3. Ward, Andy D.; Trimble, Stanley W. (2004). Environmental Hydrology. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press LLC. ISBN   9781566706162.

External links

• SCS TR-55 Peak Discharge and Runoff Calculator
• Curve Number Calculator Online Free Curve Number Calculator
• Introduction to SCS Runoff Curve Number Method