List of rivers by discharge

Last updated

Meeting of Waters. Confluence of the Solimoes (whitewater) and the Rio Negro (blackwater) near Manaus. Meeting of waters from the air manaus brazil.JPG
Meeting of Waters. Confluence of the Solimões (whitewater) and the Rio Negro (blackwater) near Manaus.
The Congo River allegory by Thomas Vincotte. Monument aux pionniers belges au Congo 02.JPG
The Congo River allegory by Thomas Vinçotte.
One of Egypt's oldest nilometers, located on the island of Elephantine in the Nile. Assuan Elephantine Nilometer 14.JPG
One of Egypt’s oldest nilometers, located on the island of Elephantine in the Nile.
Chart of the World's Mountains and Rivers by J. H. Colton, 1855 1855 Colton Map or Chart of the World's Mountains and Rivers - Geographicus - MtsRvrs2-colton-1855.jpg
Chart of the World's Mountains and Rivers by J. H. Colton, 1855

Rivers are natural drainage channels. They collect runoff from precipitation and groundwater and discharge it into oceans or lakes. The main watercourse is determined by its water volume, length, or highest source. River size is determined by three factors: discharge, length, and drainage basin . [1] [2] [3]

Contents

Discharge measurements

The global annual runoff into the oceans (38,500–44,200 km3/year) is dominated by runoff into the South Atlantic from eastern South America, into the western Pacific from east Asia, and into the Indian Ocean from India, and southeast Asia. Depending on the estimate, the Amazon alone accounts for 15–18% of the annual freshwater runoff into the oceans. [4] [5] [6]

Major continental divides, showing drainage into the major oceans and seas of the world. Brownish-grey areas are endorheic basins that do not drain to the ocean. Ocean drainage.png
Major continental divides, showing drainage into the major oceans and seas of the world. Brownish-grey areas are endorheic basins that do not drain to the ocean.

Water discharge may be expressed as mean annual discharge (denoted MQ), or as annual discharge (denoted Q). The units for measuring mean annual discharge (MQ) are m³/sec, and can be measured over a period of one or more years. The annual discharge (Q) is measured in units of km³/year. For large rivers, these values are difficult to measure (see ADCP), and they also vary considerably from year to year. The very large variation between low and high flow is often not apparent from the average runoff volume. [1] [7] [8]

Rivers with high water discharge

In hydrological literature, rivers are categorized based on their mean annual discharge. A value of approximately 300 m³/s serves as an internationally accepted threshold between medium-sized and large rivers; according to the classification systems used in global river databases, the lower limit for the "large river" category begins in the 200–300 m³/s range. In river systems exceeding this threshold, hydraulic factors—such as depth, current velocity, and sediment transport capacity—create a habitat that is qualitatively different from those found in smaller watercourses. The GEMS-GLORI database lists 555 exorheic (ocean-draining) rivers that have a drainage basin area greater than 10,000 km² or an annual discharge exceeding 10 km³/year. [9]

The discharge values shown in the tables below are mean annual discharge (units m3/sec). To convert to annual discharge (units km3/year) multiply by 0.031536.

List of rivers

Continent color key
AF AN AS AU, OC EU NA SA
Africa (AF) • Antarctica (AN) • Asia (AS) • Australia (AU) and Oceania (OC) • Europe (EU) • North America (NA) • South America (SA)
Ocean color key
ARC ATL END IND PAC SOU
Arctic Ocean (ARC) • Atlantic Ocean (ATL) • Endorheic (END) • Indian Ocean (IND) • Pacific Ocean (PAC) • Southern Ocean (SOU)
NoRiver nameAverage
discharge
(m³/s)
Drainage
area
(km²)
Length
(km)
OutflowNotes, references
PrimaryTributary
SA1 Amazon 209,0006,020,4386,575 Atlantic Ocean [n 1] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17]
AF2 Congo 41,4003,712,3165,118Atlantic Ocean [n 2] [20] [21] [22] [23] [16]
SA3 Orinoco 39,0001,014,7973,010Atlantic Ocean [n 3] [25] [26] [27]
AS4 Yangtze 31,9001,949,5156,236 East China Sea [n 4] [28] [20] [16]
SA5 Rio Negro 30,641765,3352,362 Amazon [n 5] [10] [29] [13] [17] [30]
SA6 Madeira 30,1731,322,7823,518Amazon [n 6] [31] [32] [33] [30] [10] [29] [13] [17]
AS7 Brahmaputra 27,000641,9643,848 Padma, Lower Meghna, Bay of Bengal [n 7] [n 8] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] [41]
NA8 Mississippi 21,3003,265,7536,084 Gulf of Mexico [n 9] [43] [44] [45] [16] [46] [47] [48]
AS9 Yenisei 20,2002,588,7525,816 Yenisei Gulf [n 10] [49] [50] [51] [16] [52]
SA10 Paraná 19,7062,630,6674,352 Río de la Plata [n 11] [53] [54] [55] [56]
AS11 Lena 18,3002,492,0044,692 Laptev Sea [n 12] [49] [57] [50] [51] [52]
SA12 Japurá 18,122276,8122,816 Solimões [10] [13] [29]
SA13 Marañón 17,400364,8731,905 Amazon [n 13] [58] [13] [59] [60] [61]
AS14 Mekong 16,010773,7284,909 South China Sea [20] [62] [9] [63] [23] [16] [64] [65] [66]
AS15 Ganges 15,8001,089,3702,704 Padma, Bay of Bengal [n 8] [n 14] [35] [20] [36] [37] [39] [23]
AS16 Irrawaddy 15,400411,5162,288 Andaman Sea [n 15] [67] [9] [68] [69]
AS17 Ob 13,1003,023,9735,525 Gulf of Ob [n 16] [49] [50] [71] [16] [52]
SA18 Tapajós 12,800492,2632,291 Amazon [n 17] [13] [10] [75] [76] [12] [77] [17]
NA19 St Lawrence River 12,5001,057,3043,058 Gulf of St. Lawrence [n 18] [88] [89] [90]
AS20 Amur 12,3602,129,7005,498 Strait of Tartary [n 19] [91] [16] [92]
SA21 Tocantins 11,800777,3083,100 Rio Para [n 20] [10] [97] [11] [98] [99] [100] [53] [17] [12]
SA22 Purus 11,207378,7623,361 Solimões [10] [75] [29] [13] [17] [101]
AS23 Pearl River – Xi 10,700442,5272,400 South China Sea [n 21] [102] [103] [104]
AF24 Kasai 10,457884,3762,272 Congo [105] [18] [22]
NA25 Mackenzie 9,9101,801,9384,241 Beaufort Sea [n 22] [106] [49] [50] [23] [107]
SA26 Beni 9,741281,3671,619 Madeira [n 23] [10] [31] [32] [13] [33]
SA27 Xingu 9,298509,6852,324 Amazon [n 24] [30] [10] [75] [13] [12] [77] [17]
AF28 Niger 8,6302,273,9464,184 Gulf of Guinea [108] [109] [23] [110]
SA29 Putumayo 8,520120,5452,005 Solimões [10] [29] [13] [101]
EU30 Volga 8,3801,466,7173,700 Caspian Sea [111] [112]
NA31 Ohio 8,380528,2022,102 Mississippi [n 25] [47] [48] [113] [114]
SA32 Magdalena 8,058271,8071,558 Caribbean Sea [n 26] [115] [24] [116] [117]
NA33 Columbia 7,478724,0252,250 Pacific Ocean [n 27] [62] [9] [118] [119] [120]
AS34 Ob above Irtysh 7,4281,040,0003,061 Ob [n 28] [71]
SA35 Uruguay 7,058353,4512,408 Río de la Plata [n 29] [54] [55] [56]
NA36 Yukon 7,000861,4613,185 Norton Sound [121] [122] [50] [123]
SA37 Napo 6,800103,3081,130 Amazon [n 30] [58] [13] [124]
AS38 Salween 6,691283,5003,289 Andaman Sea [9] [125] [126] [66] [127] [128]
AU39 Fly 6,50073,8091,280 Gulf of Papua [n 31] [130] [131] [132] [133] [134] [135]
EU40 Danube 6,452801,4632,850 Black Sea [136] [137] [138] [139] [140] [141] [142] [143]
SA41 Madre de Dios 6,372125,2871,347 Beni [10] [31] [32] [13] [33]
AS42 Kapuas 6,01294,4571,143 South China Sea [144] [145]
SA43 Juruá 6,004190,5733,283 Solimões [10] [75] [29] [13]
AF44 Ubangi 5,936651,9152,350 Congo [n 32] [146] [18] [22]
SA45 Meta 5,694106,7331,100 Orinoco [26] [115] [24] [116] [27]
AS46 Indus 5,5891,143,1013,600 Arabian Sea [62] [147] [148] [149]
AS47 Aldan 5,501717,2032,273 Lena [150] [51]
SA48 Rio Branco 5,300192,3931,454 Rio Negro [n 33] [13] [151] [152] [132]
SA49 Orinoco above Guaviare 5,294100,975890 Orinoco [n 34] [27]
SA50 Javary 5,194108,9661,309 Solimões [13] [75] [29] [101]
AF51 Ogooué 5,142225,5481,200Atlantic Ocean [21] [153] [154] [155]
AU52 Mamberamo 5,01478,9571,112Pacific Ocean [n 35] [156] [157] [158] [135]
AU53 Sepik 5,00080,3861,126 Bismarck Sea [n 36] [159] [135]
SA54 Caroní 4,98195,442952 Orinoco [26] [27]
SA55 Juruena 4,937192,6281,240 Tapajós [75] [29] [13]
EU56 Pechora 4,877312,7631,826 Barents Sea [160] [49] [161] [52]
SA57 Paraná do Urariá –Canumã 4,804133,2121,313 Amazon [n 37] [13]
AS58 Upper Meghna 4,75369,8711,040 Old Brahmaputra, Lower Meghna [35] [20] [36]
AS59 Chindwin 4,740114,6851,207 Irrawaddy [162] [68]
AS60 Rajang 4,71552,009773 South China Sea [144] [163] [164]
SA61 Paraguay 4,6961,120,1542,621 Paraná [54] [55] [56]
AS62 Gan 4,658162,225885 Yangtze [n 38] [165] [28]
AS63 Barito 4,51478,6321,090 Java Sea [n 39] [144]
AF64 Ruki 4,500175,2931,296 Congo [n 40] [146] [166]
SA65 Tocantins above Araguaia 4,448308,3452,167 Tocantins [n 41] [97] [99]
SA66 Vaupés 4,34564,3701,381 Rio Negro [13]
AS67 Red River 4,341170,9031,280 Gulf of Tonkin [167] [168] [66]
AS68 Mahakam 4,27877,095980 Makassar Strait [144] [169]
AS69 Lower Tunguska 4,139473,0002,989 Yenisei [51]
SA70 Atrato 4,13836,231750 Gulf of Urabá [170] [171] [24] [116]
AF71 Zambezi 4,1341,474,0043,421 Mozambique Channel [n 42] [173] [174] [23] [132] [175]
EU72 Kama 4,119523,3241,805 Volga [111] [112]
AS73 Kolyma 4,100679,9342,600 Kolyma Gulf [49] [50] [51] [52]
SA74 Apaporis 4,09253,5091,424 Japurá [24] [13] [116]
SA75 Aripuanã 4,087147,2241,175 Madeira [75] [29] [13] [17]
NA76 Nelson 4,0241,353,6002,670 Hudson Bay [n 43] [n 44] [176] [177] [178]
NA77 Fraser 3,972245,4521,375 Strait of Georgia [62] [179] [180]
SA78 Huallaga 3,95589,6911,169 Marañón [13] [60] [101]
SA79 Jutaí 3,85979,3741,174 Solimões [10] [13] [75] [29]
NA80 La Grande 3,808209,000893 James Bay [n 45] [176] [181] [182] [183]
NA81 Upper Mississippi 3,687445,5911,826 Mississippi [n 46] [47] [48]
EU82 Northern Dvina 3,549323,5731,800 White Sea [n 47] [184] [49] [161] [9] [21] [52]
AS83 Godavari 3,503314,8291,465 Bay of Bengal [9] [185]
SA84 Caura 3,50049,530723 Orinoco [26] [186] [187] [27]
AF85 Benue 3,477338,9681,440 Niger [18] [109] [108]
SA86 Trombetas 3,437126,973764 Amazon [13] [53]
SA87 Inírida 3,38553,7951,300 Guaviare [24] [116] [27]
NA88 Columbia above Snake 3,364292,3161,439 Columbia [n 48] [118] [188]
AF89 Kwango 3,317270,9041,702 Kasai [22]
AS90 Ghaghara 3,278131,9481,167 Ganges [36] [189]
SA91 Paranaiba 3,216223,5821,194 Paraná [56] [53]
AS92 Khatanga 3,200371,4171,636 Khatanga Gulf [n 49] [49] [51]
AS93 Subansiri 3,19734,833518 Brahmaputra [190] [36]
AU94 Eilanden 3,13337,164679 Arafura Sea [n 50] [191] [158]
AS95 Yenisei above Angara 3,090344,0001,843 Yenisei [n 51] [51]
AF96 Nile 3,0753,826,1227,088 Mediterranean Sea [n 52] [n 53] [120] [193] [16] [194] [195]
AS97 Musi 3,06659,942759 South China Sea [196] [197] [198] [199]
SA98 Tigre 3,04745,0731,087 Marañón [13] [60] [59] [61]
SA99 São Francisco 3,037638,3243,180 Atlantic Ocean [9] [200] [53] [11] [201]
SA100 Iriri 3,028142,0791,151 Xingu [13] [17]
AS101 Min 3,022135,2961,279 Yangtze [n 54] [203] [28]
AU102 Purari 3,00033,773902 Gulf of Papua [204] [135]
AS103 Yamuna 2,948366,2231,376 Ganges [36]
AS104 Srepok 2,94079,015454 Mekong [63] [64] [65]
SA105Yarí2,93337,127691 Caquetá [24] [13] [116]
AS106 Panjnad 2,910395,0001,571 Indus [147]
EU107 Rhine 2,900190,5221,233 North Sea [n 55] [9] [205] [206]
AS108 Xiang 2,848102,148948 Dongting Lake [28]
AS109 Batang Hari 2,81946,504800 South China Sea [197] [198] [199] [207]
SA110 Guaporé 2,738353,0281,558 Mamoré [13] [33]
AS111 Pyasina 2,730182,000817 Kara Sea [208] [51] [52]
SA112 Cuyuni 2,71985,635633Atlantic Ocean [n 56] [n 57] [209] [210] [211] [9] [212]
AS113 Mali Hka 2,69323,221320 Irrawaddy [68]
NA114 Usumacinta 2,67877,7431,052 Bay of Campeche [n 58] [n 59] [62] [213] [214] [215]
SA115 San Juan 2,64916,465399Pacific Ocean [62] [170] [216] [115] [24] [116]
AF116 Cross 2,64752,257489 Bight of Biafra [62] [154]
EU117 Neva 2,646287,0941,063 Gulf of Finland [n 60] [62] [161] [217]
AS118 Songhua 2,591557,1801,927 Amur [218] [92]
SA119 Urubamba 2,57959,071915 Ucayali [13] [101]
AU120 Digul 2,57829,175853 Arafura Sea [n 61] [219] [220] [191] [158] [135]
SA121 Casiquiare 2,57482,800731 Rio Negro [13]
AF122 Sangha 2,570191,9531,459 Congo [n 62] [146] [22] [18]
SA123 Apure 2,544116,7131,038 Orinoco [26] [27]
AS124 Kosi 2,50088,185729 Ganges [36]
AS125 Kayan 2,46333,005576 Celebes Sea [212] [221] [197]
AS126 Ghorautra 2,46324,060339 Upper Meghna [36]
SA127 Pastaza 2,43841,793787 Marañón [13] [60] [59] [61] [101]
NA128 Liard 2,434277,1001,215 Mackenzie [107]
SA129 Ituí 2,42243,035796 Javary [13] [75] [29]
AU130 Fly above Strickland 2,40019,528604 Fly [131] [222]
SA131 Paragua 2,38939,605550 Caroní [26] [27]
SA132 Essequibo 2,36968,788936Atlantic Ocean [n 56] [n 63] [209] [210] [211] [9]
AS133 Jialing 2,368159,1801,345 Yangtze [28]
SA134 Cauca 2,36459,8401,180 Magdalena [115] [24] [116] [117]
NA135 Red River 2,349241,3882,189 Atchafalaya [47] [48] [223]
SA136 Jacuí 2,32782,618800 Lagoa dos Patos [21] [224] [11]
SA137 Içana 2,27935,516689 Rio Negro [13]
SA138 Anapu 2,27252,495470 Furo do Tajapuru [97]
AF139 Fimi 2,253136,1751,395 Kasai [n 64] [22]
AF140 Sanaga 2,223134,2521,067 Bight of Biafra [62] [9] [154] [212]
AS141 Amu Darya 2,200798,0352,620 Aral Sea [n 65] [120] [225] [226] [227] [228] [229]
AF142 Aruwimi 2,200121,1631,287 Congo [22] [146]
AS143 Anadyr 2,160199,4061,146 Gulf of Anadyr [9] [120] [230] [231] [232]
SA144 Ventuari 2,16040,861520 Orinoco [26] [27]
SA145 Curaray 2,15526,7751,011 Napo [13] [60]
AS146 Krishna 2,145274,5961,300 Bay of Bengal [9] [212] [185] [233]
NA147 Tennessee 2,140105,8701,049 Ohio [47] [48] [234]
AS148 Lohit 2,13829,330560 Brahmaputra [36]
SA149 Tapauá 2,13563,185745 Purus [13] [75] [29]
AS150 Mahanadi 2,125145,260851 Bay of Bengal [9] [212] [185]
NA151 Mobile – Alabama 2,118124,1581,263 Gulf of Mexico [n 66] [9] [235]
AS152 Olyokma 2,110209,3781,436 Lena [51] [231]
AS153 Yuan 2,10693,287864 Dongting Lake [28]
SA154 Ji-Paraná 2,10076,127820 Madeira [13] [236]
AF155 Lomami 2,062109,0801,946 Congo [22]
AF156 Lulonga 2,04082,952952Congo [n 67] [22] [146]
AS157 Gandak 2,02546,300814 Ganges [36]
SA158 Maroni 2,00066,184725Atlantic Ocean [210] [211] [237] [238] [239]
AU159 Kikori 2,00018,863445 Gulf of Papua [n 68] [204]
SA160 Pachitea 1,99228,648587 Ucayali [13] [101]
AS161 Yellow River 1,990988,0635,778 Bohai Sea [120] [212] [16]
AU162 Tariku 1,95324,664488 Mamberamo [220]
NA163 Ottawa 1,949147,4061,271 St. Lawrence River [89]
AS164 Stony Tunguska 1,945249,0001,865 Yenisei [51] [231]
AF165 Cuanza 1,944163,8321,274Atlantic Ocean [240]
AS166 Indigirka 1,933360,4001,726 East Siberian Sea [208] [9] [52] [231]
NA167 Churchill 1,93193,119856 Lake Melville [241]
SA168 Caguán 1,92921,276596 Caquetá [24] [13] [116]
AS169 Yalong 1,914128,4441,323 Jinsha [28]
EU170 Rhône 1,90099,298812 Mediterranean Sea [120]
NA171 Kuskokwim 1,897124,3191,130 Bering Sea [9] [120]
NA172 Saguenay 1,89487,635698 Estuary of St. Lawrence [89] [120]
AS173 Min 1,87060,040577 Taiwan Strait [120]
AS174 Kopili 1,84720,068341 Brahmaputra [190] [36]
AS175 Baram 1,84522,325635 South China Sea [242]
SA176 Iguaçu 1,83667,5371,320 Paraná [56]
AS177 Lena above Vitim 1,811200,7001,686 Lena [n 69] [51]
AS178 Zeya 1,807232,0771,242 Amur [218] [92] [231]
NA179 Copper 1,79467,204480 Gulf of Alaska [9]
SA180 Uatumã 1,79068,477701 Amazon [13] [29]
SA181 Courantyne 1,78067,877852Atlantic Ocean [210] [211] [237] [243] [239] [244]
AS182 Great Tenasserim 1,77819,637616 Andaman Sea [120]
NA183 Skeena 1,77054,432570 Hecate Strait [245]
AS184 Taz 1,755152,0861,401 Taz Estuary [21] [212] [52]
AS185 Cagayan 1,74027,753505 South China Sea [9] [120]
AF186 Sankuru 1,738149,4801,285 Kasai [22]
EU187 Sava 1,72297,713992 Danube [246] [247] [248] [136] [138]
SA188 Roosevelt 1,71159,844705 Aripuanã [13] [75] [29] [17]
AS189 Kaladan 1,70422,611744 Bay of Bengal [n 70] [120] [249] [250]
EU190 Dnieper 1,700531,8172,201 Black Sea [120] [212] [251] [252]
AS191 Wu 1,69886,7991,150 Yangtze [28]
AS192 Vilyuy 1,683454,0002,650 Lena [51] [231]
SA193 Jamanxim 1,67358,001700 Tapajós [13] [75]
NA194 Stikine 1,67051,316546Pacific Ocean [245]
AS195 Manas 1,66741,350400 Brahmaputra [190] [36]
AS196 Han 1,640165,3061,577 Yangtze [28]
AS197 Tonlé Sap 1,64088,254667 Mekong [63] [64]
AS198 Chenab 1,637175,877974 Panjnad [147]
AS199 Dông Nai 1,63546,858586 South China Sea [253]
AF200 Blue Nile 1,632314,4581,674 Nile [193] [195]
AF201 Lowa 1,62552,087615 Lualaba [22]
AS202 Ussuri 1,620195,047897 Amur [218] [92] [231]
NA203 San Juan del Norte 1,61441,659641 Caribbean Sea [n 71] [210] [62] [254]
SA204 Guayas 1,60637,084689 Gulf of Guayaquil [255] [210]
SA205 Araguari 1,60443,265560Atlantic Ocean [211]
AS206 Yu 1,60489,6771,152 Xun [103]
NA207 Koksoak 1,60094,311588 Ungava Bay [n 72] [n 45] [176] [181]
SA208 Tarauaçá 1,57354,879906 Juruá [13] [75] [29]
AS209 Kampar 1,57024,548580 Strait of Malacca [196] [198] [256] [257]
EU210 Po 1,56071,057652 Adriatic Sea [258] [259] [260]
SA211 Dos Marmelos 1,55727,572560 Madeira [13]
AS212 Bei 1,54347,249633 Pearl River [103]
SA213 Guamá 1,54249,846903 Guajará Bay [n 73] [n 74] [97]
AS214 Sittaung 1,54034,265421 Gulf of Martaban [120] [261]
SA215 Santiago 1,53333,098530 Marañón [13]
AS216 Tigris 1,527221,3271,862 Shatt al-Arab [n 75] [262] [263]
EU217 Usa 1,51491,135565 Pechora [161]
AS218 Karnaphuli 1,51013,965270 Bay of Bengal [249] [264]
SA219 Vichada 1,50227,6241,002 Orinoco [24] [27]
SA220 Unini 1,50127,433530 Rio Negro [13]
NA221 Grijalva 1,48556,895759 Bay of Campeche [n 76] [n 59] [62] [213] [215]
AS222 Liu 1,47258,270571 Qian [103]
NA223 Papaloapan 1,46139,885354Bay of Campeche [215] [265]
SA224 Patía 1,45323,995430Pacific Ocean [170] [216] [24] [116]
NA225 Arkansas 1,448409,0272,364 Mississippi [47] [48] [223]
NA226 Susitna 1,44249,470504 Cook Inlet [9] [212]
NA227 Moose 1,440114,729543 James Bay [120] [181]
AU228 Bamu 1,43719,346390 Gulf of Papua [n 77] [220]
AS229 Qiantang 1,43654,349494 East China Sea [237] [266]
NA230 Albany 1,420132,800832 James Bay [120] [181]
AS231 Black River 1,41957,947910 Red River [253]
AS232 Katingan 1,41419,559616 Java Sea [267]
AF233 Volta 1,410412,7351,875 Gulf of Guinea [268] [269] [270]
AF234 Betsiboka 1,40761,893531 Bombetoka Bay [n 78] [271]
SA235 Mazaruni 1,39931,705560 Cuyuní [212]
SA236 Jamari 1,39139,977478 Madeira [13] [75] [17]
SA237 Coari 1,38935,588599 Solimões [13] [10]
NA238 Thelon 1,370238,8391,234 Chesterfield Inlet [120] [272]
SA239 Demini 1,35839,770618 Rio Negro [13] [29]
AS240 Narmada 1,35095,8181,289 Gulf of Khambhat [237] [212] [185]
AS241 Indragiri 1,33922,758500 Strait of Malacca [196] [198]
SA242 Jauaperi 1,33739,824592 Rio Negro [13]
AS243 Dibang 1,33712,503324 Brahmaputra [36]
SA244 Arinos 1,33258,734654 Juruena [13] [75] [29]
EU245 Oka 1,327244,3081,520 Volga [111] [112]
AS246 Huai 1,317172,0791,078 Yangtze [28]
AF247 Mbomou 1,317168,6081,055 Ubangi [22]
AF248 Tsiribihina 1,31649,467430 Mozambique Channel [n 79] [271] [212]
SA249 Inambari 1,31620,160413 Madre de Dios [13] [33]
AS250 Pranahita 1,301109,078682 Godavari [185]
SA251 Badajós 1,30021,575413 Solimões [13] [10]
AS252 Pahang 1,29933,924489 South China Sea [9]
AS253 Uchur 1,293113,000812 Aldan [51] [231]
SA254 Takutu 1,28042,528371 Rio Branco [13] [151]
AS255 Sesayap 1,27518,158279 Celebes Sea [273] [256]
SA256 Oyapock 1,27330,869485Atlantic Ocean [211] [212]
NA257 Tanana 1,263113,9591,061 Yukon [122] [123]
SA258 Ituxi 1,26343,676878 Purus [13] [29]
AS259 Son 1,24570,228784 Ganges [36]
AS260 Kabul 1,24392,572700 Indus [147]
AS261 Melawi 1,24322,586471 Kapuas [145]
SA262 Doce 1,24190,357977Atlantic Ocean [212] [53]
SA263 Tambopata 1,24115,540390 Madre de Dios [13] [33]
SA264 Siapa 1,23822,170438 Casiquiare [13]
AF265 Kwilu 1,22994,6631,230 Kwango [22]
SA266 Marié 1,22725,266800Rio Negro [13]
AS267 Kheta 1,223100,000604 Khatanga [51] [231]
AS268 Taymyra 1,220119,957840Kara Sea [208] [231]
SA269 Jari 1,21451,893877Amazon [13] [53] [12]
AS270 Olenyok 1,210212,0442,292Laptev Sea [208] [52] [231]
NA271 Nottaway 1,20874,326776James Bay [237] [120] [9] [181]
AF272 Chari 1,200880,0002,279 Lake Chad [n 80] [120] [274] [244] [275]
AF273 Lindi 1,20059,568797Congo [22] [146]
NA274 Susquehanna 1,19972,147715 Chesapeake Bay [120] [276]
SA275 Casanare 1,19924,013415 Meta [24] [27]
NA276 Rivière des Rochers – Athabasca 1,198292,4971,608 Slave [n 81] [107] [180]
SA277 Paranapanema 1,198101,739829Paraná [56]
SA278 Isiboro 1,19421,117505Mamoré [13]
AF279 Cavally 1,19230,665844Gulf of Guinea [62] [268]
SA280 Tefé 1,19024,269630Solimões [13] [10]
NA281 Saint John River 1,18954,986673 Bay of Fundy [212]
AS282 Maya 1,188171,0001,053Aldan [51] [231]
SA283 São Gonçalo Channel 1,18662,250492Lagoa dos Patos [224]
AS284 Kahayan 1,17816,063658Java Sea [267]
SA285 Tomo 1,16920,156830Orinoco [24] [27]
AU286 Ramu 1,16417,823640Bismarck Sea [220] [237] [135]
NA287 Coatzacoalcos 1,16323,956325Bay of Campeche [215] [277]
SA288 Curuçá 1,15725,549766Javary [13]
AS289 Pur 1,141111,3511,024 Taz Estuary [208] [52] [231]
AF290 Lomela 1,13939,655881 Busira [22]
SA291 Igapó-Açu 1,13630,206437Autaz-Açu [n 82] [13]
AF292 Saint Paul River 1,12520,317485Atlantic Ocean [62] [268]
AF293 Rufiji 1,115204,6391,400 Indian Ocean [21] [278]
SA294 Ibicuí 1,11347,203673 Uruguay [56]
EU295 Vistula 1,112194,4241,213 Gdańsk Bay [n 83] [9] [212] [279]
AF296 Ivindo 1,11263,201686Ogooué [154]
AS297 Tom 1,11059,858827Ob [71] [231]
SA298 Morona 1,10716,962785Marañón [13]
AF299 Kouilou 1,10061,707560Atlantic Ocean [154] [9]
AS300 Rokan 1,10020,189532Strait of Malacca [196] [198]
SA301 Baker 1,10026,816182Pacific Ocean [280] [210]
NA302 Willamette 1,09928,949301Columbia [118]
SA303 Nhamundá 1,09428,609617Amazon [13]
AS304 Yana 1,090235,4571,490Laptev Sea [9] [208] [52] [231]
AF305 Benin 1,08449,256300 Bight of Benin [n 84] [268]
NA306 Ouachita 1,07862,850974 Red River [47] [48] [223]
AS307 Chao Phraya 1,077188,4191,207 Bay of Bangkok [9] [212]
AS308 Sekong 1,07728,792480 Srepok [63] [64] [65]
SA309 Nanay 1,07316,673511Amazon [13]
AS310 Seruyan 1,06713,329395Java Sea [256]
AS311 Sampit 1,06414,745377Java Sea [267]
EU312 Don 1,062458,6941,950 Sea of Azov [212] [251] [231]
AF313 Sofia 1,06229,267328Mozambique Channel [n 85] [271]
AS314 Dong 1,05633,567523Pearl River [103]
AS315 Lô 1,05534,809470Red River [253]
AF316 Likouala-Mossaka 1,05471,886615Congo [22]
NA317 Tombigbee 1,05252,029480 Mobile [235]
SA318 Aguaytía 1,05111,353374Ucayali [13]
AS319 Kamchatka 1,04954,104758Pacific Ocean [120] [9] [231]
AS320 Balleh 1,04812,416241 Rajang [145] [164]
AF321 Momboyo 1,04544,211827 Ruki [22]
AF322 Moa 1,04419,560475Atlantic Ocean [62] [268]
EU323 Belaya 1,042141,6091,430 Kama [111] [112]
AS324 Trishuli 1,03219,918362 Narayani [36]
SA325 Erebato 1,03011,074195 Caura [26] [186] [187] [27]
NA326 White River 1,02871,7431,162Mississippi [47] [48] [223]
AS327 Euphrates 1,027765,8313,000Shatt al-Arab [n 86] [n 75] [262] [263]
SA328 Pacajá 1,02526,438634 Anapu [97]
NA329 Coco 1,02426,952841Caribbean Sea [9] [237] [212] [254]
SA330 Catatumbo 1,02322,317338 Lake Maracaibo [26]
SA331 Baudó 1,0235,964316Pacific Ocean [170] [216] [116]
NA332 Manicouagan 1,02045,908221Estuary of St. Lawrence [89]
AS333 Shweli 1,02022,908630Irrawaddy [68]
EU334 Little Northern Dvina 1,01885,822648 Northern Dvina [n 87] [161] [184]
AF335 Zambezi above Lungwebungu 1,015170,010690 Zambezi [174] [173]
AS336 Mun 1,015119,8681,162Mekong [63] [64] [65]
SA337 Esmeraldas 1,01119,796210Pacific Ocean [9] [212]
SA338 Biobío 1,00824,264377Pacific Ocean [9] [212]
NA339 Wabash 1,00785,177810Ohio [47] [48] [114]
AF340 Ngounié 1,00232,637680Ogooué [154]
SA341 Parnaíba 1,000344,1121,344Atlantic Ocean [120] [11]
NA342 Nushagak 1,00035,396497Bering Sea [120] [9]
AS343 Tembesi 99013,431323 Batang Hari [207] [196]
AS344 Min above Dadu 98633,947533 Min [n 88] [202] [28]
SA345 Curicuriari 98514,202478Rio Negro [13]
SA346 Orteguaza 9809,826270Caquetá [13]
AS347 Dhansiri 97912,780352Brahmaputra [36]
AF348 Sassandra 97875,335840Gulf of Guinea [62] [268] [9] [212]
AS349 Pawan 97310,473278South China Sea [256] [145]
AF350 Maringa 97232,799726 Lulonga [22]
SA351 Itacuat 97117,509600 Ituí [13]
SA352 Paraíba do Sul 97058,0271,137Atlantic Ocean [9] [224]
SA353 Mira 96910,782291Pacific Ocean [216]
AF354 Little Scarcies 96718,552332Atlantic Ocean [268]
AS355 Perak 95815,180404 Strait of Malacca [237] [212]
SA356 Rio das Mortes 95761,714995 Araguaia [97] [99]
SA357 Tapiche 95418,627641Ucayali [13]
AF358 Sewa 95219,022420Atlantic Ocean [268]
AS359 Chambal 952143,2191,024 Yamuna [36]
SA360 Río Negro 95271,154903Uruguay [56]
SA361 Cahuinari 95115,063667 Caquetá [13]
NA362 Río Grande de Matagalpa 95018,445555Caribbean Sea [281] [120] [210] [254]
AF363 Sangha above Ngoko 95084,197912 Sangha [n 89] [22]
AS364 Berau 94916,993593Celebes Sea [256] [145]
SA365 Anajás 94824,083300Amazon [13]
NA366 Winnipeg 947136,119256 Lake Winnipeg [282]
SA367 Maués Açu 94126,329443 Paraná do Urariá [13]
EU368 Loire 940117,3561,006 Bay of Biscay [120] [212] [9]
AS369 Bureya 94070,141739Amur [218] [92] [231]
SA370 Cuniuá 93939,365879 Tapauá [13]
SA371 Tietê 93772,1681,150Paraná [56]
AF372 Katsina Ala 93323,061346 Benue [18] [108] [109]
AS373 Tobol 932426,0001,591 Irtysh [71] [231]
NA374 Lacantún 93217,658288 Usumacinta [213]
AS375 Teesta 92912,466470Brahmaputra [190] [36]
EU376 Elbe 928148,2681,252North Sea [n 90] [212] [9] [237]
AF377 Lokoro 92848,912694Fimi [n 91] [22]
NA378 Nass 92520,839380 Portland Inlet [245] [120] [9] [283]
AU379 Ok Tedi 9235,042207Fly [131]
EU380 Tisza 920157,186966Danube [246] [136] [284] [138]
SA381 Manu 91913,210394Madre de Dios [13] [33]
SA382Mesay91614,234397Yarí [13]
SA383 Acará 91529,296390 Guajará Bay [n 74] [97]
AS384 Yalu 91365,216845 Yellow Sea [9]
NA385 Burntwood 912285,806381 Nelson [n 92] [282]
AS386 Brahmani 90357,358799Bay of Bengal [185] [21]
AF387 Ulindi 90231,190803Congo [22]
AF388 Lualaba above Luvua 901171,0001,096 Lualaba [22]
SA389 Río Negro 900197,5421,135Atlantic Ocean [9] [120]
AS390 Chara 90087,600851 Olyokma [51] [231]
AS391 Jhelum 89551,052816 Chenab [147]
SA392 Atabapo 89512,531185Guaviare [27]
AS393 Kotawaringin 89313,896352Java Sea [256] [145]
SA394 Suriname 89324,868480Atlantic Ocean [211] [212]
AF395 Rovuma 891155,316998Mozambique Channel [285] [62] [278] [212]
EU396 Vyatka 890128,7131,314Kama [111] [112]
SA397 Aguarico 88913,405503Napo [13]
EU398 Mezen 88678,760966White Sea [161] [9] [231]
AU399 Mappi 88513,719525Arafura Sea [n 61] [219] [220] [191]
SA400 Tiquié 88512,705356 Vaupés [13]
AS401 Agusan 88410,921400 Bohol Sea [9] [120]
NA402 George 88141,699563Ungava Bay [120] [9] [181] [237]
SA403 Curuá 87134,693585 Iriri [13] [72] [73]
AS404 Han 87030,112410South China Sea [120] [9] [237]
SA405 Jaú 86918,897587Rio Negro [13]
NA406 Kootenay 86850,298780Columbia [118]
AS407 Parlung Tsangpo 86828,631266 Yarlung Tsangpo [36]
SA408 Fresco 86643,771560Xingu [13] [72] [73] [17]
AF409 Saint John River 86416,157351Atlantic Ocean [62] [268]
NA410 Alsek 86328,023386 Gulf of Alaska [245] [120] [9]
SA411 Arauca 86329,5871,050Orinoco [27]
NA412 Cumberland 86246,8301,106Ohio [47] [48] [114]
AS413 Northern Sosva 86089,700754Ob [71] [231]
NA414 Sacramento 85677,209719 Suisun Bay [n 93] [212] [286] [287]
AS415 Indaw Chaung 8549,352308Irrawaddy [68]
SA416 Yavarí-Mirim 85314,631347Javary [13]
AS417 Rio Grande de Mindanao 85223,169373 Moro Gulf [9] [120]
NA418 Escondido 85011,650263Caribbean Sea [281]
NA419 Pend Oreille 85067,056771Columbia [118]
SA420 Abunã 84832,099705Madeira [13]
AS421 Siyom 8435,818170 Siang [36]
NA422 Thompson 84155,417489 Fraser [179]
SA423 Nechí 84114,613252Cauca [24] [116] [117]
AS424 Kinabatangan 84016,796563 Sulu Sea [145] [120]
NA425 Illinois 83972,701567Mississippi [n 94] [47] [48]
AS426 Kapuas 83814,473715 Barito [145]
SA427 Purui 82815,439633Japurá [13]
NA428 Patuca 82523,513592Caribbean Sea [120] [210] [254]
SA429 Ichilo 82417,405632Mamoré [13]
SA430 Pauini 82125,234690Purus [13]
AS431 Qu 81438,916723 Jialing [28]
SA432 Igara-Paraná 81012,945540 Putumayo [13]
AS433 Atrai 80122,876390Brahmaputra [36]
AS434 Uda 80064,511457 Uda Bay [9] [120] [231]
SA435 Palena 80012,887240Pacific Ocean [288]
AS436 Tuba 80036,900507Yenisei [n 95] [51] [231]
AF437 Lulua 79870,6131,184Kasai [22]
AS438 Nam Theun 79814,650246Mekong [63] [65]
AS439Kamla7978,101183 Subansiri [36]
AS440 Kochechum 79696,400733 Lower Tunguska [51] [231]
SA441 Corrientes 79513,001680 Tigre [13]
AS442 Zi 79529,521653Lake Dongting [28]
AS443 Lemro 79310,127297Bay of Bengal [n 70] [249] [250]
AU444 Baliem 79112,974414 Eilanden [220]
EU445 Svir 79076,428726 Lake Ladoga [n 96] [161]
AS446 Chulym 788134,0002,129Ob [71] [231]
AS447 Omolon 788118,6001,114 Kolyma [51] [231]
SA448 Uvá 78314,814597Guaviare [27]
SA449 Jatapu 78334,751525 Uatumã [13] [29]
AS450 Kameng 78110,841264Brahmaputra [190] [36]
SA451 Las Piedras 78018,989784Madre de Dios [13] [101]
SA452 Envira 77926,606877 Tarauaçá [13]
AU453Uwimmerah7776,437435 Digul [220]
AS454 Karun 77671,980867Shatt al-Arab [262] [263]
AF455 Itimbiri 77353,351700Congo [22]
AS456 Banghiang 77319,543370Mekong [63] [65]
NA457 Koyukuk 77081,326805Yukon [122] [123]
NA458 Great Whale River 76742,735726Ungava Bay [120] [9] [237]
AS459 Cả 76727,350531Gulf of Tonkin [253] [120]
AS460 Myittha 76724,466580 Chindwin [68]
AS461 Gui 76718,793426 Xi [103]
SA462 Manissauá-Miçu 76528,126477Xingu [13]
SA463 Bueno 76017,210200Pacific Ocean [289] [288]
SA464 Coppename 75924,868480Atlantic Ocean [211] [212]
SA465 Santa Cruz 75828,056477Atlantic Ocean [290]
AS466 Gyaing 7589,531250 Salween [126] [250]
AS467 Nam Ou 75526,160459Mekong [63] [65]
AS468 Taseyeva 751128,0001,319 Angara [51] [231]
NA469 Apalachicola 75051,413962Gulf of Mexico [n 97] [235] [120] [9]
SA470 Itacaiúnas 75041,418560Tocantins [97] [99] [291]
AF471 Mbam 75043,209548 Sanaga [154]
SA472 Abacaxis 74521,848724Paraná do Urariá [13]
SA473 Jandiatuba 74514,890716Solimões [13]
SA474Huayabamba74313,875218 Huallaga [13] [101]
SA475 Paru de Este 74039,289731Amazon [13]
AS476 Bahau 7409,187322 Kayan [145] [221]
SA477 Sipapo 74013,918257Orinoco [27]
EU478 Inn 73926,053518Danube [136] [137] [138] [246]
SA479 Novo 73916,140364 Jamanxim [13]
AS480 Sunkoshi 73918,195226 Koshi [36]
SA481 Paranã 73859,313677Tocantins [97] [99]
AS482 Penzhina 73778,794713 Penzhina Bay [120] [9] [231]
SA483 Ivaí 73336,587798Paraná [56]
NA484 Saint-Maurice River 73041,994563St. Lawrence River [89]
SA485 Curuá-Una 73031,116315Amazon [13]
EU486 Glomma 72842,441621 Skagerrak [120]
AU487 Mitchell 72771,757750 Gulf of Carpentaria [9] [292] [293]
SA488 Limay 72661,723380Río Negro [290]
AS489 Myitnge 72447,023523Irrawaddy [68]
AS490 Hai He 723320,6001,329Bohai Sea [120] [212]
NA491 Severn 722104,062804Hudson Bay [120] [181]
AF492 Chari above Bahr Salamat 721322,360501 Chari [n 98] [274]
AF493 Ntem 71833,527460Bight of Biafra [154]
AS494 Nen 718248,9881,223Songhua [218] [92]
AF495 Luangwa 716147,6221,042Zambezi [174] [173]
AS496 Vakhsh 71638,707786 Amu Darya [225] [228]
SA497 Suia-Miçu 71631,118519Xingu [13]
SA498Tamaya71614,117478Ucayali [13]
SA499 Sono 71645,687383Tocantins [97] [99]
AS500 Selemdzha 71568,390585 Zeya [218] [92] [231]
SA501 Pascua 71414,76062Pacific Ocean [289] [288]
AS502Joloi7148,269170Barito [145]
AS503 Nam Ngum 71016,640354Mekong [63] [65]
AF504 Mongala 70952,355663Congo [22]
NA505 Chitina 70621,800274 Copper [245]
AF506 Senegal 703847,2731,689Atlantic Ocean [120] [9] [237]
AS507 Kura 703218,9061,514 Caspian Sea [120] [9] [237]
AU508 Aramia 70210,716463 Bamu [220]
SA509 San Juan de Micay 7014,475206Pacific Ocean [294] [295]
NA510 Prinzapolka 70011,292332Caribbean Sea [120] [254]
SA511 Cisnes 7005,512160Pacific Ocean [289] [288] [296]
AF512 Alima 70023,193577Congo [22]
AS513 Uyu 69911,451347Chindwin [68]
NA514 Peel 69874,656684Mackenzie [107]
EU515 Neman 69495,298937 Curonian Lagoon [120] [9] [237] [279]
NA516 Winisk 69462,119665Hudson Bay [120] [181]
NA517 Hayes 69494,019633Hudson Bay [120] [181]
AS518 Gonam 69455,600686 Uchur [51] [231]
AS519 Bengawan Solo 69315,296600Java Sea [256] [297]
NA520 Koukdjuak 68966,543490 Foxe Basin [237]
SA521 Taquari 68926,428554 Jacuí [224]
SA522 Valdivia 68711,483140Pacific Ocean [289] [288] [298]
SA523 Mapuera 68625,903373 Trombetas [13]
SA524 Jaci Paraná 68513,198382Madeira [13]
AS525 Siak 68411,214370Strait of Malacca [196] [198]
SA526Yaguas68310,863475Putumayo [13]
AS527 Sesan 68318,967454Srépok [63] [65]
EU528 Buna – Drin 68219,686339Adriatic Sea [299]
AF529 Konkouré 68117,046328 Baie de Sangareya [268] [120] [9]
EU530 Garonne 68056,020529 Gironde [n 99] [212] [300] [9] [301]
EU531 Daugava 67883,4161,020 Gulf of Riga [120] [9] [237] [279]
NA532 Leaf

678

45,728517Hudson Bay [120] [9]
AF533 Elila 67827,360670Lualaba [22]
AS534Tanai Hka6787,807252Chindwin [68]
AS535 Kaveri 67781,155800Bay of Bengal [21] [185] [120] [9]
AU536Erave6715,875224 Purari [220]
AS537 Han-Gang 67034,397514 Yellow Sea [9]
NA538 Arnaud 67051,155446Hudson Bay [120] [9]
SA539 Puelo 6708,817120Pacific Ocean [289] [288] [120] [302]
SA540 Río Blanco 67076,916670 Guaporé [13]
SA541 Paru de Oeste 67041,879637Trombetas [13]
NA542 Ulúa 66922,817417Bay of Campeche [215] [120] [9]
AS543 Ket 66894,2001,621Ob [71] [231]
NA544 Hudson 66436,893507 Lower New York Bay [120] [9]
SA545 Acre 66435,912930Purus [13]
AS546 Kureyka 66444,700888Yenisei [51] [231]
SA547 Ronuro 66430,435468Xingu [13]
AS548 Sankosh 66412,061321Brahmaputra [190] [36]
AF549 Omo 66086,6571,104 Lake Turkana [9]
AU550 Turama 6605,879302Gulf of Papua [220] [120]
AS551 Amgun 66054,603723Amur [218] [92] [231]
AS552 Zuo 65934,212539 Yu [103]
AS553 Kirenga 65846,669746Lena [51] [231]
SA554 Orthon 65733,7091,293Beni [n 100] [13]
AS555 Vakh 65676,700964Ob [71] [231]
SA556 Manicoré 65511,163554Madeira [13]
NA557 aux Mélèzes 65442,735297 Koksoak [181]
AS558 Dihing 6535,975380Brahmaputra [190] [36]
EU559 Vuoksi 65372,867162Lake Ladoga [161]
AF560 Nyanga 65125,075600Atlantic Ocean [237]
SA561 Tuira

651

10,788230Pacific Ocean [289]
EU562 Douro 65097,109897Atlantic Ocean [212] [9] [120] [303]
SA563 Futaleufú 65010,979246Pacific Ocean [289] [288] [120]
SA564 Gurupí 64835,058720Atlantic Ocean [237] [304] [212]
NA565 Great Bear River 647162,693676Mackenzie [n 101] [107]
AU566 Sobger 6457,196180 Taritatu [220]
NA567 Little Mecatina 64317,903547Gulf of St. Lawrence [9] [120]
AF568 Kaduna 64265,878575Niger [108] [109]
SA569 Mutum 64212,772300 Jutaí [13]
AS570 Ou

640

18,028388South China Sea [9]
AF571 Salonga 64021,388659 Busira [22]
AS572 Mã 63729,912512Gulf of Tonkin [120] [253]
AS573Nam Pawn63718,881338Salween [126] [250]
SA574Carún6378,179280 Paragua [27]
SA575 Pasimoni 63610,389273Casiquiare [13]
AS576 Damodar 63643,096676 Hooghly [36]
SA577 Tuparro 63410,311460Orinoco [27]
AS578 Gilgit 63227,368251Indus [147] [305]
SA579 Sangue 63029,059509Juruena [13]
SA580 Cuchivero 63017,320384Orinoco [27] [26]
AS581 Sembakung 6289,518322 Celebes Sea [273] [256]
SA582 Aysén 62811,674171Pacific Ocean [289] [288] [306]
AF583 Kotto 62780,942906Ubangi [22]
NA584 Attawapiskat 62654,646748James Bay [120] [181]
SA585 Anauá 62521,304434Purus [13]
AU586 Yuat 62511,353373 Sepik [220]
NA587 Porcupine 623116,431916Yukon [122] [123]
AF588 Wouri 62011,700262 Wouri Estuary [n 102] [154] [307]
NA589 Pánuco 61992,037510Gulf of Mexico [215] [9]
SA590 Mearim 61756,687930 Baía de São Marcos [n 103] [308] [212] [304]
SA591 Itonamas 615123,8531,700Guaporé [13]
AF592 Donga 61519,972406Benue [108] [109]
OC593 Clutha 61417,119338Pacific Ocean [9] [120] [309]
SA594 Papagaio 61322,383350Juruena [13]
NA595 Back 612106,037974 Chantrey Inlet [120] [9] [212] [272]
AS596 Brantas 61211,973320 Bali Sea [256] [197] [297]
AS597 Thu Bôn 61110,350205South China Sea [120] [253]
SA598Parana Copea61110,532348Solimões [13]
AS599Nampuk Hka6116,900289Chindwin [68]
AS600 Nadym 61053,129545 Gulf of Ob [49] [120] [9] [231]
SA601 Piquiri 60724,156665Paraná [56]
SA602 Padauari 60717,384376Rio Negro [13]
NA603 Connecticut 60631,536655 Long Island Sound [120] [9]
AS604 Torsa 60412,183220Brahmaputra [190] [36]
AF605 Shire 602161,0581,200Zambezi [n 104] [174] [173]
SA606 Perené 60218,352294 Tambo [13]
EU607 Göta älv 60151,451723 Kattegat [9] [120]
SA608 Acari 60114,226564 Canumã [13]
AS609 Sangker 60128,764250 Tonlé Sap [63]
AF610 Anjobony 60115,524204 Sofia [271]
NA611 Colville 60063,433659Beaufort Sea [9] [120]
NA612 Taku 60019,336359Gulf of Alaska [245] [120] [9]
SA613 Imperial 60012,763230Pacific Ocean [289] [288] [310]
SA614Samiria60011,052353Marañón [13]
AF615 Mangoky 59755,750714Mozambique Channel [271] [237]
AS616 Tunguska 59630,070544Amur [218] [231]
AF617 Nyong 59527,887690Bight of Biafra [154]
NA618 White River 59547,666322Yukon [122] [123]
NA619 Kvichak 59016,830431 Kvichak Bay [120] [9]
AF620 Lofa 59010,446410Atlantic Ocean [62] [268]
NA621 Parsnip 59022,597240 Peace [107]
NA622 Yentna 59016,006130 Susitna [245]
SA623 Ribeira de Iguape 58924,753470Atlantic Ocean [9] [224]
NA624 Wheeler 58931,857400Ungava Bay [120] [9] [237]
SA625 Cuiabá 589109,2411,011 Paraguay [56]
SA626 Prêto 58810,470346 Ji-Paraná [13]
AF627 Bandama 58398,7511,050Atlantic Ocean [62] [268] [237]
EU628 Oder 582119,846854 Szczecin Lagoon [212] [9] [237] [279]
AS629 Kedang Kepala 58215,704324 Mahakam [145] [169]
AF630 Cestos 58112,723476Atlantic Ocean [62] [268]
EU631 Vistula above Narew 58084,670643 Vistula [n 105] [279]
AS632 Tapti 57966,331724Gulf of Khambhat [237] [212] [185]
AS633 Rapti 57944,185644Ganges [36]
SA634 Telembí 5794,644175 Patía [295]
AF635 Mahavavy Sud 57816,475410Mozambique Channel [271]
SA636 Crepori 57813,542404Tapajós [13]
EU637 Ebro 57782,841930Atlantic Ocean [212] [9] [120] [303]
NA638 Harricana 57729,267533James Bay [120] [9] [237] [181]
EU639 Drava 57740,154719Danube [246] [136] [138]
AS640 Sharda 57619,507483 Ghaghara [36]
EU641 Kemijoki 57553,542552 Gulf of Bothnia [212] [9] [237]
AU642 Bian 5728,862581Arafura Sea [219] [220] [191]
SA643 Toltén 5728,398123Pacific Ocean [289] [288]
AS644 Shilka 571206,0001,480Amur [218] [92] [231]
SA645 Peixoto de Azevedo 57019,511330 Teles Pires [13]
SA646 Anauá 56921,304434Rio Branco [13]
SA647 Biá 56812,778492 Jutaí [13]
SA648 Pardo 56635,673531 Rio Grande [56]
SA649 Pindaré 56540,482686Baía de São Marcos [n 103] [53] [212] [304]
SA650 Approuague 56410,681335Atlantic Ocean [211]
EU651 Seine 56376,238777 English Channel [212] [300] [9] [237] [120]
SA652 Manacacías 56110,053468Meta [27]
NA653 Santee 56039,837708Atlantic Ocean [n 106] [120] [276]
AS654Singkil56012,363368Andaman Sea [196]
SA655 Manacapuru 56014,103291Solimões [13]
AF656 Bani 559129,4941,100Niger [108] [109]
AS657 Anyuy 559108,134746Kolyma [51] [231]
EU658 Aare 55917,779292 Rhine [205]
AS659 Adycha 55889,800715 Yana [51] [231]
AS660 Belayan 5579,977319Mahakam [145] [169]
AF661 Corubal 55524,400675Canal do Geba [62] [268]
NA662 Pee Dee 55246,531569 Winyah Bay [n 107] [120] [276]
AS663 Nam Teng 55115,229449Salween [126] [250]
AS664 Lishui 55119,745437Songli Hongdao, Dongting Lake [28]
NA665 Delaware 55036,568579 Delaware Bay [120] [9]
AS666 Anabar 54894,023939Kara Sea [49] [120] [9] [51] [231]
NA667 Moisie 54719,273410Gulf of St. Lawrence [9] [241]
AF668 Rokel 54710,622386Atlantic Ocean [268]
AU669 Markham 54613,264300 Huon Gulf [220] [120] [135]
SA670 Sogamoso 54623,249389Magdalena [24] [116] [117] [295]
NA671 Kenogami 54651,111331 Albany [181]
SA672 Ivinheima 54538,200595Paraná [56]
AS673 Barumun 54413,384440Strait of Malacca [196]
AS674 Syr Darya 5421,113,5313,078 Aral Sea [n 108] [120] [227] [228] [311] [312]
AU675Digul Timur5413,166196Digul [220]
EU676 Onega 54059,359562White Sea [161] [9] [231]
AS677 Beas 54019,746251 Sutlej [147]
SA678Bóia54010,907369 Jutaí [13]
SA679 Kaká 53921,474287Beni [13] [33]
AS680 Sambas 5387,965233South China Sea [256] [145]
SA681 Rupununi 53823,684315 Essequibo [211]
AS682 Timpton 53744,400644Aldan [51] [231]
AS683 Kelantan 53611,900248South China Sea [9]
SA684 Palcazu 5349,689207 Pachitea [13]
SA685 Maule 53321,291240Pacific Ocean [9] [289] [288]
SA686Mazán5337,721509Napo [13] [101]
AS687 Fu 53136,003670Jialing [28]
SA688 Yacuma 53017,200627Mamoré [13] [33]
SA689Pardo52939,419600Paraná [56]
SA690 São Benedito 52513,797360Teles Pires [13]
SA691 Camaquã 52416,911430Lagoa dos Patos [21] [224] [11]
SA692 Potaro 5216,842255Essequibo [211] [209]
OC693 Waiau 5207,904169 Foveaux Strait [9] [120] [309]
SA694 Daule 52013,570380 Guayas [255]
AS695 Tuo 51927,866655Yangtze [28]
EU696 Ångermanälv 51831,864463Gulf of Bothnia [212] [9] [120] [161]
AS697 Shinano 51814,812367 Sea of Japan [9] [120] [313]
SA698 Portuguesa 51849,731624 Apure [27] [26]
AS699Labuk5176,829260 Sulu Sea [145] [242]
NA700 Kanawha 51731,282877Ohio [47] [48] [114]
AF701 Chinko 51753,071695 Mbomou [22]
AS702 Mahananda 51613,487240Ganges [36]
SA703 Macucuaú 51615,801165 Jauaperi [13]
EU704 Luleälv 51525,241461Gulf of Bothnia [212] [9] [120] [161]
NA705 Klamath 51540,795423Pacific Ocean [9] [120]
AF706 Mbini 51513,560365Atlantic Ocean [154]
AS707 Indravati 51440,769510Godavari [185]
SA708Tamaná5142,83191 San Juan [295]
SA709 Tapanahony 51319,826356 Maroni [211]
SA710 Padamo 5129,984238Orinoco [27]
NA711 Kobuk 51042,755600 Hotham Inlet [9] [120] [314]
NA712 Stewart 51051,023533Yukon [122] [123]
SA713 Apere 51014,987438Mamoré [13] [33]
SA714Gálvez51010,608190Yavarí-Mirim [13]
SA715 Capanaparo 50918,959636Orinoco [27]
AF716Anyim50916,368262 Cross [154]
SA717 Guariba 50816,286542Aripuanã [13]
EU718 Saône 50829,321473 Rhône [300]
AS719 Tizu 5087,295289Chindwin [68]
NA720 Thlewiaza 50763,428683Hudson Bay [120] [9] [272]
SA721 Naya 5072,649120Pacific Ocean [295]
AS722 Kunar 50725,815392 Kabul [147]
SA723 Jarauçu 50716,726337Xingu [13]
AS724 Beipan 50624,485449 Hongshui [103]
SA725 Tebicuary 50625,375360Paraguay [56]
SA726 Turiaçu 50414,394560Baía de Turiaçu [53] [304]
AS727 Kemena 5025,766190South China Sea [145] [242] [120]
AF728 Lufira 50251,480911 Lualaba [22]
AS729 Ataran 5025,930249Salween [126] [250]
AS730 Betwa 50144,185610Yamuna [36]
AF731 Nepoko 50121,761495 Aruwimi [22]
NA732 Balsas 500122,987720Pacific Ocean [9] [120] [215]
AF733 Oti 50075,6921,102 Volta [268] [269]
SA734Colorado5003,736135Madre de Dios [13]
SA735 Paracatu 49945,169507 São Francisco [201] [315]
NA736 Yazoo 49834,328613Mississippi [47] [48]
AS737 Sabari 49821,506418Godavari [185]
SA738 Mucajaí 49520,358565Rio Branco [13]
SA739Pucacuro4956,777431Tigre [13]
AS740Lalan49412,114251South China Sea [196]
AF741 Pungwe 49232,244417Mozambique Channel [n 109] [316] [237] [212] [62]
AU742 Momats 4928,862380Arafura Sea [220]
AF743 Logone 492101,4811,063Chari [n 110] [274] [317]
SA744Cuiuni49211,776563Rio Negro [13]
AS745 Youshui 49218,763484 Yuan [28]
AS746 Ishikari 49113,783268Sea of Japan [9] [120] [313]
AS747 Bago 4907,577331Gulf of Martaban [9] [250] [261]
AS748 Lupar 4906,558275South China Sea [145] [242] [120] [199]
SA749 Dos Apiacás 49016,091313Teles Pires [13]
AF750 Loange 48941,800865Kasai [22]
SA751 Bacajá 48925,757382Xingu [13]
AS752 Nam Pang 48912,427325Salween [126] [250]
SA753 San Miguel 4895,629295Putumayo [13]
NA754 Kennebec 48824,591270 Gulf of Maine [120] [9] [318]
OC755 Buller 4886,475177 Tasman Sea [9] [120] [309]
SA756 Uneiuxi 48812,475555Rio Negro [13]
SA757 Xié 4888,222293Rio Negro [13]
SA758 Cara Paraná 4877,266487Putumayo [13]
SA759 Sinú 48618,478415Caribbean Sea [24] [116]
AS760 Tavoy 4844,399190Andaman Sea [9] [120] [319]
AF761 Mahajamba 48314,883298Mozambique Channel [271]
NA762Unknown River– Atikonak 48323,924332 Churchill [241]
NA763 Harrison 4818,373177Fraser [179]
AF764 Ouham 48083,237917Chari [274]
SA765 Tuichi 4809,050323Beni [13] [33]
SA766 Mana 47912,203462Atlantic Ocean [211]
NA767San Juan4799,742398 Papaloapan [265]
AS768 Tone 47815,739322Pacific Ocean [9] [120] [313]
AS769 Bang Pakong 47822,005294Bay of Bangkok [9] [320]
AS770Disang4784,415253Brahmaputra [190] [36]
AS771 Tulang Bawang 4779,711409Java Sea [196]
AF772 Jong 4778,288249Atlantic Ocean [268] [62]
AS773 Biya 47737,000301Ob [71] [231]
AS774 Jiulong 47614,241285 Taiwan Strait [120] [9] [237] [266]
NA775 Skagit 4758,183240 Puget Sound [9] [120]
AF776 Maningory 47212,646260Indian Ocean [271]
SA777 Papurí 4726,838241Vaupés [13]
AS778Landak4728,462178Kapuas [145]
AU779Mubi4724,591160 Kikori [220]
SA780 Itapecuru 47054,9081,050Baía do Arraial [212] [304] [53]
NA781 Noatak 47032,989684 Kotzebue Sound [9] [120] [314]
SA782 Cinaruco 47011,604568Orinoco [27] [26]
NA783 South Nahanni 46936,690560 Liard [107]
AS784 Jian 46916,483295Min [266]
SA785 Moju 46812,961571 Acará [97]
AF786 Likouala-aux-Herbes 46729,981614Sangha [22]
SA787 Tibagi 46725,239550 Paranapanema [56]
AS788 Qing 46716,697423Yangtze [28]
SA789 Chambira 4679,258226Marañón [13]
AS790 Ili 466212,3291,439 Lake Balkhash [n 111] [120] [321] [322] [323]
AF791 Sobat 466437,4131,125 White Nile [n 112] [193] [195] [324]
AS792 Tungabhadra 46671,417678Krishna [185]
EU793 Weser 46545,807744North Sea [212] [9] [237] [325]
SA794 Jequitinhonha 46468,016727Atlantic Ocean [212] [53]
AU795 Kamundan 4645,640422 Berau Gulf [220]
NA796 Kazan 46472,8521,000 Baker Lake [272]
AS797 Tavda 46288,1001,384 Tobol [71] [231]
SA798 Ajajú 4617,813305Apaporis [13] [295]
AU799 Murray 4601,061,4693,672 Southern Ocean [n 113] [9] [120] [326] [327] [135]
SA800 Mantaro 46034,547809 Ené [13]
EU801 Pripyat 460119,911761 Dnieper [138] [252]
AS802Velymo46033,800504 Stony Tunguska [51] [231]
SA803 Urubu 46013,892430Amazon [13] [30]
AS804 Tromyogan 45955,600603Ob [71] [231]
AS805 Komering 4599,908359 Musi [196]
EU806 Sukhona 45847,264558Northern Dvina [161] [231]
SA807 Araçá 45816,732406 Demini [13]
SA808Marcapata4584,559130 Inambari [13]
NA809 Yellowstone 457180,3491,114 Missouri [47] [48] [42]
EU810 Vishera 45731,286415Kama [111] [112]
NA811 Iskut 4579,544248Stikine [245] [283]
SA812Sucio4575,440194 Atrato [295]
EU813 Tagus 45670,7561,007Sea of Straw [212] [9] [120] [303]
SA814 Pintoyaçu 4566,924319 Nanay [13]
NA815 Richelieu 45623,718124St. Lawrence River [89]
AS816 Dudypta 45533,100687 Pyasina [51] [231]
AS817 Rokan-kiri 4558,821374 Rokan [196]
SA818Algodón4548,268750Putumayo [13]
SA819 Vita 4548,149717Orinoco [27]
AS820 Markha 45399,0001,231 Vilyuy [51] [231]
AF821Luembe45346,649780Kasai [22]
SA822 San Jorge 45317,105368Magdalena [24] [116] [117] [295]
NA823 Eastmain 45247,013756 James Bay [n 45] [176] [181] [212] [9] [120]
AU824 Normanby 45224,408350 Coral Sea [293]
AF825 Wamba 45235,4351,017Kwango [22]
AS826 Bhima 45270,663861 Krishna [185]
SA827Río Salaquí4525,830169Atrato [295]
AS828 Agano 4517,710238Sea of Japan [9] [120] [313]
EU829 Narva 45058,147595Gulf of Finland [120] [9] [237] [279]
NA830 Penobscot 45022,408563Gulf of Maine [120] [9] [318]
EU831 Dordogne 45023,957483 Gironde [n 99] [212] [300] [9] [301]
SA832Pisqui4505,826325Ucayali [13]
EU833 Indalsälven 44826,727420Gulf of Bothnia [212] [9] [120] [161]
AF834Oso44716,589405 Lowa [22]
SA835 Jufari 44712,591322Rio Negro [13]
EU836 Pinega 44541,004779Northern Dvina [161] [231]
SA837 Bermejo 443123,1621,503Paraguay [56]
EU838 Ufa 44352,747918 Belaya [112]
SA839 Cauaburi 44312,139447Rio Negro [13]
AS840 Nakdong 44223,384510 Korea Strait [9]
AS841 Nyang 44217,929308Yarlung Tsangpo [36]
NA842 Natashquan 44116,948462Gulf of St. Lawrence [9] [241]
AS843 Serayu 4414,375181Indian Ocean [256] [328] [297]
AU844 Murray above Darling 441249,8501,680 Murray [326] [327]
AF845 Save 440116,100785Mozambique Channel [n 114] [316] [237] [212] [62]
EU846 Ölfusá 4405,678210Atlantic Ocean [212] [9] [120]
AS847 Khantayka 44030,700320Yenisei [51] [231]
AS848Baulai4403,349177 Surma [36]
AS849 Alaknanda 43910,882195Ganges [36]
SA850 Tapirape 43821,666317Araguaia [97]
EU851 Meuse 43735,438950North Sea [n 55] [9] [212] [120]
AS852 Mogami 4376,853229Sea of Japan [9] [120] [313]
SA853 Cuiari 4376,288338 Içana [13]
SA854 Imabu 43712,839228Trombetas [13]
EU855 Drina 43619,946492 Sava [n 115] [247] [248] [136] [329] [330]
SA856 Arapiuns 43615,432289Tapajós [13]
EU857 Umeälven 43527,547467Gulf of Bothnia [212] [9] [120] [161]
NA858 Lempa 43518,246422Pacific Ocean [9] [120]
AS859Chunya43570,500727Stony Tunguska [51] [231]
AF860 Tshopo 43319,248545 Lindi [22]
AS861 Ogan 4338,233344Musi [196]
SA862 Uarini 4337,196233Solimões [13]
AS863Sebangfai4328,560190Mekong [63] [65] [331]
EU864 Kuban 43058,936906 Sea of Azov [212] [9] [120] [138]
NA865 Pascagoula 43024,613470Gulf of Mexico [235] [120] [9]
AS866Tatau4305,150270South China Sea [145] [242] [120]
AU867 Wapoga 4305,096214 Cenderawasih Bay [220]
NA868 Clearwater 43024,294293 Snake River [118]
SA869Cushabatay4306,732230Ucayali [13]
SA870 Curuá 42928,099484Amazon [13] [30]
EU871 Minho 42817,619350Atlantic Ocean [212] [9] [120] [303]
EU872 Moselle 42828,286546Rhine [205]
EU873 Torneälv 42740,722522Gulf of Bothnia [212] [9] [120] [161]
SA874 Cassiporé 4276,152320Atlantic Ocean [211]
AS875 Little Yenisei 42758,700643Yenisei [51]
EU876 Izhma 42729,905531Pechora [161] [231]
AS877 Wardha 42648,037485 Pranahita [185]
AS878 Konda 42773,1761,097Irtysh [71] [231]
AS879 Mae Klong 42528,779512Bay of Bangkok [9] [320]
NA880 St. Johns River 42522,895500Atlantic Ocean [120] [9] [276]
AF881 Didessa 42528,208442 Blue Nile [193]
AF882 Kolenté 4247,832257Atlantic Ocean [268]
SA883 Iaco 42426,574747Purus [13]
NA884 Rupert 42343,253763 James Bay [n 45] [176] [181] [212] [9] [120]
AS885 Citarum 4236,614297Java Sea [256] [297]
AF886 Léfini 42314,951418Congo [22]
AS887 Taui 42225,538378 Taui Bay [9] [231] [332]
SA888 Manapiare 4228,132122 Ventuari [27]
AS889 Ba 42113,379388 South China Sea [120] [253]
AF890 Licungo 42129,691328 Mozambique Channel [316] [237]
AF891Lwando42127,696769 Cuanza [240]
OC892 Waikato 42015,359425 Tasman Sea [9] [120] [333] [309]
AS893 Subarnarekha 42019,576395 Bay of Bengal [21] [185] [120] [9]
AS894 Rioni 42014,010327 Black Sea [212] [9] [120] [138] [334]
AS895 Great Zab 41926,328494 Tigris [262]
AF896 Mahajilo 41916,647326 Tsiribihina [271]
SA897 Chinchipe 4199,799137 Marañón [13]
AS898Nam Lang4192,834106 Nam Hka [68]
AU899Sebyar4186,272304 Bintuni Bay [220]
SA900 Mayo 41813,927346 Huallaga [13]
SA901 Corumbá 41734,071568 Paranaíba [56]
AS902 Tapi 41613,472230 Bandon Bay [9] [319]
AF903 Mitimele 4167,433145 Muni River [154]
AS904 Manipur 41611,901338 Myittha [68]
SA905 Cononaco 4145,434289 Curaray [13]
AS906 Negara 41410,758128 Barito [145]
NA907 Green River 41323,757618 Ohio [47] [48] [114]
NA908 Pelly 41248,174762 Yukon [122] [123]
AF909 Osse 41214,099280 Benin [n 84] [268]
SA910 Yata 41120,7151,060 Mamoré [13] [33]
NA911 Colorado 410807,5732,945 Gulf of California [n 116] [9] [335] [336] [337]
AS912 Velikaya 40930,218556 Gulf of Anadyr [230] [231] [338]
AS913 Xinan 40911,703373 Qiantang [266]
AS914Bahe40919,744253 Qu [28]
SA915 Itajaí-Açu 40815,049273 Atlantic Ocean [9] [224]
SA916 Curiuaú 40811,832171 Rio Negro [13]
NA917 Altamaha 40638,167570 Atlantic Ocean [9] [120] [276]
AS918 Pamapanga 4069,759260 Manila Bay [9] [339]
NA919 Thelon above Dubawnt 40674,158603 Beverly Lake [272]
SA920 New River 40616,054404 Courantyne [211]
AU921May River4063,301180 Sepik [220]
NA922 La Pasión 40511,933377 Usumacinta [213]
NA923 Osage 40438,964553 Missouri [47] [48] [42]
AS924 Gâm 40414,973297 Lô [253]
SA925 Minerua 4047,877294 Juruá [13]
SA926 Cayapas 4036,321175 Pacific Ocean [120] [289]
AS927 Mayn 40332,800475 Anadyr [230] [231]
SA928 Pira Paraná 4036,081285 Apaporis [13]
AS929 Belaya 40244,700396 Anadyr [230] [231]
SA930 Sapucaí 40225,199343 Rio Grande [56]
AS931 Liao 400274,5601,430 Bohai Sea [120] [212] [9]
NA932 Pearl River 40022,423790 Mississippi Sound [235] [9]
NA933 Rivière aux Outardes 40019,057499 Estuary of St. Lawrence [89]
AS934 Agno 4007,107248 Lingayen Gulf [9] [339]
AS935 Popigay 40050,300532 Khatanga [51] [231]
AF936 Anambra 40014,014256 Niger [109]
AU937Bigabu4004,457189 Tariku [220]
AS938 Abra 3985,125206 South China Sea [9] [120] [339]
AF939 Lúrio 39761,393593 Mozambique Channel [278] [212] [237]
AS940 Lematang 3967,340348 Musi [196]
SA941 Cesar 39622,931280 Magdalena [117]
AS942 Great Kheta 39520,700646 Yenisei [51]
AU943 Burdekin 394130,108886 Coral Sea [293] [292] [9] [120]
NA944 San Joaquin 39483,408589 Suisun Bay [n 93] [212] [286] [287]
AS945 Khor 39424,566453 Ussuri [218] [231]
AS946 Ken 39428,665427 Yamuna [36]
AS947 Luoyang 39316,391367 Taiwan Strait [9] [266]
AS948 Jelai –Bila 3936,478135 Java Sea [256] [145]
NA949 Wawa 3927,719221 Caribbean Sea [281] [254]
SA950 Alalaú 39211,651346 Jauaperi [13]
AS951 Mahi 39136,238583 Gulf of Khambhat [237] [212] [120] [185]
AF952 Imo 3927,900335 Bight of Biafra [154]
AS953 Kitakami 3919,652249 Pacific Ocean [9] [120] [313]
NA954 Fort Nelson 39154,477517 Liard [107]
SA955 Cotuhé 3916,509335 Putumayo [13]
NA956 Río Grande de Santiago 390136,6281,270 Pacific Ocean [9] [120] [215]
AS957 Periyar 3906,377244 Vembanad [120] [185]
EU958 Thjórsá 3907,578230 Atlantic Ocean [212] [9] [120]
AS959 Shyok 39060,983550 Indus [147] [305]
SA960 Ocamo 3909,409258 Orinoco [27]
SA961Cano San Miguel3884,905166 Guainía [13]
NA962 Povungnituk 38728,657402 Hudson Bay [237] [9] [181]
SA963Suripá38714,045307 Apure [27]
AF964 Mangoro 38617,175300 Indian Ocean [271]
NA965 Seal 38658,361260 Hudson Bay [120] [9] [272]
EU966 Vaga 38643,456575 Northern Dvina [161] [231] [340]
AS967 Tel 38623,015296 Mahanadi [185]
AS968 Xinyi – Yi 38560,218603 East China Sea [266] [341]
NA969 Monongahela 38518,992417 Ohio [47] [48] [114]
AS970 Steung Saen 38422,034520 Tonlé Sap [63]
NA971 Nipigon 38425,64548 Lake Superior [89]
NA972 Broadback 38320,849451 James Bay [120] [9] [237] [181]
AS973 Moei 38314,978332 Salween [126] [250]
NA974 Churchill 382315,9861,813 Hudson Bay [n 44] [176] [212] [178] [272]
AF975 Atbarah 382205,095986 Nile [193] [195]
SA976 Cubate 3826,321321 Içana [13]
AU977Omba3815,360157 Arafura Sea [220]
SA978 Papunáua 3816,830321 Inírida [27]
AU979 Lorentz 3803,962277 Arafura Sea [220] [219] [191]
AU980 Musa 3806,179140 Solomon Sea [220]
AF981 Bahr el Ghazal 380851,4591,201 White Nile [n 117] [193] [195] [342] [343]
AF982 Taraba 38022,072329Benue [108] [109]
SA983 Aro 37915,090299Orinoco [27] [26]
SA984 Aiari 3795,865228Içana [13]
EU985 Neretva 37811,798225Adriatic Sea [299] [330] [120]
OC986 Grey 3783,932121Tasman Sea [9] [120] [309]
NA987 Abitibi 37729,500540 Moose [181]
AU988 Daly 37653,708682 Timor Sea [237] [9] [292] [293]
NA989 Potomac 37632,381652 Chesapeake Bay [9] [212] [276]
AS990 Padas 3768,774220 Brunei Bay [145] [242]
OC991 Waitaki 37611,928209Pacific Ocean [9] [120] [309]
AS992 Biryusa 37655,8001,012 Taseyeva [51] [231]
AS993Tinjar3764,087251 Baram [145]
AU994Karawari3767,566209Sepik [220]
NA995 Betsiamites 37518,984444 Estuary of St. Lawrence [89] [176]
AS996 Abakan 37532,000327 Yenisei [51] [231]
AS997 Mu 37519,485275 Irrawaddy [68]
SA998 Cunucunuma 3756,205241 Orinoco [27]
SA999 Mataurá 3758,166203 Madeira [13]
SA1000 Berbice 37415,920595 Atlantic Ocean [211] [212]
AS1001Tarpein3747,053117 Irrawaddy [68]
EU1002 Kalixälv 37317,158461 Gulf of Bothnia [212] [9] [120] [161]
AF1003 Faro 37327,600425 Benue [108] [109]
AF1004 Kafue 372155,8051,576 Zambezi [174] [173]
AS1005 Turukhan 37135,800639 Yenisei [51] [231]
AF1006 Orange 3701,020,0002,432 Atlantic Ocean [212] [9] [237] [342] [344] [345]
AF1007 Mano 3707,634320 Atlantic Ocean [268] [62]
SA1008 Madidi 37012,651390 Beni [13] [33]
NA1009 Savannah 36928,265484 Atlantic Ocean [9] [120] [276]
AF1010 Queve 36922,908592 Atlantic Ocean [240]
SA1011 Madeirinha 36911,185314 Roosevelt [13]
AS1012Thazalol3692,92295 Mali [68]
AS1013 Mun above Chi 36853,397673 Mun [63]
AS1014 Bé 3687,518350 Ðông Nai [253]
AF1015 Bemarivo 3689,932264 Anjobony [271]
SA1016 Mecaya 3664,595210 Caquetá [13]
AS1017 Huangpu 36626,251114 Yangtze [28]
AS1018Boh3656,624168 Mahakam [145] [169]
NA1019 Gatineau 36423,724443 Ottawa [89]
AS1020 Noa Dihing 3643,301200 Lohit [36]
NA1021 White River 36329,115583 Wabash [114]
NA1022 Dulce – Polochic 3628,758282 Amatique Bay [237] [244] [346]
SA1023 Los Amigos 3624,466365 Madre de Dios [13]
AS1024Talovka36134,498378 Penzhina Bay [231] [244]
NA1025 Tonalá 3615,679300 Caribbean Sea [215] [244] [277]
EU1026 Adour 36016,912309 Bay of Biscay [120] [212] [9] [300]
NA1027 Rio Grande de Térraba 3604,658174 Pacific Ocean [215] [254]
AS1028 Mayu 3605,115155 Bay of Bengal [n 70] [249] [250]
EU1029 Desna 36088,4901,187 Dnieper [138] [252]
AF1030Luwegu36025,444376 Rufiji [278]
AS1031 Dikhow 3594,022236 Brahmaputra [36]
SA1032Saposoa3597,126150 Huallaga [13]
SA1033 Lucie 35810,051234 Courantyne [211]
NA1034 Coppename 35752,398845 Coronation Gulf [120] [9] [212]
SA1035 Guapi 3572,630132 Pacific Ocean [295] [289]
AS1036 Netravati 3574,384106 Arabian Sea [120] [185]
AF1037 Gambia 35577,0541,180 Atlantic Ocean [9] [212] [268]
NA1038 Roanoke 35526,801660 Albemarle Sound [9] [212] [276]
SA1039 Ipixuna 35519,133596 Purus [13]
AF1040 Ikopa 35512,798382 Betsiboka [271]
SA1041 Carrao 3556,824272 Caroní [27]
AS1042Tutoh3553,972227 Baram [145]
SA1043 Conambo 3553,686215 Tigre [13]
SA1044 Sucuriú 35425,220450 Paraná [56]
AS1045 Mama 35418,900406 Vitim [51] [231]
NA1046 Tana 3542,500105 Chitina [245]
EU1047 Dalälven 35328,954541 Gulf of Bothnia [212] [9] [120] [161]
NA1048Kanairiktok35212,274322 Labrador Sea [241]
NA1049 Nechako 35246,943516 Fraser [179]
AF1050Lua35225,237483 Ubangi [22]
AF1051Lugulu35210,929483 Ulindi [22]
AS1052 Seti Gandaki 3527,396202 Ghaghara [36]
AS1053Kumey3523,817148Kamla [36]
AS1054 Bheri 35113,846264 Ghaghara [36]
EU1055 Ural 350339,0842,582 Caspian Sea [347] [212] [9] [120] [161] [231]
EU1056 Terek 35043,700623 Caspian Sea [212] [9] [120] [348] [231]
AS1057 Kiso 3505,419227 Pacific Ocean [9] [120] [313]
EU1058 Ticino 3508,061280 Po [260]
AF1059 Limpopo 349421,1231,750 Indian Ocean [n 118] [212] [9] [349] [270]
EU1060 Tuloma 34929,586359 Kola Bay [161] [9] [212]
AU1061 Wawoi 3494,312482 Bamu [220]
AS1062 Qingyi 34912,933290 Dadu [28]
AS1063 Yong Tsangpo 34913,533286 Parlung Tsangpo [36]
AS1064 Great Patom 34828,400570 Lena [51] [231]
AS1065 Nam Hka 34810,308278 Salween [126] [250]
EU1066 Kem 34730,254385 White Sea [161] [9] [212]
NA1067 Naskaupi 34712,691271 Lake Melville [241]
AF1068 Mpoko 34726,334368 Ubangi [22]
NA1069 Salmon 34636,186684 Snake River [118]
AF1070 Ouaka 34640,460598 Ubangi [22]
AS1071 Bailong 34632,972576 Jialing [28]
AS1072 Tokachi 3456,804156 Pacific Ocean [9] [120] [313]
AS1073 Vahsyugan 34561,8001,082 Ob [71] [231]
AS1074 Lyapin 34527,300404 Northern Sosva [71] [231]
AS1075 Qu 34511,468258 Qiantang [266]
AF1076 Lekoni 3447,593252 Ogooué [154]
AS1077 Nyukzha 34332,100583 Olyokma [51] [231]
AS1078Agapa34326,000396 Pyasina [51] [231]
AU1079 Sobger 3433,552189 Taritatu [220]
AS1080 Yudoma 34243,700765 Maya [51] [231]
AF1081Mambéré34228,018520 Sangha [22]
NA1082 West Branch Susquehanna 34218,035391 Susquehanna [276]
NA1083 Rogue 34113,342346 Pacific Ocean [9] [212]
AS1084 Vivi 34126,800426 Lower Tunguska [51] [231]
SA1085 Crixás Açu 34123,196420 Araguaia [97]
EU1086 Oulujoki 34030,555107 Gulf of Bothnia [212] [9] [161]
AS1087 Bakhta 34035,500498 Yenisei [51] [231]
SA1088 Pelotas 34013,378437 Uruguay [56]
AS1089 Kulsi 3404,615220 Brahmaputra [190] [36]
SA1090Rio Branco3405,358126 Ituí [13]
NA1091 Romaine 33914,349451 Gulf of St. Lawrence [89] [176]
AS1092 Teshio 3395,590256 Sea of Japan [9] [313]
SA1093 Coca 3395,308245 Napo [13]
AS1094 Amguema 33829,600498 Chukchi Sea [49] [9] [51] [231] [23]
SA1095 Quixito 3385,564204 Itaquai [13]
EU1096 Dniester 33773,1581,362 Dniester Estuary [120] [212] [251]
AS1097 Messoyakha 33724,435466 Taz Estuary [49] [9] [51] [231] [350]
AS1098 Lian 33710,131275 Bei [103]
SA1099Namangoza33711,119200 Santiago [13]
NA1100 Innoko 33636,517805 Yukon [122] [123]
SA1101 Corriente 33626,873500 Paraná [56]
AF1102Louessé33616,119325 Kouilou [154]
SA1103 Cenepa 3366,825206 Marañón [13]
AS1104 Limbang 3353,920275 South China Sea [145] [242]
AS1105 Lhasa 33532,471568 Yarlung Tsangpo [36]
AS1106 Chishui 33518,873523 Yangtze [28]
NA1107 Fond du Lac 33551,467313 Lake Athabasca [107]
SA1108 Rio dos Bois 33434,759528 Paranaíba [56]
AS1109 Arga-Sala 33447,700503 Olenyok [51] [231]
NA1110 Stony 33416,513310 Kuskokwim [245]
AS1111 Rawas 3345,841208 Musi [196]
AS1112Drung3349,913179 Mali [68]
EU1113 Vyg 33331,352237 Onega Bay [161] [9] [212]
SA1114 Carabinani 3337,196401 Jaú [13]
EU1115 Isère 33311,890286 Rhône [300]
NA1116 Sudden Stream 3323,019138 Yakutat Bay [351] [245] [352]
AU1117Siriwo3314,013151 Cenderawasih Bay [220]
AS1118 Kan 33136,900629 Yenisei [51] [231]
NA1119 Teslin 33135,014393 Yukon [122] [123]
SA1120 Pacaás Novos 33116,985344 Mamoré [13]
AS1121 Zanskar 33114,874134 Indus [147] [305]
AS1122Kayaniat3314,103126 Kayan [145]
NA1123 Green River 33023,757618 Ohio [47] [48] [114]
SA1124 São Lourenço 33055,103559 Cuiabá [56]
SA1125 Bobonaza 3303,375405 Pastaza [13]
AS1126 Merangin 3305,278162 Tembesi [196]
NA1127 Sarapiquí 3303,093103 San Juan del Norte [254]

Notes

  1. ↑ The Amazon is the largest river in the world by discharge. Average discharge at near mouth 209,000 m³/s (period 1973 to 1990); Source or headwater: Amazon and Solimões (main stem 3,837 km)– Ucayali (main stem 1,668 km; drainage area 352,304 km²; average discharge at Requena 12,200 m³/s, and 12,600 m³/s at near mouth, 1981–2020)– Tambo (main stem 158 km; 131,726 km²; 2,892 m³/s)– Ené (main stem 181 km; 108,767 km²; 2,046 m³/s)– Apurímac (main stem 666 km; 64,734 km²; 1,050 m³/s)–Hornillos (65 km) → Total length 6,575 km (see→Source of the Amazon River); The Rio Pará is a tidally influenced estuary south of the Amazon River and Marajó Island. From the mouth of the Anapu River and the Furo do Tajapuru Channel (Amazon branch) to the Atlantic Ocean, it is about 350 km long. From the mouth of the Tocantins River, it is called the Marajó Bay. The Rio Pará estuary receives a significant amount of water from the north through the Amazon River. Some scientists advocate classifying it as part of the Amazon basin, since a significant amount of water (on average 6,000 m³/s) enters the system from the Amazon. If Amazon with Rio Pará considered as a water system, the catchment area is 6,925,674 km² (according to ANA), the total discharge averages at Amazon Delta 223,700 m³/s (or 220,800 m³/s for the period 1973–1990, according to HyBAM).
  2. ↑ Average discharge at Banana (near mouth) 1,308 km³/year, at Kinshasa and Brazzaville 40,500 m³/s (1902–2021). The Congo is the second or third largest river in the world by discharge. Source or headwaters: Congo (main stem 2,300 km)– Lualaba (above Boyoma Falls at Kisangani–Luvua River mouth main stem 978 km – total length 2,074 km, drainage area 969,518 km², average discharge 7,640 m³/s) [18] [19] – Luvua (main stem 388 km, 263,090 km², 644 m³/s) [18] –Lake Mweru (Luapula inflow–Luvua outflow 116 km)– Luapula (main stem 555 km – total length 918 km, 173,709 km², 754 m³/s) [18] –Lake Bangweulu and Bangweulu Wetlands (Chambeshi inflow–Luapula outflow 110 km)– Chambeshi (671 km, 60,425 km², 447 m³/s) [18] → Total length 5,118 km;
  3. ↑ Average discharge at Orinoco Delta, 1983–2020; The Orinoco is the third or fourth largest river in the world by discharge; Source or headwater: Orinoco (lower and middle Orinoco main stem 1,250 km – The total length from the traditional – geographical – source to the mouth is 2,140 km;)– Guaviare (main stem 1,220 km, drainage area 151,607 km², average discharge 7,529 m³/s – period 1926 to 2011)– Guayabero (540 km, 24,346 km²; 986 m³/s) [24] → Total length 3,010 km;
  4. ↑ Average discharge at Yangtze Delta 995.8 km³/year, period 1955–2021; Source or headwater: Yangtze (main stem 2,767 km)– Jinsha (main stem 2,290 km; drainage area 471,454 km²; average discharge 5,069 m³/s)– Tongtian (main stem 813 km; 139,955 km²; 427 m³/s)–Dangqu (366 km; 31,254 km²; 196 m³/s) → Total length 6,236 km;
  5. ↑ Average discharge at Manaus 30,641 m³/s, 1979–2015 (28,400 m³/s, 1973–1990); Source or headwaters: Rio Negro (main stem 1,700 km)– Guainía (length 662 km, drainage area 31,284 km², average discharge 2,433 m³/s) [24] → Total length 2,362 km;
  6. ↑ Average discharge 30,173 m³/s, 1979–2015 (31,200 m³/s, 1973–1990); Source or headwater: Madeira (main stem 1,450 km)– Mamoré (main stem 1,042 km – total length 1,298 km, drainage area 633,613 km²; average discharge 7,743 m³/s)– Río Grande o Guapay (820 km; 106,396 km²; 727 m³/s)–Caine (119 km)–Rocha (69 km)–Mailanco (18 km) → Total length 3,518 km; The Madeira is thus one of the three longest tributaries in the world, along with the Irtysh and the Missouri. The confluence of the Madeira River estuary with the Amazon is a complex process. The Amazon River acts as a dam, carrying four times as much water despite its almost flat fall. Furthermore, the Madeira River has a significant sediment load (450×10⁶ ton/year). This is the same as the Amazon River, despite its lower volumetric flow, and is deposited where the current slows down. The Madeira River estuary is therefore a type of delta that extends for more than 300 km along the southern coast of the Amazon. A western branch, the Parana Madeirinha, branches off the main riverbed 200 km upstream of the estuary. This branch is fed by a major tributary, the Igapó-Açu. It flows into the Amazon River 12 km upstream of the main riverbed of the Madeira River. A 450 km long eastern branch, the Paraná do Urariá (also known as the Paraná do Ramos), branches off from the main river 100 km from the mouth and flows eastward parallel to the Amazon River. This branch isolates the large Tupinambarana island (area 11,850 km²), which is actually made up of four swampy islands surrounded by the river to the south and by branches of the Amazon to the north. It is fed by several tributaries: the Canumã, the Abacaxis, the Maués Açu and the Mamuru Rivers. The Paraná do Urariá (or Paraná do Ramos) joins the Amazon near the city of Parintins, 310 km downstream from the mouth of the main river Madeira. If these two branches and the tributaries that flow into them are added to the Madeira River, the total drainage area 1,496,852 km², and the average discharge exceeds 35,000 m³/s. This makes the Madeira the most abundant of the tributaries, surpassing major rivers such as the Yangtze (and only slightly behind the discharge of the Orinoco River), and the fifth largest river in the world in terms of discharge.
  7. ↑ Entire Brahmaputra with Old Brahmaputra and Upper Meghna Basin; Average discharge 850 km³/year (Brahmaputra with Old Brahmaputra 700 km³/year, Upper Meghna 150 km³/year – period from 1990 to 2020); Source or headwater: Lower Meghna (main stem 130 km)–Padma (main stem 120 km)–Jamuna (main stem 337 km)–Brahmaputra (main stem 738 km)–Siang or Dihang (main stem 294 km; drainage area 256,374 km²; average discharge 5,037 m³/s)– Yarlung Tsangpo (main stem 2,229 km; 241,691 km²; 2,899 m³/s) → Total length 3,848 km; [34]
  8. 1 2 The Ganges–Brahmaputra–Meghna is the second largest river in the world by discharge. Between 1990 and 2020, about 1,350 km³/year (period from 1921 to 1985: 43,704 m³/s) of freshwater flowed into the Bay of Bengal through the Ganges Delta. This includes the amount of water diverted from the Ganges at Farakka Barrage and flowing out through the mouth of the Hooghly. This combined river (total drainage area 1,731,334 km²) system delivers the largest amount of sediment in the world to the Bay of Bengal. Sediment load to some estimates, 1,840–2,177 million tons per year. [20] [23] [1]
    Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna Basin Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna basins.jpg
    Ganges–Brahmaputra–Meghna Basin
  9. ↑ Mississippi with Atchafalaya; Average discharge at Mississippi Delta 673 km³/year (Mississippi 474, Atchafalaya 199 km³/year), 1981–2021; Source or headwater: Mississippi (lower and middle Mississippi main stem 1,954 km)– Missouri (main stem 3,726 km, drainage area 1,376,180 km², average discharge 2,778 m³/s)–Jefferson (134 km, 24,915 km², 69 m³/s)–Beaverhead (111 km, 12,318 km², 41 m³/s)–Red Rock (113 km, 4,092 km², 16 m³/s)–Hell Roaring Creek (46 km, 441 km², 4 m³/s) → Total length 6,084 km; [42]
  10. ↑ Average discharge at near mouth 637 km³/year (1984–2018); Source or headwater: Yenisei (lower and middle main stem 2,249 km)– Angara (main stem 1,849 km; drainage area 1,069,040 km²; average discharge 4,530 to 5,250 m³/s)–Lake Baikal (Selenga inflow–Angara outflow 238 km)– Selenga (main stem 1,024 km; 447,060 km²; 964 m³/s)–Ider (456 km; 24,555 km²; 65 m³/s) → Total length 5,816 km;
  11. ↑ The average discharge of the Paraná River at the Paraná Delta (19,706 m³/s), covers a 40-year period (1971–2010); Drainage area 2,630,667 km²; Source or headwater: Paraná (main stem 2,897 km)– Rio Grande (length 1,455 km; drainage area 143,656 km²; average discharge 2,435 m³/s) → Total length 4,352 km; The common estuary of the Paraná and Uruguay rivers is the La Plata. The La Plata is about 327 km total length (inner fluvial zone 225 km). Its drainage basin is 3,182,064 km² (basin size with endorheic area 4,144,000 km²). It is estimated that about 27,225 m³/s of freshwater flows into the Atlantic Ocean through the estuary (1971–2010). Some consider the La Plata to be a river, others a bay.
  12. ↑ Average discharge at Lena Delta 581 km³/year, period from 1984 to 2018; Source or headwaters: Lena (lower and middle Lena main stem 2,714 km)– Vitim (main stem 1,837 km, drainage area 234,219 km², average discharge 2,379 m³/s)–Vitimkan (141 km) → Total length 4,692 km;
  13. ↑ Average discharge at San Regis, 1981–2020 (16,400 m³/s, 1973–1990); Hydrologic source of Amazon River (see→Source of the Amazon River);
  14. ↑ Average discharge 500 km³/year (period from 1990 to 2020); Source or headwater: Lower Meghna (main stem 130 km)–Padma (main stem 120 km)–Padma Ganges (main stem 236 km)–Ganges or Ganga (main stem 2,013 km)–Bhagirathi (length 205 km, drainage area 6,921 km², average discharge 258 m³/s) → Total length 2,704 km;
  15. ↑ Average discharge at Irrawaddy Delta 486 km³/year; Source or headwater: Irrawaddy (main stem 1,879 km)– N'Mai (main stem 352 km, 24,337 km², 1,383 m³/s)–Khakabo Razi (57 km) → Total length 2,288 km;
  16. ↑ Average discharge at near mouth 414 km³/year (1984–2018); Source or headwater: Ob (lower Ob main stem 1,277 km)– Irtysh (main stem 3,576 km; drainage area 1,691,000 km²; average discharge 2,995 m³/s, period 1971–2000)–Black Irtysh (or Kara Irtysh; 672 km; 53,000 km², 354 m³/s) → Total length 5,525 km; [70]
  17. ↑ Average discharge at Santarém 12,800 m³/s, 1985–2018 (13,540 m³/s, 1973–1990); Source or headwater: Tapajós (main stem 810 km)– Teles Pires (or São Manoel – length 1,481 km, drainage area 141,987 km², 3,961 m³/s) → Total length 2,291 km; [72] [73] [74] [30]
  18. ↑ St. Lawrence River at Quebec City: average discharge (1968–2023) 12,500 m³/s, drainage basin 1,057,304 km², length 3,058 km (source to L' Islet); St. Lawrence River at Pointe-des-Monts Lighthouse: length 3,380 km, drainage basin 1,266,642 km², average discharge 17,600 m³/s (1969–2023); Source or headwater: St. Lawrence River (main stem 646 km – main stem with estuary 968 km)–Lake Ontario (Niagara inflow–St. Lawrence River outflow 311 km)– Niagara (length 58 km; drainage area 684,000 km²; average discharge 5,885 m³/s) [78] [79] [80] [81] –Lake Erie (Detroit inflow–Niagara outflow 385 km)– Detroit (45 km; 595,052 km²; 5,324 m³/s) [81] [82] [83] [84] –Lake St. Clair (St. Clair River inflow–Detroit outflow 53 km)– St. Clair River (65 km; 583,509 km²; 5,200 m³/s) [81] [85] [86] –Lake Huron (St. Marys River inflow–St. Clair River outflow 440 km)– St. Marys River (120 km; 211,833 km²; 2,177 m³/s) [87] [81] –Lake Superior (St. Louis River inflow–St. Marys River outflow 616 km)–Saint Louis River (309 km; 9,410 km²; 147 m³/s)–North River (10 km) → Total length 3,058 km (with estuary 3,380 km);
  19. ↑ Average discharge at near mouth 390 km³/year (2002–2020); Source or headwater: Amur (main stem 2,874 km)– Argun (main stem 965 km – Argun with Hailar total length 1,620 km, drainage area 300,977 km², average discharge 409 m³/s)–Dalan Orom (Xinkai) and Hulun Lake (Kherlen inflow–Dalan Orom outflow 94 km)– Kherlen (1,565 km, 238,600 km², 54 m³/s) → Total length 5,498 km;
  20. ↑ Average discharge 11,800 m³/s (1973–1990); Source or headwater: Tocantins (lower Tocantins main stem 473 km)– Araguaia (length 2,627 km, drainage area 386,073 km², average discharge 6,420 m³/s) → Total length 3,100 km; The Rio Pará is a tidally influenced estuary south of the Amazon River and Marajó Island. From the mouth of the Anapu River and the Furo do Tajapuru Channel (Amazonas branch) to the Atlantic Ocean, it is about 350 km long. From the mouth of the Tocantins River, it is called the Marajó Bay. The total length of the Rio Pará and Tocantins system is 2,850 km from the source of the Maranhão River, and 3,100 km from the source of the Araguaia River. Its total drainage area is approximately 1 million square kilometers. The Rio Para estuary receives a significant amount of water from the north through the Amazon River. It receives less water from the smaller northern tributaries originating on Marajó Island. The southern inflows are much more significant: the Anapu, the Pacajá, the Jacundá, the Tocantins–Araguaia system, the Guamá–Capim with its Acará–Moju tributaries. Of these, the Tocantins is considered a separate water system from the Amazon. Some scientists advocate classifying it as part of the Amazon basin, since a significant amount of water (on average 6,000 m³/s) enters the system from the Amazon. The annual average discharge of the Pará River (Rio Pará) before the mouth of the Tocantins River is approximately 10,000 m³/s. Of this, about 6,000 m³/s comes from the Amazon through the Breves Channel and the Furo do Tajapuru branch. The estuarine system of the Rio Pará and Tocantins is extremely complex. The discharge of the Tocantins fluctuates greatly seasonally. In drier periods, the Amazon River contributes to the discharge through the Breves Channel, so the average discharge of the entire estuary system can reach 21,000–26,000 m³/s at the Atlantic mouth; [93] [94] [95] [96]
  21. ↑ Average discharge at Pearl River Delta 336 km³/year (1953–2017); Source or headwater: Pearl River (main stem length 177 km)– Xi (main stem 210 km; drainage area 338,899 km²; average discharge 7,420 m³/s)– Xun (172 km, 314,096 km², 6,645 m³/s)– Qian (121 km, 186,660 km², 3,901 m³/s)– Hongshui (670 km, 125,626 km², 2,381 m³/s)– Nanpan (950 km, 50,560 km², 685 m³/s) → Total length 2,400 km;
  22. ↑ Average discharge at Mackenzie Delta 310 km³/year (1984–2018); Source or headwater: Mackenzie (main stem 1,749 km)–Great Slave Lake (Slave inflow–Mackenzie outflow 135 km)– Slave (main stem 434 km, drainage area 616,400 km², 3,451 m³/s)– Peace (1,521 km, 306,000 km², 2,225 m³/s)– Finlay (402 km, 43,271 km², 680 m³/s) → Total length 4,241 km;
  23. ↑ Average discharge at near mouth (period from 1968 to 1982); Source or headwater: Beni (main stem 1,178 km)–Alto Beni (main stem 178 km, drainage area 31,240 km², average discharge 637 m³/s)–Cotacajes (main stem 125 km, 8,310 km², 121 m³/s)–Sacambaya (37 km)–Ayopaya (40 km)–Leque (37 km)–Tallija (24 km) → Total length 1,619 km;
  24. ↑ Average discharge at near mouth, 1972–2003 (9,680 m³/s, period 1973 to 1990); Source or headwater: Xingu (main stem 1,640 km)– Culuene (length 684 km, 29,560 km², average discharge 543 m³/s) → Total length 2,324 km;
  25. ↑ Average discharge at near mouth, 1951–1996; Source or headwater: Ohio (main stem 1,579 km)– Allegheny (length 523 km, drainage area 30,247 km², average discharge 580 m³/s) → Total length 2,102 km;
  26. ↑ Average discharge at Calamar, 1991–2020;
  27. ↑ Average discharge at Astoria 236 km³/year (period from 1979 to 2015); Source or headwater: Columbia (lower and middle Columbia main stem 515 km – The total length from the traditional – geographical – source to the mouth is 1,954 km;)– Snake (length 1,735 km, drainage area 260,939 km², average discharge 1,756 m³/s) → Total length 2,250 km;
  28. ↑ Average discharge 7,428 m³/s (1971–2000); Drainage area 1,040,000 km²; Source or headwater: Middle and Upper Ob (main stem 2,373 km)– Katun (length 688 km, drainage area 60,900 km², average discharge 652 m³/s) → Total length 3,061 km;
  29. ↑ Average discharge at Nueva Palmira, 1971–2010; Source or headwater: Uruguay (main stem 1,838 km)– Canoas (length 570 km, drainage area 14,884 km², average discharge 309 m³/s) → Total length 2,408 km;
  30. ↑ Average discharge at Bellavista, 1981–2020;
  31. ↑ Average discharge at near mouth, 1990–2003; Source or headwater: Fly (lower Fly main stem 456 km)– Strickland (main stem 609 km, drainage area 36,740 km², average discharge 3,328 m³/s)–Lagaip (215 km) → Total length 1,280 km; [129]
  32. ↑ Average discharge, 1911–1995; Source or headwater: Ubangi (main stem 1,046 km)– Uele (main stem 864 km, drainage area 140,155 km², average discharge 1,468 m³/s)–Kibali (440 km, 22,380 km², 175 m³/s) → Total length 2,350 km;
  33. ↑ Average discharge at near mouth, 1980–2006; Source or headwater: Rio Branco (main stem 802 km)– Uraricoera (length 652 km, drainage area 49,630 km², average discharge 1,500 m³/s) → Total length 1,454 km;
  34. ↑ Average discharge, 1971–2000;
  35. ↑ Average discharge at Mamberamo Delta 158.23 km³/year (2003–2012); Source or headwaters: Mamberamo (main stem 283 km)– Taritatu (main stem 650 km, drainage area 47,803 km², average discharge 2,703 m³/s)–Waruta (179 km, 4,296 km², 123 m³/s) → Total length 1,112 km;
  36. ↑ Average discharge at Angoram, 1964–1980;
  37. ↑ Average discharge at near mouth, 1971–2000; Source or headwater: Paraná do Urariá (main stem 408 km)– Canumã (main stem 218 km, drainage area 52,208 km², average discharge 2,135 m³/s)– Sucunduri (687 km, 26,541 km², 943 m³/s) → Total length 1,313 km;
  38. ↑ Average discharge from the Lake Poyang into the Yangtze River is 147 km³/year (1960–2022); Total drainage area 162,225 km²; Source or headwater: Gan (main stem 572 km – Average discharge into the Lake Poyang 2,865 m³/s, drainage area 103,074 km²)–Lake Poyang– Gong (length 313 km, drainage area 27,074 km², 700 m³/s) → Total length 885 km;
  39. ↑ Average discharge at Barito Delta, 2003–2016; Source or headwater: Barito (main stem 832 km)–Murung (length 258 km, drainage area 7,411 km², average discharge 555 m³/s) → Total length 1,090 km;
  40. ↑ Average discharge at near mouth, 1971–2000; Source or headwater: Ruki (main stem 105 km)– Busira (main stem 305 km, drainage area 123,669 km², average discharge 3,343 m³/s)– Tshuapa (886 km, 51,468 km², 1,422 m³/s) → Total length 1,296 km;
  41. ↑ Tocantins River above Araguaia River; Its average discharge at the mouth of the Araguaia 4,448 m³/s (period from 1971 to 2000); Source or headwater: Tocantins (upper Tocantins main stem 1,658 km → Total length lower and upper Tocantins 2,640 km)– Maranhão (main stem 392 km, drainage area 41,383 km², average discharge 699 m³/s)–Arraial Velho (117 km);
  42. ↑ Average discharge at Zambezi Delta 130.39 km³/year (1962–2002); Source or headwater: Zambezi (main stem 2,389 km)– Lungwebungu (length 1,032 km, drainage area 44,368 km², average discharge 114 m³/s) → Total length 3,421 km; According to the latest research, the length of the Zambezi River from its traditional geographical source is 3,079 km (Zambia). The distance from the most remote source—at the headwaters of the Lungwebungu River in Angola—to the mouth is 3,421 km. In years when the Okavango experiences a good flood some of the water escapes east along the normally dry channel of the Magwekwana River into the Linyanti Swamp, thus entering the Zambezi basin (see → Kalahari Basin ). According to the GRDC, the combined catchment area of the Zambezi and Okavango is 1,988,756 km². [172]
  43. ↑ Source or headwater: Nelson (main stem 644 km)–Lake Winnipeg (Saskstchewan inflow–Nelson outflow 87 km)– Saskatchewan (main stem 547 km, drainage area 405,864"km², 634 m³/s)– South Saskatchewan (main stem 805 km, 131,442 km², 280 m³/s)–Bow (587 km, 23,862 km², 129 m³/s) → Total length 2,670 km;
  44. 1 2 Nelson with Churchill; Average water flow after diversions (see→Nelson River Hydroelectric Project); Nelson-Project.PNG
  45. 1 2 3 4 La Grande–Caniapiscau–Eastmain–Rupert; Average water flow after diversions (see→James Bay Project); JamesBayProject.PNG
  46. ↑ Mississippi River above Missouri River; Average discharge, 1980–1996;
  47. ↑ Average discharge at Northern Dvina Delta, 1971–2000; Source or headwater: Northern Dvina (main stem 670 km)– Vychegda (length 1,130 km, drainage area 119,888 km², 1,160 m³/s) → Total length 1,800 km;
  48. ↑ Average discharge, 1968–2022;
  49. ↑ Average discharge at near mouth 101 km³/year (1984–2018); Source or headwater: Khatanga (main stem 227 km)– Kotuy (length 1,409 km, drainage area 176,000 km², average discharge 1,282 m³/s) → Total length 1,636 km;
  50. ↑
    Eilanden River Basin Eilanden-Pulau River Basin.jpg
    Eilanden River Basin
  51. ↑ Average discharge, 1971–2000; Source or headwater: Upper Yenisei (main stem 1,238 km)– Great Yenisei (length 605 km, drainage area 56,800 km², average discharge 599 m³/s);
  52. ↑ The Nile is usually said to be the longest river in the world, with a length of about 6,650 km, and the Amazon the second longest, with a length of at least 6,400 km. In 2007 and 2008, some scientists claimed that the Amazon has a length of 6,992 km and was longer than the Nile, whose length was calculated as 6,853 km. [192] They achieved this result by adding the waterway from the Amazon's southern outlet through tidal canals and the Pará estuary of the Tocantins. The dispute is: "Is the channel south of Isla de Marajó to be treated as part of the Amazon, or as part of the Rio Tocantins?" A peer-reviewed article, published in 2009, states a length of 7,088 km for the Nile and 6,575 km for the Amazon, measured by using a combination of satellite image analysis and field investigations to the source regions. According to the Encyclopædia Britannica , as of 2020, the length of the Amazon remains open to interpretation and continued debate. Note that disputed values have been put in parentheses.
  53. ↑ The average flow rate measured at the Atbara River estuary (at Atbara, Sudan) the most abundant point of the Nile (3,075 m³/s, 1971–2000); Average discharge at Aswan (Egypt) 2,800 m³/s, at Nile Delta 150 m³/s (2009–2018); The total topographic drainage basin of the Nile, including desert areas, is approximately 3,826,122 km² according to the GRDC; Source or headwater: Nile (main stem 2,950 km)– White Nile (main stem 2,300 km, drainage area 1,849,988 km², average discharge at Khartoum 903 m³/s)– Albert Nile (210 km, 428,830 km², 1,039 m³/s)–Lake Albert–Lake Kyoga– Victoria Nile (423 km, 351,576 km², 906 m³/s) –Lake Victoria (Kagera inflow–Victoria Nile outflow 280 km)– Kagera (main stem 572 km, 58,579 km², 346 m³/s)–Lake Rweru–Nyabarongo (main stem 271 km, 15,868 km², 112 m³/s)–Mwogo (main stem 14 km, 1,269 km², 11 m³/s)–Rukarara (49 km, 518 km², 4.8 m³/s) → Total length 7,088 km – The longest river in the world;
  54. ↑ Average discharge at near mouth, 1961–2016; Source or headwater: Min (lower Min main stem 202 km)– Dadu with Marqu (length 1,076 km, drainage area 90,182 km², average discharge 1,670 m³/s) → Total length 1,279 km; [202]
  55. 1 2 Total discharge at the Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt Delta 101 km³/year; The total combined catchment area is 224,000 km². The Rhine with the Maas River and the Ijssel delta branch;
  56. 1 2 Entire Essequibo–Cuyuni Basin; Average discharge at near mouth 5,000 m³/s (154–178 km³/year), drainage area 158,407 km², length 1,014 km;
  57. ↑ Average discharge at Bartica, period from 1996 to 2005;
  58. ↑ Average discharge above Grijalva, 1979–2015; Source or headwater: Usumacinta (main stem 562 km)– Chixoy (main stem 446 km, drainage area 13,161 km², average discharge 551 m³/s)–Pacaranat (44 km, 945 km², 31.5 m³/s);
  59. 1 2 Entire Grijalva–Usumacinta Basin; Total length 1,123 km; Drainage area 127,676 km², average discharge 125–147 km³/year;
  60. ↑ Average discharge at Saint Petersburg, 1979–2015; Source or headwater: Neva (main stem 74 km)–Lake Ladoga– Volkhov (main stem 224 km, drainage area 79,500 km², average discharge 593 m³/s)–Lake Ilmen–Msta (main stem 445 km, 23,231 km², 209 m³/s)–Lake Mstino–Tsna (160 km, 4,518 km², 38 m³/s) → Total length 1,063 km;
  61. 1 2 Entire–Digul–Mappi Basin; Drainage area 46,947 km², average discharge at Digul Delta 3,028–3,867 m³/s;
  62. ↑ Average discharge at near mouth, 1971–2000; Source or headwater: Sangha (lower Sangha main stem 440 km)–Ngoko (main stem 299 km, drainage area 74,854 km², average discharge 843 m³/s)– Dja (720 km, 39,860 km², 455 m³/s) → Total length 1,459 km;
  63. ↑ Essequibo above Cuyuni at Bartica; Average discharge 2,369 m³/s (1971–2000);
  64. ↑ Average discharge at near mouth, 1971–2000; Source or headwater: Fimi (main stem 190 km)– Lukenie (length 1,205 km, drainage area 69,259 km², average discharge 1,077 m³/s) → Total length 1,395 km;
  65. ↑ Average water flow measured at the most abundant point, above the outlet of the Karakum Canal; Source or headwater: Amu Darya (main stem 1,699 km)– Panj (length 921 km, drainage area 116,799 km², average discharge 1,075 m³/s) → Total length 2,620 km;
  66. ↑ Average discharge at near mouth, 1971–2000; Source or headwater: Mobile (main stem 72 km)– Alabama (main stem 512 km, drainage area 59,104 km², average discharge 1,023 m³/s)– Coosa (main stem 450 km, 26,364 km², 479 m³/s)–Oostanaula (main stem 79 km, 5,603 km², 117 m³/s)–Conasauga (150 km, 1,880 km², 41 m³/s) → Total length 1,263 km;
  67. ↑ Average discharge at near mouth, 1971–2000; Source or headwater: Lulonga (main stem 200 km)– Lopori (length 752 km, drainage area 37,794 km², average discharge 872 m³/s) → Total length 926 km;
  68. ↑
    Kikori River Basin Kikori River Basin.jpg
    Kikori River Basin
  69. ↑ Lena River above Vitim River (Upper Lena); Average discharge, 1971–2000;
  70. 1 2 3 Kaladan with Lemro and Mayu at Kaladan Delta: drainage area 40,000 km², average discharge 3,476 m³/s;
  71. ↑ Average discharge at near mouth, 1979–2015; Source or headwater: San Juan del Norte (main stem 209 km)–Lake Nicaragua (Tipitapa inflow–San Juan del Norte outflow 177 km)–Tipitapa (main stem 34 km, drainage area 6,739 km², average discharge 95 m³/s)–Lake Managua (Río Grande inflow–Tipitapi outflow 50 km)–Río Grande (145 km, 1,730 km², 16.5 m³/s)–San Rafael del Norte (19 km)–Quebrada La Breiera (7 km) → Total 641 km;
  72. ↑ Source or headwater: Koksoak (main stem 137 km)– Caniapiscau (length 737 km, drainage area 48,959 km², average discharge 882 m³/s) → Total length 874 km;
  73. ↑ Average dischsrge at near mouth, 1971–2000; Source or headwater: Guamá (main stem 83 km)– Capim (main stem 639 km, drainage area 36,669 km², average discharge 777 m³/s)–Ararandeua (181 km, 10,834 km², 194 m³/s) → Total length 903 km;
  74. 1 2 Entire Guamá–Acará–Moju Basin; Drainage area 87,390 km², average discharge 2,730 m³/s (period 1971 to 2006);
  75. 1 2 Average discharge at Shatt al-Arab Delta 105.7 km³/year (1977–2018); Tigris–Euphrates drainage area 1,140,000 km²;
  76. ↑ Length: Grijalva–Mezcalapa–Cuilco 759 km; Average discharge, 1971–2000;
  77. ↑
    Bamu River Basin Bamu River Basin.jpg
    Bamu River Basin
  78. ↑
    Betsiboka River Basin Betsiboka OSM.png
    Betsiboka River Basin
  79. ↑
    Tsiribihina River Basin Tsiribihina Basin OSM.png
    Tsiribihina River Basin
  80. ↑ Average discharge at N'Djamena, 1969–1999; Source or headwater: Chari (lower and middle Chari main stem 1,079 km)– Bahr Salamat with Bahr Aouk (length 1,200 km, drainage area 144,860 km², average discharge 130 m³/s) → Total length 2,279 km;
  81. ↑ Average discharge, 1971–2000; Source or headwater: Rivière des Rochers (main stem 48 km)–Lake Athabasca (Athabasca inflow–Rivière des Rochers outflow 22 km)– Athabasca (length 1,538 km, drainage area 160,705 km², average discharge 784 m³/s) → Total length 1,608 km;
  82. ↑ Average discharge at near mouth, 1971–2000; Entire Autaz-Açu (Madeirinha) with Igapó-Açu and Parana do Mamori Basin: Autaz-Açu (Madeirinha) main stem 236 km, drainage area 45,792 km², average discharge 1,677 m³/s;
  83. ↑ Average discharge at near mouth, 1996–2005; Source or headwater: Vistlua (lower Vistula main stem 404 km)– Narew (main stem 37 km – total length 499 km, drainage area 75,175 km², average discharge 347 m³/s)– Bug (772 km, 38,712 km², 158 m³/s) → Total length 1,213 km;
  84. 1 2
    Benin River Basin Benin River Basin OSM.png
    Benin River Basin
  85. ↑
    Sofia River Basin Carte bassin Sofia.svg
    Sofia River Basin
  86. ↑ Average water flow measured at the most abundant point (32.4 km³/year, 1977–2018). The Euphrates River drainage basin, including the surrounding desert and semi-desert areas (such as the Syrian desert and parts of the Arabian Desert regions), covers approximately 765,831 km²; Source or headwater: Euphrates (main stem 2,278 km)– Murat (length 722 km, drainage area 44,851 km², average discharge 404 m³/s) → Total length 3,000 km;
  87. ↑ Northern Dvina above Vychegda; Average discharge, 1971–2000; Source or headwater: Little Northern Dvina (main stem 74 km)– Yug (length 574 km, drainage area 36,204 km², average discharge 516 m³/s) → Total length 648 km;
  88. ↑ Average discharge, 1961–2016;
  89. ↑ Average discharge, 1971–2000; Source or headwater: Sangha (upper Sangha main stem 305 km)– Kadei (length 607 km, drainage area 42,939 km², average discharge 503 m³/s) → Total length 912 km;
  90. ↑ Average discharge at near mouth, 1971–2000; Source or headwater: Elbe (main stem 821 km)– Vltava (length 431 km, drainage area 28,090 km², average discharge 150 m³/s) → Total length 1,252 km;
  91. ↑ Fimi above Lukenie; Average discharge , 1971–2000; Source or headwater: Fimi or Lokoro (main stem 10 km)–Lake Mai-Ndombe (Lokoro inflow–Fimi outflow 140 km)– Lokoro (length 544 km, drainage area 20,039 km², average discharge 328 m³/s) → Total length 694 km;
  92. ↑ Average water flow after diversions (see→Nelson River Hydroelectric Project);
  93. 1 2 Entire Sacramento–San Joaquin River basin: Average discharge at Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta 1,100–1,268 m³/s, drainage area 163,000 km²;
  94. ↑ Average discharge, 1980–1996; Source or headwater: Illinois (main stem 353 km)–Kankakee (length 214 km, drainage area 13,300 km², average discharge 137 m³/s);
  95. ↑ Average discharge, 1971–2000; Source or headwater: Tuba (main stem 119 km)– Kazyr (388 km);
  96. ↑ Average discharge at near mouth, 1971–2000; Source or headwater: Svir (main stem 224 km)–Lake Onega (Vodla inflow–Svir outflow 96 km)–Vodla (main stem 149 km, drainage area 13,700 km², average discharge 130 m³/s)–Lake Vodlozero–Ileksa (155 km, 3,950 km², 25 m³/s) → Total length 726 km;
  97. ↑ Source or headwater: Apalachicola (main stem 260 km)– Chattahoochee (length 702 km, drainage area 22,610 km², 339 m³/s) → Total length 962 km;
  98. ↑ Average discharge, 1971–2000;
  99. 1 2 Gironde (entire Garonne–Dordogne basin): length 75 km, drainage area 84,811 km², average discharge 1,141 m³/s);
  100. ↑ Average discharge, 1971–2000; Source or headwater: Orthon– Tahuamanu ;
  101. ↑ Average discharge at near mouth, 1971–2000; Source or headwater: Great Bear River (main stem 115 km)–Great Bear Lake–Camsell (length 420 km, drainage area 31,030 km², average discharge 110 m³/s) → Total length 676 km;
  102. ↑ Entire Wouri with Dibamba and Mungo basin: drainage area 19700 km², average discharge 1096–1389 m³/s;
  103. 1 2 Entire Mearim–Pindaré basin: drainage area 98,289–101,061 km², average dischage 1,153–1,200 m³/s;
  104. ↑ Average discharge, 1971–2000; Source or headwater: Shire (main stem 439 km)–Lake Malawi (Ruhuhu inflow–Shire outflow 431 km)–Ruhuhu (length 330 km, drainage area 14,864 km², average discharge 132 m³/s) → Total length 1,200 km;
  105. ↑ Average discharge, 1971–2000;
  106. ↑ Source or headwater: Santee (main stem 237 km)–Wateree (main stem 121 km, drainage area 14,573 km², average discharge 207 m³/s)–Catawba (350 km, 5,477 km², 93 m³/s) → Total length 708 km;
  107. ↑ Source or headwater: Pee Dee (main stem 373 km)–Yadkin (length 346 km, drainage area 10,805 km², average discharge 168 m³/s) → Total length 719 km;
  108. ↑ Average discharge at Tyumen-Aryk, 1930–1984; Source or headwater: Syr Darya (main stem 2,256 km)– Naryn (length 822 km, drainage area 60,782 km², average discharge 429 m³/s) → Total length 3,078 km;
  109. ↑
    Pungwe River Basin Pungwe Basin OSM.svg
    Pungwe River Basin
  110. ↑ Average discharge at Bongor, 1951–1984;
  111. ↑ Average discharge at Kapchagay, 1988–2013;
  112. ↑ Average discharge at Jikmir, 1971–2000; Source or headwater: Sobat (main stem 354 km)– Pibor (main stem 322 km, drainage area 372,217 km², average discharge 186 m³/s)–Kangen (449 km);
  113. ↑ Average discharge at Wentworth, 1920–2010; Source or headwater: Murray (lower Murray main stem 828 km)– Darling (main stem 1,545 km, drainage area 609,283 km², average discharge 38.5 m³/s)– Culgoa with Balonne (main stem 642 km, 146,317 km², 88.5 m³/s)–Condamine (657 km, 29,862 km², 38.4 m³/s) → Total length 3,672 km – The longest river in the Australia and Oceania;
  114. ↑
    Save River Basin Save Basin OSM.svg
    Save River Basin
  115. ↑ Source or headwater: Drina (main stem 346 km)–Tara (length 146 km, drainage area 2,006 km², average discharge 64 m³/s);
  116. ↑ Average discharge at Lees Ferry, 1922–2025; Source or headwater: Colorado (main stem 1,771 km)– Green River (length 1,174 km, drainage area 115,603 km², average discharge 203 m³/s);
  117. ↑
    Bahr el Ghazal River Basin Bahr al Gazal OSM.png
    Bahr el Ghazal River Basin
  118. ↑ Average discharge at Chibuto, 1971–2000;
    Limpopo River Basin Limpopo River basin map.png
    Limpopo River Basin

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 Walter, Gellert; Rainer, Gärtner; Herbert, Küstner; Gerald, Wolf (1987) [1st pub. 1957]. KLEINE ENZYKLOPÄDIE NATUR. VEB Bibliographisches Institut Leipzig. ISBN   963-281-740-0.
  2. ↑ "Global Runoff Data Centre (GRDC)". grdc.bafg.de.
  3. ↑ "WaterwayMap". waterwaymap.org.
  4. ↑ Bernhard, Peucker-Ehrenbrink (2009). "Land2Sea data-base of river drainage basin sizes, annual water discharges, and suspended sediment fuxes". Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems. 10 (6) 2008GC002356. Bibcode:2009GGG....10.6014P. doi:10.1029/2008GC002356. hdl: 1912/3294 . ISSN   1525-2027.
  5. ↑ Clark, Elizabeth A.; Sheffield, Justin; Nijssen, Bart; Lettenmaier, Dennis P.; Clark, Elizabeth A.; Sheffield, Justin; Nijssen, Bart; Lettenmaier, Dennis P. (2015). "University of Southampton Institutional Repository" . Journal of Hydrometeorology. 16 (4): 1502–1520. Bibcode:2015JHyMe..16.1502C. doi:10.1175/JHM-D-14-0183.1.
  6. ↑ Elizabeth, A. Clark; Justin, Sheffield; Michelle, T. H. von Vliet; Bart, Nijssen; Dennis, P. Lettenmaier (2015). "Continental Runoff into the Oceans (1950–2008)" (PDF). Hydrometeorology. 16 (4): 1502–1520. Bibcode:2015JHyMe..16.1502C. doi:10.1175/JHM-D-14-0183.1.
  7. ↑ Simon, Linke; Bernhard, Lehner; Camille, Ouellet Dallaire; Joseph, Ariwi; Günther, Grill; Mira, Anand; Penny, Beames; Vicente, Burchard-Levine; Sally, Maxwell; Hana, Moidu; Florence, Tan; Michele, Thieme (2019). "Global hydro-environmental sub-basin and river reach characteristics at high spatial resolution". Scientific Data. 6 (283) 283. Brisbane (Australia), Montreal (Canada), Washington (United States): 15. Bibcode:2019NatSD...6..283L. doi:10.1038/s41597-019-0300-6. PMC   6901482 . PMID   31819059.
  8. ↑ "HydroSHEDS". www.hydrosheds.org.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 Meybeck, M.; Ragu, A. (1997). "Presenting the GEMS-GLORI, a compendium of world river discharge to the oceans". epic.awi.de.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Théry, Hervé; Maurence, Pascale (1997). Hydrologie du bassin amazonien (PDF). Belin. ISBN   2-7011-1532-9.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agéncia Nacional de Águas (ANA) (2015). Conjuntura dos Recursos Hídricos no Brasil: regiões hidrográficas brasileiras (PDF). www.snirh.gov.br (Report). Superintendência de Planegiamento de Recursos Hídricos (SPR). p. 163. ISBN   978-85-8210-027-1. Edição Especial.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 Jacques, Callède; Gérard, Cochonneau; Fabrício, Vieira Alves; Jean-Loup, Guyot; Valdemar, Santos Guimarães; Eurides, De Oliveira (2010). "The River Amazon water contribution to the Atlantic Ocean". Journal of Water Science. 23 (3): 247–273. doi:10.7202/044688ar.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 Eric, Tilman. "Amazon". www.riversnetwork.org.
  14. ↑ Charles J., Vörösmarty; Berrien, Moore III; Annette L., Grace; M. Patricia, Gildea; Jerry M., Melille; Bruce, Peterson; Edward, B. Rastetter; Paul, A. Steudler (1989). "Continental scale models of water balance and fluvial transport: An application to South America" . Global Biogeochemical Cycles. 3 (3): 241–265. Bibcode:1989GBioC...3..241V. doi:10.1029/GB003i003p00241.
  15. ↑ Gupta, Avijit (2007). Large rivers: geomorphology and management. John Wiley and Sons. p. 31. ISBN   978-0-470-84987-3 . Retrieved 18 April 2011.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 S., Liu; P., Lu; D., Liu; P., Jin; W., Wang (2009). "Pinpointing the sources and measuring the lengths of the principal rivers of the world" . International Journal of Digital Earth. 2 (1): 80-87. Bibcode:2009IJDE....2...80L. doi:10.1080/17538940902746082.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Ishihara, Júnior Hiroyuki (2015). Conhecimento técnico e a regulação ambiental na Amazônia: a utilização da Bacia hidrografia nos EIA/RIMA das UHE do Rio Madeira e de Belo Monte. repositorio.ufpa.br (Report). Belém (Pará, Brazil): Dados Internacionais de Catalogação de publicação (CIP), Biblioteca do NAEA/UFPA. p. 246.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 K.A., Edwards; G.A., Classen; E.H.J., Schroten (1983). The water resource in tropical Africa and its exploitation (Report). Addis Ababa (Ethiopia): The International Livestock Centre for Africa (ILCA). p. 103. ISBN   92-9053-043-X.
  19. ↑ Laraque, Alain; Moukandi N'kaya, Guy D. (2020). "Recent Budget of Hydroclimatology and Hydrosedimentology of the Congo River in Central Africa". Water. 12 (9): 36. Bibcode:2020Water..12.2613L. doi: 10.3390/w12092613 .
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Igor Alekseevich, Shiklomanov (2009). Hydrological Cycle Volume III. EOLSS Publications. ISBN   978-1-84826-026-9.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Aiguo, Dai; Kevin, E. Trenberth (2002). "Estimates of Freshwater Discharge from Continents: Latitudinal and Seasonal Variations". Journal of Hydrometeorology. 3 (6): 660–687. Bibcode:2002JHyMe...3..660D. doi:10.1175/1525-7541(2002)003<0660:EOFDFC>2.0.CO;2.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 Eric, Tilman. "Congo River". www.riversnetwork.org.
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Pavla, Pekárová; Pavol, Miklánek; Ján, Pekár (2003). "Spatial and temporal runoff oscillation analysis of the main rivers of the world during the 19th–20th centuries" (PDF). Hydrology. 274 (1): 62-79. Bibcode:2003JHyd..274...62P. doi:10.1016/S0022-1694(02)00397-9.
  24. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 "Estudio Nacional del Agua 2010". www.ideam.gov.co.
  25. ↑ Carlos Andrés, Lasso Alcalá; Mónica Andrea, Morales Betancourt (2022). XXI. Peces del fondo del río Orinoco y afluentes principales (Colombia–Venezuela): diversidad y aspectos bioecológicos. doi:10.21068/eh9789585183629. ISBN   978-958-5183-65-0.
  26. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 José Rafael, Córdova; Marcelo González, Sanabria; Arnoldo, José Gabaldón (2015). La geografía del agua (PDF). Fundación Empresas Polar. p. 103-140. ISBN   978-980-379-354-8.
  27. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 Eric, Tilman. "Orinoco". www.riversnetwork.org.
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Eric, Tilman. "Yangzi Jiang-Chang Jiang (Yangtze)". www.riversnetwork.org.
  29. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Adejalmo, Figueiredo Gazen (2019). Plano Estadual de Recursos Hídricos do Amazonas – PERH/AM (PDF). Relatório Técnico RT 03–Diagnóstico, prognóstico e cenários futuros dos recursos hídricos do estado–Tomo II (Report). Governo do Estado do Amazonas, Secretaria de Estado do Meio Ambiente (SEMA).
  30. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Emilio, Mayorga; Miles G., Longsdon; Maria Victoria, R. Ballester; Jeffrey E., Richey (2005). "Estimating cell-to-cell land surface drainage paths from digital channel networks, with an application to the Amazon basin". Journal of Hydrology. 315 (1–4): 167–182. doi:10.1016/J.JHYDROL.2005.03.023. S2CID   8107631.
  31. 1 2 3 "Recursos Hídricos - INE". www.ine.gob.bo.
  32. 1 2 3 "Balance Hídrico Superficial de Bolivia (1980–2016)". datos.siarh.gob.bo.
  33. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Michel-Alain, Roche; Carlos, Fernandez Jauregui; Angel, Aliaga Rivera; Jorge, Peña Mendez; Edgar, Salas Rada; José Luis, Montaño Vargas (1992). Balance Hidrico Superficial de Bolivia (PDF) (Report). La Paz (Bolívia), Montevideo (Uruguay): UNESCO, ORSTOM, ORCYT. ISBN   92-9089-029-0.
  34. ↑ Li, Fapeng; Xu, Zongxue; Liu, Wenfeng; Zhang, Yongqiang (2014). "The impact of climate change on runoff in the Yarlung Tsangpo River basin in the Tibetan Plateau". Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment. 28: 517–526. doi:10.1007/s00477-013-0769-z.
  35. 1 2 3 Hanquan, Yang; Tianshen, Mei; Xiaoyan, Chen (2024). "Variation of Satellite-Based Suspended Sediment Concentration in the Ganges-Brahmaputra Estuary from 1990 to 2020". Remote Sensing. 16 (2): 396. Bibcode:2024RemS...16..396Y. doi: 10.3390/rs16020396 .
  36. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 Eric, Tilman. "Ganga (Ganges)–Brahmaputra". www.riversnetwork.org.
  37. 1 2 Anne, Gädeke; Michel, Wortmann; Christoph, Menz; Saiful, Islam; Muhammad, Masood; Valentina, Krysanova; Stefan, Lange; Fred, Fokko Hattermann (2022). "Climate impact emergence and flood peak synchronization projections in the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna basins under CMIP5 and CMIP6 scenarios". Environmental Research Letters. 17 (9). Bibcode:2022ERL....17i4036G. doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/ac8ca1 .
  38. ↑ Biswa, Bhattacharya; Maurizio, Mazzoleni; Reyne, Ugay (2019). "Flood Inundation Mapping of the Sparsely Gauged Large-Scale Brahmaputra Basin Using Remote Sensing Products". Remote Sensing. 11 (5): 501. Bibcode:2019RemS...11..501B. doi: 10.3390/rs11050501 .
  39. 1 2 Golam, Rasul; Nilhari, Neupane; Abid, Hussain; Binaya, Pasakhala (2019). "Beyond hydropower: towards an integrated solution for water, energy and food security in South Asia" . Water Resources Development. 37 (3): 466–490. doi: 10.1080/07900627.2019.1579705 .
  40. ↑ Xiang, Huang; Mika, Sillanpää; Egil, T. Gjessing; Rolf, D. Vogt (2009). "Water quality in the Tibetan Plateau: Major ions and trace elements in the headwaters of four major Asian rivers". Science of the Total Environment. 407 (24). Oslo (Norway), Lhasa (China), Mikkeli (Finland): ELSEVIER: 6242–6254. Bibcode:2009ScTEn.407.6242H. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.09.001. ISSN   0048-9697. PMID   19783282.
  41. ↑ Ganesh, Pangare; Bushra, Nishat; Xiawei, Liao; Halla, Maher Qaddumi (2021). The Restless River (PDF). www.worldbank.org (Report). Washington (United States): World Bank Group, United Nations Educational, Scientific an Cultural Organization (UNESCO). p. 428. Yarlung Tsangpo–Siang–Brahmaputra–Jamuna.
  42. 1 2 3 Eric, Tilman. "Missouri". www.riversnetwork.org.
  43. ↑ "Mississippi River at Vicksburg, MS–USGS – Statistics tables for daily mean (average) data". 10 June 2025.
  44. ↑ Lee, Potter; Y. Jun, Xu (2022). "Variability of Carbon Export in the Lower Mississippi River during an Extreme Cold and Warm Year". Water. 14 (19): 3044. Bibcode:2022Water..14.3044P. doi: 10.3390/w14193044 .
  45. ↑ Eric, Tilman. "Lower Mississippi". www.riversnetwork.org.
  46. ↑ "The Mississippi/Atchafalaya River Basin (MARB)". epec.gov. March 24, 2015.
  47. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Donald A., Goolsby; William A., Battaglin; Gregory B., Lawrence; Richard S., Artz; Brent T., Aulenbach; Richard P., Hooper; Dennis R., Keeney; Gary J., Stensland. Flux and Sources of Nutrients in the Mississippi–Atchafalaya River Basin (PDF) (Report). USGS.
  48. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 William A., Battaglin; Brent T., Aulenbach; Aldo, Vecchia; Herbert T., Buxton. Changes in Streamflow and the Flux of Nutrients in the Mississippi-Atchafalaya River Basin, USA, 1980–2007 (Report). USGS.
  49. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Dongmei, Feng; Colin, J. Gleason; Peirong, Lin; Xiao, Yang; Ming, Pan; Yuta, Ishitsuka (2021). "Recent changes to Arctic river discharge". Nature Communications. 12 (6917): 6917. Bibcode:2021NatCo..12.6917F. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-27228-1 . PMC   8617260 . PMID   34824255.
  50. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Arctic Great Rivers Observatory". arcticgreatrivers.org.
  51. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 Eric, Tilman. "Siberian Basins". www.riversnetwork.org.
  52. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 V. V., Gordeev; J. M., Martin; I. S., Sidorov; M. V., Sidorova (1996). A reassessment of the Eurasian river input of water, sediment, major elements, and nutrients to the Arctic Ocean (PDF). www.ajsonline.org (Report). Vol. 296. Moscow (Russia), Tiksi Sakha (Yakutiya, Russia), Ispra (Italy): American Journal of Science (AJS). pp. 664–691.
  53. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Plano nacional de recurso hídricos–Capítulo 5 (PDF). cbhpf.upf.br (Report). São José (Brazil): Passo Fundo Campus. 2003. p. 159.
  54. 1 2 3 Comité Intergubernamental Coordinator (CIC) (2018). Análisis Diagnóstico Transfronterizo de la Cuenca del Plata – ADT. www.cicplata.org (Report). Buenos Aires (Argentina), Piso (Paraguay): CIC, Global Environment Facility (GEF), United Nations Environment (UN), Organización de los Estados Americanos (OEA), Organización of American States (OAS). p. 308. ISBN   978-987-4187-01-7.
  55. 1 2 3 FAO AQUASTAT (2016). Transboundary River Basin Overview – La Plata (PDF). www.openknowledge.fao.org (Report). Rome (Italy): Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), United Nations (UN). p. 18.
  56. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Eric, Tilman. "La Plata (Parana)". www.riversnetwork.org.
  57. ↑ Kalugin, A. S. (1 October 2018). "Variations of the Present-Day Annual and Seasonal Runoff in the Far East and Siberia with the Use of Regional Hydrological and Global Climate Models". Water Resources. 45 (1): 102–111. Bibcode:2018WRes...45S.102K. doi:10.1134/S0097807818050366. S2CID   134779637.
  58. 1 2 Claire, F. Beveridge; Jhan-Carlo, Espinoza; Simone, Athayde; Sandra, Bibiana Correa; Thiago, B. A. Couto; Sebastian, A. Heilpern; Clinton, N. Jenkins; Natalia, C. Piland; Renata, Utsunomiya; Sly, Wongchuig; Elizabeth, P. Anderson (2024). "The Andes–Amazon–Atlantic pathway: A foundational hydroclimate system for social–ecological system sustainability". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 121 (22) e2306229121. Bibcode:2024PNAS..12106229B. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2306229121 . PMC   11145265 . PMID   38722826.
  59. 1 2 3 José, Serra Vega (2017). "Análisis de la Evaluación Ambiental Preliminar de la Central Hidroeléctrica Lorena – Río Marañón". www.academia.edu. p. 75.
  60. 1 2 3 4 5 "Oficina Nacional de Evaluación de Recursos Naturales (ONERN)". Autoridad Nacional del Agua. 1980. hdl:20.500.12543/1063.
  61. 1 2 3 Evaluación de recursos hídricos en la cuenca Marañón–Informe Final (Volume I) (Report). Autoridad Nacional del Agua (ANA), INCLA (IC). 2015. p. 629.
  62. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 "GEF TWAP - Transboundary Waters Assessment Programme — GEF TWAP". geftwap.org.
  63. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Eric, Tilman. "Mekong River". www.riversnetwork.org.
  64. 1 2 3 4 5 The Mekong River Comission (MRC) (2009). Hydrological and Flood Hazards in the Lower Mekong Basin (PDF). The Flood Management and Mitigation Programme, Component 2: Structural Measures & Flood Proofing in the Lower Mekong Basin (Report). Vol. 2. Delft (Nederland): Deltares, Royal Haskoning, UNESCO IHE. p. 324.
  65. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 UN.ECAFE (1966). A compendium of major international rivers in the ESCAPE regions. repository.unescap.org (Report). Bangkok (Thailand), New York (United States): United Nations (UN), Economic Comission for Asia and the Far East (ECAFE). p. 74. Water resources series.
  66. 1 2 3 Economic and Social Comission for Asia the Pacific (ESCAP) (1995). Guidebook on Water Resources, Use and Management in Asia and the Pacific – Volume One: Water Resources and Water Use. repository-uat.unescap.org (Report). New York (United States), Bangkok (Thailand): United Nations (UN). p. 323. ISBN   92-1-119705-8. ISSN   0082-8130.
  67. ↑ "Water Resources of Myanmar". AQUASTAT. 2010. Archived from the original on 2010-07-27.
  68. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Eric, Tilman. "Irrawaddy (Ayeyarwaddy)". www.riversnetwork.org.
  69. ↑ Webersik, Christian (2010). Climate Change and Security: A Gathering Storm of Global Challenges. Praeger. p. 45. ISBN   9780313380075.
  70. ↑ Evgeny, Vinokurov; Arman, Ahunbaev; Stanislav, Chuyev; Asset, Adakhayev; Tulegen, Sarsembekov (2025). The Irtysh River Basin: Transboundary Challenges and Practical Solutions (PDF). eabr.org (Report). Almaty (Kazakhstan): Eurasian Development Bank (EDB). p. 54.
  71. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Eric, Tilman. "Ob". www.riversnetwork org.
  72. 1 2 3 Marcos, Heil Costa; Carlos, Henrique C. Oliveira; Ricardo, G. Andrade; Thiago, R. Bustamante; Fabrício, A. Silva; Michael, T. Coe (2002). "A macroscale hydrological data set of river flow routing parameters for the Amazon Basin". Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 107 (20): 6–9. Bibcode:2002JGRD..107.8039C. doi:10.1029/2000JD000309.
  73. 1 2 3 Michael, T. Coe; Marcos, Heil Costa; Aurélie, Botta; Charon, Birkett (2002). "Long-term simulations of discharge and floods in the Amazon Basin" . Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 107 (20): 11–17. Bibcode:2002JGRD..107.8044C. doi:10.1029/2001JD000740.
  74. ↑ Empresa de Pesquisa Energética (EPE) (2008). UHE São Manoel (PDF). saomanoelenergia.com.br (Report). Vol. 2. Estudio de Impacto Ambiental (EIA). p. 231. Usina Hidrelétrica São Manoel.
  75. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Ney, Maranhão; Laura, Tillmann Viana; Ney, Maranhão; Carlos André, Cascelli; Alessandro, Mendes; Raphael, Guimarães; Bárbara, de Castro; Danúzia, Queiroz (2012). Plano estratégico de recursos hídricos dos afluentes da margem direita do rio Amazonas (PDF). Agência Nacional de Águas (ANA). ISBN   978-85-89629-91-1.
  76. ↑ Guilherme, Augusto Borge; Gabriel, Mancilla; Auberto José, Barros Siqueira; Maurício, Vancine; Milton, Cezar Ribeiro; João, Carlos de Souza Maia (2022). "The fate of vegetation remnants in the southern Amazon's largest threatened hotspot: part (I) a 33-year analysis of LULCC in the Tapajos River basin, Brazil". Agrarian and Biological Sciences. 11 (10): e448111032553. doi:10.33448/rsd-v11i10.32553.
  77. 1 2 Lynch, Christine (2012). "The Amazon River Basin; CE 397 – Transboundary Waters" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-05-28.
  78. ↑ International Niagara Board of Control (2020). One Hundred Thirty Fifth Semi-Annual Progress Report to the International Joint Commission (PDF). www.ijc.org (Report). Cincinnati (Ohio, United States), Burlington (Ontario, United States),Washington D.C. (United States), Ottawa (Ontario, Canada): International Joint Comission. p. 30.
  79. ↑ "Niagara Falls Info". www.niagarafallsinfo.com. 3 February 2017.
  80. ↑ "Statistics for Niagara River at Buffalo NY - USGS Water Data for the Nation". waterdata.usgs.gov.
  81. 1 2 3 4 "Great Lakes Water Levels" (PDF). Great Lakes Comission. 2016.
  82. ↑ Nathan, F. Manning; Christine, M. Mayer; Jonathan, M. Bossenbroek; Jeff, T. Tyson (2013). "Effects of water clarity on the length and abundance of age-0 yellow perch in the Western Basin of Lake Erie" (PDF). Journal of Great Lakes Research. 39 (2). IAGLR, ELSEVIER: 295–302. Bibcode:2013JGLR...39..295M. doi:10.1016/j.jglr.2013.03.010.
  83. ↑ "Statistics for Detroit River at Fort Wayne at Detroit, MI - USGS Water Data for the Nation". waterdata.usgs.gov.
  84. ↑ "The Detroit River: Its Restoration and Preservation". storymaps.arcgis.com. 5 February 2025.
  85. ↑ "The St. Clair River Area of Concern" (PDF). www.friendsofstclair.ca.
  86. ↑ Jan, A. Derecki; Frank, H. Quinn (1986). "Record St. Clair River Ice Jam of 1984" (PDF). Journal of Hydraulic Engineering. 112 (12). ASCE Manager of Journals: 1182–1194. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1986)112:12(1182) – via www.glerl.noaa.gov.
  87. ↑ "Statistics for St. Marys River at Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario - USGS Water Data for the Nation". waterdata.usgs.gov.
  88. ↑ Peter, Stewart Galbraith; Joël, Chassé; Jean-Luc, Shaw; Jacqueline, Dumas; Marie-Noëlle, Bourassa (2024). Physical oceanographic conditions in the Gulf of St. Lawrence during 2023. publications.gc.ca (Report). Québec (Canada): Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Government of Canada. p. 91. ISBN   978-0-660-71996-2. ISSN   1488-5417. Canadian technical report of hydrography and ocean sciences 378.
  89. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Eric, Tilman. "St Lawrence–Great Lakes". www.riversnetwork.org.
  90. ↑ Benke, Arthur C.; Cushing, Colbert E. (2005). Rivers of North America. Academic Press. pp. 989–990. ISBN   978-0-12-088253-3. Retrieved 21 March 2011.
  91. ↑ Andrey, Andreev (2023). "Intra-Seasonal Variability of Sea Level on the Southwestern Bering Sea Shelf and Its Impact on the East Kamchatka and East Sakhalin Currents". Remote Sensing. 15 (20): 4984. Bibcode:2023RemS...15.4984A. doi: 10.3390/rs15204984 .
  92. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Eugene A., Simonov; Thomas D., Dahmer (2008). Amur–Heilong River Basin Reader (PDF). www.feu.awsassets.panda.org (Report). Vladivostok (Russia), Hong Kong, Beijing (China), Ulaanbaatar (Mongolia), Washington (United States): Ecosystems Ltd., WWF. p. 442. ISBN   978-988-17227-1-3.
  93. ↑ Aquino, Samia; Latrubesse, Edgardo; Bayer, Maximiliano (2009). "Assessment of wash load transport in the Araguaia River (Aruanã Gauge Station), central Brazil". Latin American Journal of Sedimentology and Basin Analysis. 16 (2): 119–128.
  94. ↑ Prestes, Yuri Onça; Borba, Thais Angélica da Costa; Silva, Alex Costa da; Rollnic, Marcelo (2020). "A discharge stationary model for the Pará-Amazon estuarine system". Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies. 28 100668. doi: 10.1016/j.ejrh.2020.100668 . S2CID   213143882.
  95. ↑ "The Estuary". aguasamazonicas.org.
  96. ↑ "Marajó Bay". aguasamazonicas.org.
  97. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Eric, Tilman. "Tocantins". www.riversnetwork.org.
  98. ↑ Agência Nacional de Águas (ANA). "Acompanhamento do Sistema Hídrico do Rio Tocantins" (PDF). www.gov.br.
  99. 1 2 3 4 5 6 João Gilberto, Lotufo Conejo; José Luiz, Gomes Zoby; Ney, Maranhão; Eraldo, Peres (2009). Plano estratégico da bacia hidrográfica dos rios Tocantins e Araguaia: relatório síntese (Report). Brasília (Brazil): Agência Nacional de Águas (ANA). p. 256. ISBN   978-85-89629-55-3.
  100. ↑ José, C. Stevaux; Edgardo, M. Latrubesse; M., Bayer; R., Prado (1999). Boletim Goiano de Geografia (PDF). The Araguaia–Tocantins Fluvial Basin (Report). Vol. 19. Federal University of Goiás (Brazil): IESA-UFG. pp. 120–127. doi:10.5216/bgg.v19i1.15341.
  101. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Dante, Carhuavilca Bonett; Anibal, Sánchez Aguilar; José Luis, Robles Franco; Javier, Vásquez Chihuán; Rosa, Blas Alcántara; Eliana, Quispe Calmett; Felixalberto, Lavado Romani; Ana, Huauya Tacza (2022). Perú: Anuario de Estadistícas Ambientales 2022 (PDF). www.inei.gob.pe (Report). Lima (Perú): Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática (INERI). p. 557.
  102. ↑ Huanyang, Zhou; Zhaoli, Wag; Xushu, Wu; Yuhong, Chen; Yixuan, Zhong; Zejun, Li; Jiachao, Chen; Jun, Li; Shenglian, Guo; Xiaohong, Chen (2019). "Spatiotemporal Variation of Annual Runoff and Sediment Load in the Pearl River during 1953-2017". Sustainability. 11 (18): 5007. Bibcode:2019Sust...11.5007Z. doi: 10.3390/su11185007 .
  103. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Eric, Tilman. "Zhujiang (Xi Jiang-Pearl River)". www.riversnetwork.org.
  104. ↑ "Chapter 5: Plate D-6 — GES DISC: Goddard Earth Sciences, Data & Information Services Center". Disc.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 2013-02-03. Retrieved 2012-11-08.
  105. ↑ Dr. Raphael, M. Tshimanga (2019). "Conception d'un Réseau Optimal de Suivi Hydrométéorologique et Climatique du Bassin Versant de Kasaï". www.crrebac.org.
  106. ↑ F. Pierre, Gingras (2013). The Mackenzie River Hydroelectric Complex – Concept Study (PDF). www.math.ualberta.ca (Report). University of Alberta. pp. 137–150.
  107. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Eric, Tilman. "Mackenzie". www.riversnetwork.org.
  108. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Inger, Andersen; Ousmane, Dione; Martha, Jarosewich-Holder; Jean-Claude, Olivry; Katherin, George Golitzen (2005). The Niger River Basin - A Vision for Sustainable Management. World Bank. ISBN   9780821362037.
  109. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Eric, Tilman. "Niger". www.riversnetwork.org.
  110. ↑ Water Accounting in the Niger River Basin. 2020. doi:10.4060/cb1274en. ISBN   978-92-5-133378-5. S2CID   242320135.
  111. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Valentin, Golosov; Vladimir, Belayev (2017). The Volga River Basin Report (PDF) (Report). Moscow (Russia): UNESCO, UNEP, International Sediment Initiative.
  112. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Eric, Tilman. "Volga". www.riversnetwork.org.
  113. ↑ Leeden, Frits van der; Fcrimson L. Troise; David Keith Todd (1990). The Water Encyclopedia (2nd ed.). Chelsea, Mich.: Lewis Publishers. p.  126. ISBN   0-87371-120-3.
  114. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Eric, Tilman. "Ohio". www.riversnetwork.org.
  115. 1 2 3 4 "Estudio Nacional del Agua 2022". www.ideam.gov.co.
  116. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 "Estudio Nacional del Agua 2014". www.ideam.gov.co.
  117. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Eric, Tilman. "Magdalena–Cauca". www.riversnetwork.org.
  118. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Eric, Tilman. "Columbia River". www.riversnetwork.org.
  119. ↑ "Columbia River System Operations Final Environmental Impact Statement" (PDF). United States Department of the Interior.
  120. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 Christer, Nilsson; Catherine, Reidy Liermann; Dynesius, Mats; Revenga, Carmen (2005). "Fragmentation and Flow Regulation of the World's Large River System". Science. 308 (5720): 405–408. Bibcode:2005Sci...308..405N. doi:10.1126/science.1107887. PMID   15831757. S2CID   34820022.
  121. ↑ Douglas, J. Martin; Clifford, J. Whitmus; Lon, E. Hachmeister (1987). Distribution and Seasonal Abundance of Juvenile Salmon and Other Fished in the Yukon Delta (PDF).
  122. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Eric, Tilman. "Rivers Network - Yukon". www.riversnetwork.org.
  123. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Timothy, P. Brabets (2000). Environmental and Hydrologic Overview of the Yukon River Basin, Alaska and Canada (PDF). pubs.usgs.gov (Report). U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). p. 114.
  124. ↑ Laborde, Jorge Lopez (January 2010). "Estudio Binacional de Navegabilidad del río Napo".
  125. ↑ Baronas, J. Jotautas; Stevenson, Emily I.; Hackney, Christopher R.; Darby, Stephen E.; Bickle, Michael J.; Hilton, Robert G.; Larkin, Christina S.; Parsons, Daniel R.; Myo Khaing, Aung; Tipper, Edward T. (2020). "Integrating Suspended Sediment Flux in Large Alluvial River Channels: Application of a Synoptic Rouse-Based Model to the Irrawaddy and Salween Rivers". Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface. 125 (9) e2020JF005554. Bibcode:2020JGRF..12505554B. doi:10.1029/2020JF005554. ISSN   2169-9003.
  126. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Eric, Tilman. "Salween (Nu river)". www.riversnetwork.org.
  127. ↑ Rens, Hasman (2014). Water allocation assessment to support IWRM in the major river basins of Myanmar: Now and in the Future. repository.tudelft.nl (Report). Delft (Netherlands): Deltares, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft). p. 215.
  128. ↑ Aoyang, He; Jiangcheng, Huang; Zhengbao, Sun; Jingyi, Zhou; Cheng, Yang (2023). "Spatial and Temporal Evolution Characteristics of the Salween River Delta from 1973 to 2021". Remote Sensing. 15 (5): 16. doi: 10.3390/rs15051467 .
  129. ↑ Porgera Joint Venture (2018). Annual Environmental Report 2017 (PDF). www.png-data.sprep.org (Report). Mount Hagen, Western Highlands Province (Papua New Guinea), Kinawee (Australia): PNG Data Portal, CSIRO.
  130. ↑ Andrea, S. Ogston; Richard, W. Sternberg; Charles, A. Nittrouer; D. Preston, Martin; Miguel, A. Goñi; John, S. Crockett (2008). "Sediment delivery from the Fly River tidally dominated delta to the nearshore marine environment and the impact of El Niño". Geophysical. 113 (F1): 18. Bibcode:2008JGRF..113.1S11O. doi:10.1029/2006JF000669.
  131. 1 2 3 David, Lawrence; Tim, Cansfield-Smith (1990). Sustainable Development for Traditional Inhabitants of the Torres Strait Region. Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority. hdl:11017/211. ISBN   978-0-642-12028-1.
  132. 1 2 3 "DFO – Flood Observatory". floodobservatory.colorado.edu.
  133. ↑ International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The Fly River catchment Papua New Guinea: a regional environmental assessment. portals.iucn.org (Report). Gland (Switzerland): IUCN. p. 86. ISBN   978-2-8317-0236-0.
  134. ↑ Jane, Waterhouse (2018). Identifying water quality and ecosystem health threats to the Torres Strait and Far Northern GBR arising from runoff of the Fly River (PDF) (Report). James Cook University, Town (Australia): Tropical Water Quality (TWQ), National Environmental Science Program (NESP), Reef and Rainforest Research Centre Limited (RRRC). p. 184. ISBN   978-1-925514-27-8.
  135. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Balázs, Dénes (1978). Ausztrália, Óceánia, Antarktisz. Budapest (Hungary): Gondolat. p. 497. ISBN   963-280-677-8.
  136. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Eric, Tilman. "Danube". www.riversnetwork.org.
  137. 1 2 Klement, Tockner; Christopher, T. Robinson; Urs, Uehlinger (2009). "The Danube River Basin". Rivers of Europe (PDF). Academic Press. pp. 59–112. doi:10.1016/B978.0-12-369449-2.X0001-X (inactive 12 April 2026). ISBN   978-0-12-369449-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2026 (link)
  138. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 UNECE (2011). Drainage basin of the Black Sea. unece.org (Report). Finnish Environment Institute (Syke), International Water Assessment Centre (IWAC), Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute (SHMÚ), United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Dubai Electricity and Water Authority (DEWA), Global Resource Information Database (GRID–Geneva), International Groundwater Resources Assessment Centre (IGRAC), Zoï Environment Network (Zoï). New York (United States), Geneva (Italy), Genf (Switzerland): United Nations Economic Comission for Europe (UNECE). Second Assessment of Transboundary Rivers, Lakes and Groundwaters.
  139. ↑ Petre, Gâștescu; Petre, Bretcan; Elena, Tuchiu (2023). The Danube River and its delta, hydrogeographyc characteristics – actual synthesis. 6th Water Resources and Wetlands 2023–Eco friendly meeting: Tulcea (Romania). www.limnology.ro. Tulcea, Călăraşi, Bucharest (Romania): Romanian Limnogeographical Association (RLA). p. 16. ISSN   2285-7923.
  140. ↑ Bondar, Constantin. Hydromorphological balance of the Danube River Channel on the Sector between Bazias (km 1072.2) and Danube Delta Inlet (km 80.5) (PDF). www.osce.org (Report). Bucharest (Romania): National Institute of Marine Geology and Geoecology (GeoEcoMar). p. 13. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
  141. ↑ Gâştescu, Petre; Țuchiu, Elena (2012). Gâştescu, Petre; Lewis William Jr, William; Breţcan, Petre (eds.). The Danube River in the Pontic Sector – Hidrologycal Regime (PDF). www.limnology.ro (Report). Tulcea, Romania. p. 18. ISBN   978-606-605-038-8. Water resources and wetlands: Conference Proceedings.
  142. ↑ Institutul Nacional de Hidrologie și Gospodărire a Apelor (I. N. H. G. A.). Buletin hidrologic zilnic. www.hidro.ro (Report). Bucharest (Romania): I.N.H.G.A. Diagnoza și prognoza pentru Dunăre.
  143. ↑ Igor, Liska. TNMN Yearbooks. www.icpdr.org (Report). Vienna (Austria): International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River (ICPDR). Water Quality in the Danube River Basin.
  144. 1 2 3 4 Ting-Hsuan, Huang; Chen-Tung, Arthur Chen; Hsiao-Chun, Tseng; Jiann-Yuh, Lou; Shu Lun, Wang; Liyang, Yang; Selvaraj, Kandasamy; Xuelu, Gao; Jough-Tai, Wang; Edvin, Aldrian; G.S., Jacinto; Gusti Z., Anshari; Penjai, Sompongchaiyakul; B.J., Wang (May 2017). "Riverine carbon fluxes to the South China Sea: Riverine carbon fluxes to the SCS". Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences. 122 (5): 1239–1259. doi:10.1002/2016JG003701. S2CID   135024272.
  145. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Eric, Tilman. "Kalimantan–Borneo". www.riversnetwork.org.
  146. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Becker, M.; Papa, F.; Frappart, F.; Alsdorf, D.; Calmant, S.; Da Silva, J. Santos; Prigent, C.; Seyler, F. (2018). "Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin". International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation. 66: 196–209. Bibcode:2018IJAEO..66..196B. doi:10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015. S2CID   6873734.
  147. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Eric, Tilman. "Indus". www.riversnetwork.org.
  148. ↑ Khan, Abul A.; Pant, Naresh C.; Goswami, Anuj; Lal, Ravish; Joshi, Rajesh (2015). "Critical Evaluation and Assessment of Average Annual Precipitation in the Indus, the Ganges and the Brahmaputra Basins, Northern India". Dynamics of Climate Change and Water Resources of Northwestern Himalaya. Society of Earth Scientists Series. pp. 67–84. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-13743-8_7. ISBN   978-3-319-13742-1.
  149. ↑ Seregei, Balalaev (2026). "The Geographical and Traditional Sources of the Indus River". www.himalayanclub.org.
  150. ↑ Evgenii, I. Ponomarev; Tatiana, V. Ponomarev (2018). "Response of Siberian River Discharge to Disturbances of Forests Caused by Wildfires". Respose of Siberian River Discharge to Disturbances of Forests Caused by Wildfires. Vol. 7. p. 1. doi: 10.3390/ECWS-3-05801 .
  151. 1 2 Thiago, Moratode Carvalho; Rúbson, Pinheiro Maia; Carlos, Sander (2021). Inserção do rio Rranco nas áreas úmidas da Amazônia, estado de Roraima, Amazônia setentrional (PDF). www.agbbauru.org.br (Report). Vol. 15. Universidade Federal de Roraima, Universidade Federal do Ceará: Ciência Geográfica, Associação dos Geografos Brasileiro — Seção Bauru. pp. 657–681.
  152. ↑ Augusto César, Vieira Getirana; Webe João, Mansur; Marie-Paule, Bonnet; Frédérique, Seyler; Nelson Luis, da Costa Dias; Otto Corrêa, Rotunno Filho; Serge, Chauzy; Walter, Collischonn (2009). Contribuições da Altimetria Espacial á Modelagem Hidrológica de Grandes Bacias na Amazônia (PDF). coc.ufrj.br (Report). Rio de Janeiro (Brazil): Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Coordenação dos Programas de Pós–Graduação e Pesquisa de Engenharia (COPPE). p. 273. doi:10.1002/hyp (inactive 12 April 2026).{{cite report}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2026 (link)
  153. ↑ Mengue, Medou; Ondamba, Ombanda; Ndjokounda, Come; Mounganga, Magloir-Désiré; Bayani, Emmanuel; Mikala, Rufin (2008). Site ramsar bas Ogooue (PDF). Session de la Conférence des Parties contractantes. rsis.ramsar.org. Liberville, Gabon: FDR. p. 22.
  154. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Eric, Tilman. "Central West Coast". www.riversnetwork.org.
  155. ↑ Modeling the Ogooué river discharge based on multi-missions altimetry data. AGU Chapman Conference on Hydrologic Research in the Congo Basin. www.researchgate.net. Washington DC. September 2018.
  156. ↑ Joesron, Loebis (2008). Country Report Implementation of Demonstration Project Mamberamo River Basin Indonesia (PDF). www.restec.or.jp (Report). Indonesian Hydrological Society.
  157. ↑ Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Air Wilayah Sungai Mamberamo–Tami–Apauvar (PDF). www.sda.pu.go.id (Report). 2014.
  158. 1 2 3 Firmansyah, Rendy. "Grafik Neraca Air Pulau Papua". www.academia.edu.
  159. ↑ Ernst, Löffler (1977). Geomorphology of Papua New Guinea (PDF). openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au (Report). Canberra (Australia): Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO). p. 212. ISBN   0-7081-0410-X.
  160. ↑ Vladimir, Rogozhin; Alexander, Osadchiev; Olga, Konivalova (2023). "Structure and variability of the Pechora plume in the southeastern part of the Barents Sea". Frontiers in Marine Science. 10 1052044. Bibcode:2023FrMaS..1052044R. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2023.1052044 .
  161. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Eric, Tilman. "Northern Europe". www.riversnetwork.org.
  162. ↑ Hidetaka, Chikamori; Liu, Heng; Trevor, Daniel (2012). Cataloge of Rivers in Southeast Asia and the Pacific–Volume VI (PDF). Myanmar 1. Chindwin River (Report). Yokohama (Japan): UNESCO–IHP.
  163. ↑ Sien Aun, Edwin Sia (2019). Microbial Ecology and Nutrient Dynamics of the Rajang River (PDF) (Doctor of Philosophy thesis). Australia: Faculty of Engineering, Computing and Science - Swinburne University of Technology. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 January 2022. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
  164. 1 2 Rajang Batang (PDF). hywr.kuciv.kyoto-u.ac.jp (Report). Hydrology and Water Resources Research Laboratory, Kyoto University. 1991. pp. 193–200.
  165. ↑ Zhang, Qi; Xue, Chenyang; Xia, Jun (2023). Impacts, contributing factors and countermeasures o extreme droughts in Poyang Lake. bulletinofcas.researchcommons.org (Report). Vol. 38. China Academic Journals. pp. 1894–1902.
  166. ↑ "The Annual Hydrograph of the Ruki River". www.xylem.com. 2021.
  167. ↑ Paul, J. Kinzel; Jonathan, M. Nelson; Duong, Duc Toan; Mung, Dinh Thanh; Yasuyuki, Shimizu (2012). Bathymetry of the Hong and Luoc River Junction, Red River Delta, Vietnam, 2010 (PDF). www.pubs.usgs.gov (Report). Sapporo (Japan), Golden (Colorado, United States), Hanoi (Vietnam): U.S. Geological Survey (USGS).
  168. ↑ Bank erosion in Mekong Delta and Red River (Report). 2004 – via ResearchGate.
  169. 1 2 3 4 Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Air Wilayah Sungai Mahakam (PDF). www.sda.pu.go.id (Report). 2023.
  170. 1 2 3 4 Wilmar, Loaiza Cerón (2020). "Streamflow Intensification Driven by the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) in the Atrato River Basin, Northwestern Colombia". Water. 12 (1): 216. Bibcode:2020Water..12..216L. doi: 10.3390/w12010216 . hdl: 10251/176393 .
  171. ↑ "Chapter 14" (PDF). The Pacific and Caribbean Rivers of Colombia: Water Discharge, Sediment Transport and Dissolved Loads. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-25. Retrieved 2011-07-13.
  172. ↑ Mauro, Lourenco; Rutledge, S. Boyes; Fenton, P. D. Cotterill; Tyrel, Flügel; Frank, C. Nyoni; Goabaone, J. Ramatlapeng; Rainer, von Brandis (2025). Assessment of source regions of the Zambezi River: implications for regional water security. hess.copernicus.org, www.egu.eu (Report). Vol. 29. European Geosciences Union (EGU), Hydrology and Earth System Sciences (HESS).
  173. 1 2 3 4 5 Eric, Tilman. "Zambezi–Lake Malawi". www.riversnetwork.org.
  174. 1 2 3 4 5 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (2010). The Zambezi River Basin: A Multi-Sector Investment Opportunities Analysis (PDF). www.worldbank.org (Report). Vol. 3. Washington D.C. (United States): The World Bank. p. 202. State of the Basin.
  175. ↑ Hamududu, Byman; Killingtveit, Ånund (2016). "Hydropower Production in Future Climate Scenarios; the Case for the Zambezi River". Energies. 9 (7): 502. doi: 10.3390/en9070502 . hdl: 11250/2472289 .
  176. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Éric, Rosa (2011). Quantification et traçage géochimique des exports fluviaux: exemples de bassins hydrographiques du Canada (PDF). www.archipel.ugam.ca (Report). Montréal, Québec (Canada), Paris (France): Université du Québec á Montréal, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris. p. 189.
  177. ↑ Vivek, K. Arora; Aranildo, Lima; Rajesh, Shrestha (2025). "The effect of climate change on the simulated streamflow of six Canadian rivers based on the CanRCM4 regional climate model". Research Article. 29 (1): 291-312. Bibcode:2025HESS...29..291A. doi: 10.5194/hess-29-291-2025 .
  178. 1 2 Stadnyk, Tricia A.; Tefs, A.; Broesky, M.; Déry, S. J.; Myers, P. G.; Ridenour, N. A.; Koenig, K.; Vonderbank, L.; Gustafsson, D. (2021). "Changing freshwater contributions to the Arctic". Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene. 9 (1): 00098. Bibcode:2021EleSA...9...98S. doi: 10.1525/elementa.2020.00098 . S2CID   236682638.
  179. 1 2 3 4 Eric, Tilman. "Fraser". www.riversnetwork.org.
  180. 1 2 Becky, Swainson; Brian, Richter; Tim, Morris; David, Schindler; Tom, Le Quesne; Allan, Locke (2011). Rivers at Risk: The Status of Environmental Flows in Canada (PDF). www.awsassets.wwf.ca (Report). WWF–Canada. p. 96.
  181. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Eric, Tilman. "East Hudson Bay". www.riversnetwork.org.
  182. ↑ Hydro-Québec and GENIVAR Groupe Conseil inc., Environmental Monitoring of the La Grande-2-A and La Grande-1 Projects. Abridged Summary Report 1987-2000. La Grande Winter plume. July 2005 (Online version Archived 5 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  183. 1 2 "About the Northern Dvina River". www.kotlas.org.
  184. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Eric, Tilman. "Indian Peninsula". www.riversnetwork.org.
  185. 1 2 Comisión del Plan Nacional de Aprovechcurriento de los Recursos Hidráulicos (COPLANARH). Desarrollo Regional y Urbano en Venezuela: Ensayo de Interpretación (PDF) (Report). Caracas: Universidad Católica Andrés Bello (UCAB). p. 283.
  186. 1 2 Judith, Rosales; Otto, Huber; Paul, Berry; Henry, Briceño; Elvira, Cuevas; Gonzalo, Febres F.; Horst, Fölster; Stefan, Gorzula; Stephen, S. Tillett; Stanford, Zent; Gustavo, Romero; Aldred, Znick (1996). Scientia Guaianae. Ecología de la Cuenca del Río Caura, Venezuela I. Caracterización general (Report). Vol. 1. Caracas, Puerto Ordaz (Venezuela): Fundacite–Guayana, UNEG, Wildlife Conservation Society, Fundación Instituto Botánico de Venezuela. p. 152. ISBN   980-6020-34-0. ISSN   0798-1120. A series on natural sciences of the Guayana region.
  187. ↑ "USGS Gage 12472800 on the Columbia River below Priest Rapids Dam, WA (Water-Data Report 2013)" (PDF). National Water Information System. U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
  188. ↑ Jain, Sharad K.; Agarwal, Pushpendra K.; Singh, Vijay P. (2007). Hydrology and water resources of India. Springer. p. 341. ISBN   978-1-4020-5179-1 . Retrieved 26 April 2011.
  189. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Wahid, Shahriar; Sagar, Ratna Bajracharya; Shrestha, Arun Bhakta; Hossain, Md. Shahadat; Mazumder, Liton Chandra; Mazumder, Tarun Kanti (2023). "Climate Change Impacts on the Hydrology of the Brahmaputra River Basin". Climate. 11 (1): 18.
  190. 1 2 3 4 5 van Beek, E.; Bons, K.; Brinkman, J. (2013). "Final report Einlanden-Digul-Bikuma basin IWRM case study".
  191. ↑ Roach, John (18 June 2007). "Amazon Longer Than Nile River, Scientists Say". National Geographic. Archived from the original on August 22, 2007. Retrieved 4 March 2015.
  192. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Eric, Tilman. "Nile River". www.riversnetwork.org.
  193. ↑ Water accounting in the Nile River Basin (Report). FAO. 2021. p. 70. doi:10.4060/ca9895en. ISBN   978-92-5-132982-5.
  194. 1 2 3 4 5 Jamie, C. Woodward; Mark, G. Macklin; Michael, D. Krom; Martin, A.J. Williams (2023). The River Nile: Evolution and Environment (PDF). scispace.com (Report). Manchaster (United Kingdom): The University of Manchaster. p. 51. doi:10.1002/9781119412632.ch14. ISBN   978-1-119-41260-1. Large Rivers: Geomorphology and Management.
  195. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Eric, Tilman. "Sumatra". www.riversnetwork.org.
  196. 1 2 3 4 Delphine, Dobler; Elodie, Martinez; Rinny, Rahmania; Budhi Gunadharma, Gautama; A. Riza, Farhan (2021). Floating marine debris along Indonesian coasts – An atlas of strandings based on Lagrangian modelling (PDF). www.horizon.documentation.ird.fr (Report). Indonesian Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (KKP), Collecte Localisation Satellite (CLS), French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD), Agence Française de Développement (AFD). p. 96. ISBN   979-10-699-7188-2.
  197. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Francisca, Wit; Tim, Rixen; Antje, Baum; Widodo, S. Pranowo; Andreas, A. Hutahaean (2018). "The Invisible Carbon Footprint as a hidden impact of peatland degradation inducing marine carbonate dissolution in Sumatra, Indonesia". Scientific Reports. 8 (1) 17403. Bibcode:2018NatSR...817403W. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-35769-7 . PMC   6258705 . PMID   30479397.
  198. 1 2 3 Müller-Dum, Denise; Warneke, Thorsten; Rixen, Tim; Müller, Moritz; Baum, Antje; Christodoulou, Aliki; Oakes, Joanne; Eyre, Bradley D.; Notholt, Justus (2019). "Impact of peatlands on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from the Rajang River and Estuary, Malaysia". Biogeosciences. 16 (1): 17–32. Bibcode:2019BGeo...16...17M. doi: 10.5194/bg-16-17-2019 . hdl: 1959.3/447242 . S2CID   203167471.
  199. ↑ "Região Hidrográfica do São Francisco". brasildasaguas.com.br.
  200. 1 2 Eric, Tilman. "Sao Francisco". www.riversnetwork.org.
  201. 1 2 "中科院确定长江一级支流岷江全长为1279千米". Xinhua. Sina News. 28 December 2013. Retrieved 10 September 2017.
  202. ↑ Hongjuan, Zhai; Meng, Wang; Dandan, Shen; Bo, Hu; Yajun, Li (2022). "Analysis of runoff variation and driving factors in the Minjiang River Basin over the last 60 years". Water and Clinate Change. 13 (10): 3675–3691. Bibcode:2022JWCC...13.3675Z. doi: 10.2166/wcc.2022.218 .
  203. 1 2 Rudy, Slingerland; Neal W., Driscoll; John D., Milliman; Scott R., Miller; Elizabeth A., Johnstone (2008). "Anatomy and growth of a Holocene clinothem in the Gulf of Papua" . Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface. 113 (F1) 2006JF000628. Bibcode:2008JGRF..113.1S13S. doi:10.1029/2006JF000628.
  204. 1 2 3 Eric, Tilman. "Rhine". www.riversnetwork.org.
  205. ↑ Rhine case study; Technical documents in hydrology: PC-CP series; Vol.:17; 2003
  206. 1 2 Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Air Wilayah Sungai Batanghari (PDF). www.sda.pu.go.id (Report). 2021.
  207. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "River-Runoff Forcing Data–Arctic Ocean Model Intercomparison Project". www2.whoi.edu.
  208. 1 2 3 Likens, Gene E. (2010). Biogeochemistry of Inland Waters. Academic Press. ISBN   978-0-12-381997-0.
  209. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Consejo Económico y Social (CES) (1976). Los recursos hidraulicos de América Latina. repositorio.cepal.org (Report). Lima (Perú): Naciones Unidas, Comisión Económica para América Latina (CEPAL). p. 95. Reunion regional preparatoria para America Latina y el Caribe Naciones Unidas sobre el agua.
  210. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Eric, Tilman. "Atlantic North Coast". www.riversnetwork.org.
  211. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 A.Y., Hoekstra; M.M., Mekonnen (2011). Global water scarcity: the monthly blue water footprint compared to blue water availability for the world's major river basins (PDF). Value of Water Research Report Series NO. 53 (Report). Delft (Netherlands): UNESCO–IHE Institute for Water Education.
  212. 1 2 3 4 Eric, Tilman. "Grijalva–Usumacinta". www.riversnetwork.org.
  213. ↑ Ismael, Fabián; Soria, Reinoso; Dr. Javier, Alcocer; Dr. Felipe, García-Oliva; Dr. Luis, Oseguera; Dr. Alfonso, Lugo; Dr. Enrique, Cantoral; Dr. Salvador, Sánchez Carrillo (2020). Flujo de carbono de un sistema lótico tropical mexicano. Caso de estudio: Cuenca del Río Usumacinta (PDF). agua.unam.mx (Report). Ciudad de México (Mexico): Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM). p. 32.
  214. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Instituto Nacional de Estadística Geografía e Informática (INEGI) (2006). Anuario Estadistica de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos Edición 2005 (PDF). inegi.org.mx (Report). INEGI. p. 99. ISSN   0188-8692.
  215. 1 2 3 4 Manuela, Velásquez-Restrepo; Germán, Poveda (2019). Estimation of the water balance of the Colombian Pacific region (PDF). scielo.org (Report). Medellín (Colombia): Facultad de Minas de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia. pp. 297–306. doi:10.15446/dyna.v86n208.73587. ISSN   0012-7353. DYNA.
  216. ↑ Nezhihovsky, R. A. (1981). Neva River and Neva Bay. Gidrometeoizdat.
  217. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Eric, Tilman. "Heilong Jiang (Amur)". www.riversnetwork.org.
  218. 1 2 3 4 Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Air Wilayah Sungai Einladen–Digul–Bikuma (PDF). www.sda.pu.go.id (Report). 2021.
  219. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Eric, Tilman. "Papua New Guinea". www.riversnetwork.org.
  220. 1 2 Hanergy Holding Group (March 2013). Indonesia East Kalimantan Kayan River Basin Hydropower and Aluminum smelting Project (Slide deck). Archived from the original on 24 September 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2021– via Scribd.
  221. ↑ Joseph, Ba Irai (1996). A method of flood runoff estimation in an ungauged catchment (Ok Mani) in the highlands of Papua New Guinea (Thesis). Massey University. p. 35.
  222. 1 2 3 4 Eric, Tilman. "Arkansas White Red". www.riversnetwork.org.
  223. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Eric, Tilman. "Atlantic East Coastal". www.riversnetwork.org.
  224. 1 2 Rashid, Mahmood; Shaofeng, Jia; Aifeng, Lv; Shahid, Naeem (2024). "Environmental flow assessment, evaluation, and suggestions for dying riverine ecosystem of the transboundary Amudarya River, Central Asia". Ecological Indicators. 178 111419. Bibcode:2024EcInd.15811419M. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2023.111419 .
  225. ↑ "Amu-Darya - Chatly". www.compositerunoff.sr.unh.edu.
  226. 1 2 3 UNECE (2011). Drainage basin of the Aral Sea and other transboundary waters in Central Asia (PDF). unece.org (Report). Finnish Environment Institute (Syke), International Water Assessment Centre (IWAC), Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute (SHMÚ), United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Dubai Electricity and Water Authority (DEWA), Global Resource Information Database (GRID–Geneva), International Groundwater Resources Assessment Centre (IGRAC), Zoï Environment Network (Zoï). New York (United States), Geneva (Italy), Genf (Switzerland): United Nations Economic Comission for Europe (UNECE). Second Assessment of Transboundary Rivers, Lakes and Groundwaters.
  227. ↑ Eric, Tilman. "Amu Darya–Aral Sea". www.riversnetwork.org.
  228. 1 2 3 4 «Вода России» – Анадырь
  229. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 "Реки". waterresources.ru.
  230. ↑ "Anadyr River". symphonyofhorizon.com.
  231. ↑ C. Prakash, Babu (2020). "A Significant Shift in Particulate Organic Matter Characteristics during Flooding of River Krishna, Eastern Peninsular India". Current Science. 118. doi: 10.18520/cs/v118/i3/455-461 .
  232. ↑ Eric, Tilman. "Tennessee". www.riversnetwork.org.
  233. 1 2 3 4 5 Eric, Tilman. "South Atlantic Gulf". www.riversnetwork.org.
  234. ↑ Vieira da Silva, Carlos; Morelli Tucci, Carlos Eduardo; Almir Cirilo, José; Pimentel da Silva, Luciene; Corrêa Roturno Filho, Otto; Le Guennec, Benoit (2006). "SIMULAÇÃO HIDROLÓGICA NA AMAZÔNIA: RIO MADEIRA".
  235. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 "Global Hydrological Archive and Analysis System". wsag.unh.edu.
  236. ↑ André, Calmont (2008). Frontière, frontières: la région du Maroni, entre la Guyane et le Surinam (Report). Espaces tropicaux. p. 205-219.
  237. 1 2 United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (1972). 5. Water resources in Suriname (PDF). www.swris.sr (Report). UNDP. pp. 121–144.
  238. 1 2 3 Eric, Tilman. "South West Coast". www.riversnetwork.org.
  239. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Eric, Tilman. "North Atlantic Seaboard". www.riversnetwork.org.
  240. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 The Government of Malaysia, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Irrigation and Drainage (DID) (1982). National water resources study, Malaysia: Phase II – Sectoral Report on meteorology and hydrology (PDF) (Report). Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). p. 116. Part 2 – Sabah and Sarawak.
  241. ↑ "Courantyne Delta" (PDF). sharkrayareas.org.
  242. 1 2 3 4 5 "Rivers". symphonyofhorizon.com.
  243. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Eric, Tilman. "Pacific Ocean Seaboard". www.riversnetwork.org.
  244. 1 2 3 4 International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River (2021). Danube Flood Risk Management Plan (PDF). www.icpdr.org (Report). Vienna (Austria): International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River (ICPDR). p. 174. ISBN   978-3-200-08289-2.
  245. 1 2 International Sava River Basin Commission (ISRBC) (2009). The Sava River Basin Analysis Report (PDF). www.savacommission.org (Report). Zagreb (Croatia): ISRBC. p. 289.
  246. 1 2 "Sava Basin". www.icpdr.org.
  247. 1 2 3 4 Eric, Tilman. "Bay of Bengal–West Coast". www.riversnetwork.org.
  248. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Kyaw, Naing Oo; Sunil, Kumar Singal (2012). Environment management of a river in Myanmar. www.shodhbhagirathi.iitr.ac.in (Report). Roorkee (India): Alternative Hydro Energy Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee. p. 229. Master of Technology, Conservation of Rivers and Lakes.
  249. 1 2 3 Eric, Tilman. "North Black Sea Coast". www.riversnetwork.org.
  250. 1 2 3 Eric, Tilman. "Dnieper". www.riversnetwork.org.
  251. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Eric, Tilman. "Viet Nam Coast". www.riversnetwork.org.
  252. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Eric, Tilman. "Southern Central America". www.riversnetwork.org.
  253. 1 2 Autoridad Portuaria de Guayaquil (2012). Puerto Marítimo de Guayaquil (PDF). guayaquil.gob.ec (Report). Guayaquil (Ecuador): Geoestudios, Consulsua. p. 103. Fase II – Capitulo 7.
  254. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 "Penelitian Strategi Pendayagunaan Sumber Daya Air Pada Wilayah Sungai Di Indonesia".
  255. ↑ Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Air Wilayah Sungai Kampar (PDF). www.sda.pu.go.id (Report). 2015.
  256. ↑ Anna, Gavioli; Giuseppe, Castaldelli; Stefania, Trasforini; Cesare, Puzzi; Maria, Pia Gervasio; Tommaso, Granata; Daniela, Colombo; Elisa, Soana (2024). "Global Warming and Fish Diversity Changes in the Po River (Northern Italy)". Environments. 11 (10): 226. Bibcode:2024Envi...11..226G. doi: 10.3390/environments11100226 .
  257. ↑ Mauro, Marini; Federica, Grilli (2023). "The Role of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Eutrophication of the Northern Adriatic Sea: History and Future Scenarios". Applied Sciences. 13 (16): 9267. doi: 10.3390/app13169267 .
  258. 1 2 Eric, Tilman. "Italian Peninsula". www.riversnetwork.org.
  259. 1 2 Eric, Tilman. "Sittang". www.riversnetwork.org.
  260. 1 2 3 4 Eric, Tilman. "Tigris–Euphrates". www.riversnetwork.org.
  261. 1 2 3 Safaa, Al-Asadi; Abdulzahra, Alhello (2019). "General assessment of Shatt Al-Arab River, Iraq" . International Journal of Water. 13 (4) 106049: 360-375. Bibcode:2019IJWat..13..360A. doi:10.1504/IJW.2019.106049.
  262. ↑ Arghya, Protik Chowdhury (2025). Assessing the Viability of Hydroelectric Power in Bangladesh. www.academia.edu (Report). Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP). p. 17.
  263. 1 2 Eric, Tilman. "Papaloapan–Jamapa". www.riversnetwork.org.
  264. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Eric, Tilman. "Chine Coast". www.riversnetwork.org.
  265. 1 2 3 Kevin, Telmer; Daniel, Stapper (2007). Evaluating and Monitoring Small Scale Gold Mining and Mercury Use: Building a Knowledge-base with Satellite Imagery and Field Work (PDF) (Report). University of Victoria.
  266. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Eric, Tilman. "North Africa–West Coast". www.riversnetwork.org.
  267. 1 2 Mul, Marloes; Obuobie, E.; Appoh, R.; Kankam-Yeboah, K. m; Bekoe-Obeng, E.; Amisigo, B.; Logah, F. Y.; Ghansah, B.; McCartney, Matthew (2015). Water resources assessment of the Volta River Basin. IWMI Working Paper 166. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). p. 78. doi:10.5337/2015.220.
  268. 1 2 Tarpanelli, Angelica; Paris, Adrien; Sichangi, Arthur W.; O'Loughlin, Fiachra; Papa, Fabrice (2022). "Water Resources in Africa: The Role of Earth Observation Data and Hydrodynamic Modeling to Derive River Discharge". Surveys in Geophysics. 44 (1): 97–122. doi:10.1007/s10712-022-09744-x.
  269. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Eric, Tilman. "Madagascar". www.riversnetwork.org.
  270. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Eric, Tilman. "West Hudson Bay". www.riversnetwork.org.
  271. 1 2 Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Air Wilayah Sungai Sesayap (PDF). www.sda.pu.go.id (Report). 2022.
  272. 1 2 3 4 Eric, Tilman. "Lake Chad Basin".
  273. ↑ "Chari River". symphonyofhorizon.com.
  274. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Eric, Tilman. "Mid Atlantic". www.riversnetwork.org.
  275. 1 2 Eric, Tilman. "Istmus of Tehuantepec". www.riversnetwork.org.
  276. 1 2 3 4 Eric, Tilman. "Central East Coast". www.riversnetwork.org.
  277. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Eric, Tilman. "South Baltic Sea". www.riversnetwork.org.
  278. ↑ Alejandro, Dussaillant-Jones; Wouter, Buytaert; Claudio, I. Meier; Fabián, Espinoza (2012). "Hydrological regime of remote catchments with extreme gradients under accelerated change: The Baker basin in Patagonia". Hydrological Sciences Journal. 57 (8): 1530-1541. Bibcode:2012HydSJ..57.1530D. doi:10.1080/02626667.2012.726993.
  279. 1 2 3 Carlos, L. Brenes; Aldo, Hernández; Daniel, Ballestero (2007). Flushing time in Perlas Lagoon and Bluefields Bay, Nicaragua (PDF). www.redalyc.org (Report). Vol. 35. Valparaíso (Chile), Heredia (Costa Rica), Managua (Nicaragua): Investigaciones Marinas. pp. 89–96. ISSN   0716-1069.
  280. 1 2 Eric, Tilman. "Saskatchewan–Nelson". www.riversnetwork.org.
  281. 1 2 "BC Water Availability Tool–Watershed". nr-bcwat.bcwatertool.ca.
  282. ↑ International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River (ICPDR). "Tisza Basin". www.icpdr.org. Vienna (Austria).
  283. ↑ Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (1997). Irrigation potential in Africa – A basin approach. www.fao.org (Report). Rome (Italy): Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), United Nations (UN). p. 191. ISBN   92-5-103966-6. FAO Land and Water Bulletin 4.
  284. 1 2 Eric, Tilman. "California". www.riversnetwork.org.
  285. 1 2 Martin, A. Kjelson; Patricia, Little Brandes (1989). The use of smolt survival estimates to quantify the effects of habitat changes on salmonid stocks in the Sacramento–San Joaquín Rivers, California (PDF). www.noaa.gov (Report). Wilson Way (California, United States): National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). pp. 100–115.
  286. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Matthew, Marshall (2020). Assessing the impact of glacier retreat on organic matter export and cycling in Chilean Patagonia (PDF). research-information.bris.ac.uk (Report). Bristol (United Kingdom): University of Bristol. p. 198. This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from the University of Bristol Research Portal.
  287. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Eric, Tilman. "Pacific Coast". www.riversnetwork.org.
  288. 1 2 Eric, Tilman. "Atlantic South Coast". www.riversnetwork.org.
  289. ↑ Marcio, Sousa da Silva; Rosane, Lopes Cavalcante; Pedro Walfir Martins, e. Souza Filho; Renato Oliveira, da Silva Júnior; Paulo, Rógenes Pontes; Roberto, Dallagnol; Edson José, Paulino da Rocha (2021). "Comparison of sediment rating curves and sediment yield in subbasins of the Itacaiúnas River Watershed, Eastern Amazon". RBRH. 26. doi: 10.1590/2318-0331.2621202100009 . S2CID   236784646.
  290. 1 2 3 "Australian Natural Resources Atlas: Australia's water resources - an overivew". www.anra.gov.au. Archived from the original on 3 October 2009.
  291. 1 2 3 4 Eric, Tilman. "Australia North East Coast". www.riversnetwork.org.
  292. ↑ Juan Darío, Restrepo-Angel; Björn, Kjerfve (2004). "The Pacific and Caribbean Rivers of Colombia: Water Discharge, Sediment Transport and Dissolved Loads". Environmental Geochemistry in Tropical and Subtropical Environments. pp. 169–187. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-07060-4_14. ISBN   978-3-642-07642-8.
  293. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Estudio Nacional del Agua (ENA) (2022). Anexo 1. Valores por subzona hidrográfica de oferta y demanda hídrica, calidad de agua y zonas potencialmente inundables. ideam.gov.co (Report). Instituto de Hidrología, Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales (IDEAM). p. 11.
  294. ↑ Sistema de Información Territorial Rural (SIT Rural) (2021). Recursos naturales comuna de Cisnes (PDF). www.sitrural.cl (Report). Santiago (Chile): Cenaro de información de Recursos Naturales (Ciren). p. 7.
  295. 1 2 3 4 Eric, Tilman. "Java–Timor–Sulawesi". www.riversnetwork.org.
  296. ↑ Jacqueline, Salvo; Claudio, Valdovinos; Pablo, Fierro (2020). "Benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages of a stream-lake network in the upper zone of the trans-Andean basin of the Valdivia River (Chile)" . New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research. 55 (2): 375–392. doi:10.1080/00288330.2020.1784239. ISSN   0028-8330.
  297. 1 2 UNECE (2011). Drainage basin of the Mediterranean Sea. unece.org (Report). Finnish Environment Institute (Syke), International Water Assessment Centre (IWAC), Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute (SHMÚ), United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Dubai Electricity and Water Authority (DEWA), Global Resource Information Database (GRID–Geneva), International Groundwater Resources Assessment Centre (IGRAC), Zoï Environment Network (Zoï). New York (United States), Geneva (Italy), Genf (Switzerland): United Nations Economic Comission for Europe (UNECE). Second Assessment of Transboundary Rivers, Lakes and Groundwaters.
  298. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Eric, Tilman. "French River Basins". www.riversnetwork.org.
  299. 1 2 Katixa, Lajaunie–Salla; Aldo, Sottolichio; Sabine, Schmidt; Xavier, Litrico; Guillaume, Binet; Gwenaël, Abril (2018). Comparing the efficiency of hypoxia mitigation strategies in an urban, turbid tidal river, using a coupled hydro sedimentary–biogeochemical model (PDF). nhess.copernicus.org (Report). Bordeaux (France): Copernicus.org. p. 35.
  300. ↑ Gabriel, Gómez Szmulewicz; María Paz, Levy Sepúlveda; Andrés, Diez Prat (2022). Hacia una reserva de caudal para el Río Puelo (PDF). puelopatagonia.cl (Report). Puerto Varas: Puelo Patagonia. p. 129.
  301. 1 2 3 4 Eric, Tilman. "Iberian Peninsula". www.riversnetwork.org.
  302. 1 2 3 4 5 Eric, Tilman. "Atlantic Western NE Coast". www.riversnetwork.org.
  303. ↑ Sistema de Información Territorial Rural (SIT Rural) (2022). Recursos naturales comuna de Aysén (PDF). www.sitrural.cl (Report). Santiago (Chile): C<enaro de información de Recursos Naturales (Ciren). p. 10.
  304. ↑ Jean-Claude, Olivry (1974). Regime Hydrologique du fleuve Wouri et estimation des apports reçus par l'estuaire et la mangrove du Wouri (PDF). horizon.documentation.ird.fr (Report). Douala (Cameroon): Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-Mer (ORSTOM). p. 60.
  305. ↑ Jair, Messias Bolsonaro; Gustavo Andrade, Moreira Pinto; Fábio André, Freire Miranda; Sérgio Luiz, Soares de Souza Costa; Luiz Napoleão, Casado Arnaud Neto (2019). Plano Nascente Mearim (PDF). www.codevasf.gov.br (Report). Brasília (Brazil): Companhia de Desenvoivimento dos Vales do São Francisco e do Parnaíba (CODVASF). p. 188. ISBN   978-85-89503-24-2. Plano de preservação de nascentes da bacia do rio Mearim.
  306. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Eric, Tilman. "New Zealand–South Pacific Islands". www.riversnetwork.org.
  307. ↑ CADE–IDEPE Consultores en ingenieria (2004). Cuena del rio Imperial (PDF). mma.gob.cl (Report). Gobierno de Chile. p. 137. Diagnostico y clasificacion de los cursos y cuerpos de agua segun objetivos de calidad.
  308. ↑ Eric, Tilman. "Syr Darya". www.riversnetwork.org.
  309. ↑ "Syr-Darya–Tyumen-Aryk". www.compositerunoff.sr.unh.edu.
  310. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Eric, Tilman. "Japan and Kuril Islands". www.riversnetwork.org.
  311. 1 2 Eric, Tilman. "Artic Ocean Littoral". www.riversnetwork.org.
  312. ↑ "Atlas Digital das Águas de Minas–Contribuição dos afluentes principais da bacia do rio Paracatu". www.atlasdasaguas.ufv.br.
  313. 1 2 3 Eric, Tilman. "Indian Ocean Coast". www.riversnetwork.org.
  314. ↑ "Chari Basin–Station: Bongor". www.grdc.sr.unh.edu.
  315. 1 2 Eric, Tilman. "New England". www.riversnetwork.org.
  316. 1 2 Eric, Tilman. "Peninsula Thai–Malaysia–Myanmar". www.riversnetwork.org.
  317. 1 2 Eric, Tilman. "Thailand-Cambodia South Coast". www.riversnetwork.org.
  318. ↑ Mukhitdinov, A.; Nurtazin, S.; Alimova, S.; Ablaikhanova, N.; Yessimsiitova, Z.; Salmurzauly, R.; Margulan, I.; Mirasbek, Y. (2020). The transformation of ecosystems of the Ili River delta (Kazakhstan) under the flow regulation and climate change (PDF). epa.oszk.hu (Report). Vol. 18. Almaty (Kazakhstan), Budapest (Hungary): Satbayev Kazakh National Technical University, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Applied Ecology and Environmental Research. pp. 2483–2498. doi:10.15666/aeer/1802_24832498. ISSN   1589-1623.
  319. ↑ Zhakupbay, Dostay; Sayat, Alimkulov; Aisulu, Tursunova; Akhan, Myrzakhmetov (2012). Modern hydrological status of the estuary of Ili River. d-nb.info (Report). Almaty (Kazakhstan): Applied Water Science, Institute of Geography. pp. 227–233. doi: 10.1007/s13201-012-0034-5 .
  320. ↑ Eric, Tilman. "Lake Balkash". www.riversnetwork.org.
  321. ↑ Ministry of Electricity Dams Irrigation & Water Resources (MEDIWR) (2015). Irrigation Development Master Plan (IDMP) in the Republic of South Sudan (PDF). openjicareport.jica.go.jp (Report). Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), Sanyu Consultants Inc. (SCI), Oriental Consultants Global Co., Ltd (OCG), Kokusai Kogyo Co., Ltd (KKC). p. 230.
  322. ↑ Eric, Tilman. "Weser–Ems". www.riversnetwork.org.
  323. 1 2 "Murray–Darling Basin Authority". www.mdba.gov.au.
  324. 1 2 Eric, Tilman. "Murray–Darling". www.riversnetwork.org.
  325. ↑ Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Air Wilayah Sungai Serayu-Bogowonto (PDF). www.sda.pu.go.id (Report). 2016.
  326. ↑ Danica, Zupanski; Ratko, Ristic; Jaroslav, Cerni; Kneza, Viseslava (2012). Floating debris from the Drina River. www.cjees.ro (Report). Vol. 7. Belgrade (Serbia): Carpathian Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences. pp. 5–12.
  327. 1 2 Pécsi, Márton (1989). "Hydrogeographic map of the catchment area of the Danube". National Atlas of Hungary. Budapest, Hungary: Magyar Tudományos Akadémia. p. 395. ISBN   963-351-508-4.
  328. ↑ Mr. Chanthachith, Amphaychith (2006). Strengthening data collection for Flooding in Sebangfai River (PDF). www.restec.or.jp (Report). Lao National Mekong Committee Secretariat (LNMCS), Asian Water Cycle Initiative (AWCI), Indochina Tourist & Trade (ITT). p. 15.
  329. ↑ "Челомджа". symphonyofhorizon.com.
  330. ↑ Edmund, Brown (2023). Hydrology of the Waikato Catchment: From Chapter 3 of Waters of the Waikato (PDF). www.waikatoregion.govt.nz (Report). Waikato Regional Council, Healthy Rivers: Plan for Change.
  331. ↑ Eric, Tilman. "Black Sea Coast". www.riversnetwork.org.
  332. ↑ Eric, Tilman. "Colorado". www.riversnetwork.org.
  333. ↑ Patti, Dahlberg (2021). "The Mighty Colorado River–Once Known as Merely Grand". legisource.net.
  334. ↑ "Statistics for Colorado River at Lees Ferry, AZ". waterdata.usgs.gov.
  335. ↑ "Main Stem". symphonyofhorizon.com.
  336. 1 2 3 Eric, Tilman. "Philippines". www.riversnetwork.org.
  337. ↑ "Vaga At Ust'-Suma". www.r-arcticnet.sr.unh.edu.
  338. ↑ "赵王河". symphonyofhorizon.com.
  339. 1 2 Shahin, Mamdouh (2002). Hydrology and Water Resources of Africa. Delft and Dordrecht (Netherlands), New York and Boston (United States), London (United Kingdom), Moscow (Russia): Springer Science Business Media, Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 659. ISBN   978-1-4020-0866-5.
  340. ↑ "Baḥr al-Ghazāl". www.britannica.com.
  341. ↑ Raison, Jean-Pierre; Magrin, Géraud (2009). Des fleuves entre conflits et compromis: Essais d'hydropolitique africain (in French). Paris (France): Éditions Karthala. p. 299. ISBN   978-2-8111-0214-2.
  342. ↑ Eric, Tilman. "Orange–Senqu". www.riversnetwork.org.
  343. ↑ Eric, Tilman. "Yucatan Peninsula". www.riversnetwork.org.
  344. ↑ Eric, Tilman. "Ural". www.riversnetwork.org.
  345. ↑ Eric, Tilman. "Caspian Sea Coast". www.riversnetwork.org.
  346. ↑ Eric, Tilman. "Limpopo". www.riversnetwork.org.
  347. ↑ "Мессояха". symphonyofhorizon.com.
  348. ↑ Bretwood, Higman; Erin, McKittrick. "The History and Fate of Fountain Stream". groundtruthalaska.org.
  349. ↑ "Unnamed River". symphonyofhorizon.com.

Bibliography