Sound correspondences between English accents

The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) can be used to represent sound correspondences among various accents and dialects of the English language.

These charts give a diaphoneme for each sound, followed by its realization in different dialects. The symbols for the diaphonemes are given in bold, followed by their most common phonetic values.

Abbreviations list

The following abbreviations are used in this article for regional varieties of English:

Abbreviations list

Abbreviation	Regional variety
AmE	American English
AuE	Australian English
BahE	Bahamian English
BajE	Bajan English
CaE	Canadian English
CIE	Channel Island English
EnE	English English
FiE	Fiji English
InE	Indian English
IrE	Irish English
JSE	Jamaican English
NZE	New Zealand English
PaE	Palauan English
ScE	Scottish English
SIE	Solomon Islands English
SAE	South African English
SSE	Standard Singapore English
WaE	Welsh English

See Pronunciation respelling for English for phonetic transcriptions used in different dictionaries.

Consonants

English consonants

Diaphoneme [i]	Phones	Examples
p	pʰ	pen
	p	spin, tip
b	b	but
	b̥	web
t	t , tʰ	sting, two
	ɾ , [ii] ʔ , [iii] t̞ [iv]	better
d	d	do
	d̥, ɾ [v]	odd, daddy
tʃ	tʃʰ	chair
	tʃ	teach, nature
dʒ	dʒ	gin, joy
	d̥ʒ̊	edge
k	k	skin, unique, thick
	kʰ	cat, kill, queen
ɡ	ɡ	go, get
	ɡ̊	beg
f	f , ɸ [vi]	fool, enough, leaf, off, photo
v	v , β [vii]	voice, verve
	v̥	have, of, verve
θ	θ , t̪ , f [viii]	thing, teeth
ð	ð , ð̥, d̪ , v [ix]	this, breathe, father
s	s	see, city, pass
z	z	zoo
	z̥	rose
ʃ	ʃ	she, sure, session, emotion, leash
ʒ	ʒ	genre, pleasure, equation, seizure
	ʒ̊	beige
h	h , ɦ , [x] ç [xi]	ham, hue
m	m , ɱ [xii]	man, ham
n	n	no, tin
ŋ	ŋ	ringer, sing, [xiii] finger, drink
l	l , ɫ , [xiv] l̥, ɫ̥, [xv] ɤ , o , [xvi]	left, bell, sable, please
r	ɹʷ , ɹ , ɾ , [xvii] r , [xviii] ɻ , ɹ̥ʷ, ɹ̥, ɾ̥, ɻ̊, [xv] ʋ [xix]	run, very, probably
w	w , ʍ [xv]	we, queen
j	j	yes, Mayan
hw	ʍ , w [xx]	what
Marginal consonants
x	x , χ , k , kʰ , h , ɦ	loch, [xxi] ugh [xxii]
ç	ç [xxiii]	Hugh
ʔ	ʔ	uh-oh
ɬ	ɬ , l	Llangefni, [xxiv] hlala gahle [xxv] [1]
ɮ	ɮ	ibandla [xxv] [2]

1. This is a compromise IPA transcription, which covers most dialects of English.
2. /t/, is pronounced [ ɾ ] in some positions in AmE, AuE, and sometimes in EnE.
3. /t/ is pronounced [ ʔ ] in some positions in ScE, EnE, AmE and AuE.
4. /t/ is pronounced [ t̞ ] non-initially in IrE.
5. /d/ is pronounced [ ɾ ] if preceded and followed by vowels in GA and Australian English.
6. The labiodental fricative /f/ is often pronounced as bilabial [ ɸ ] after the bilabials /p/, /b/, and /m/, as in up-front GA:[ʌpˈɸɹʌnt], Cub fan GA:[ˈkʰʌbɸæn], tomfoolery GA:[ˌtʰɑmˈɸuɫəɹi].
7. The labiodental fricative /v/ is often pronounced as bilabial [ β ] after the bilabials /p/, /b/, and /m/, as in upvote GA:[ˈʌpβəʊt], obviate GA:[ˈɑbβiˌeɪt], Humvee GA:[ˈhʌmβi].
8. /θ/ is pronounced as a dental stop [ t̪ ] in Irish English, Newfoundland English, Indian English, and New York English, merges with /f/ in some varieties of English English, and merges with /t/ in some varieties of Caribbean English. The dental stop [ t̪ ] also occurs in other dialects as an allophone of /θ/.
9. /ð/ is pronounced as a dental stop [d̪] in Irish English, Newfoundland English, Indian English, and New York English, merges with /v/ in some varieties of English English, and merges with /d/ in some varieties of Caribbean English. [ d̪ ] also occurs in other dialects as an allophone of /ð/.
10. The glottal fricative /h/ is often pronounced as voiced [ ɦ ] between vowel sounds and after voiced consonants. Initial voiced [ ɦ ] occurs in some accents of the Southern Hemisphere.
11. /h/ is pronounced [ ç ] before the palatal approximant /j/, sometimes even replacing the cluster /hj/, and sometimes before high front vowels.
12. The bilabial nasal /m/ is often pronounced as labiodental [ ɱ ] before /f/ and /v/, as in symphony GA:[ˈsɪɱfəni], circumvent GA:[ˌsɝkəɱˈvɛnt], some value GA:[ˌsʌɱ‿ˈvæɫju̟].
13. In some dialects, such as Brummie, words like ringer[ˈɹɪŋə], sing[sɪŋ], which have a velar nasal [ŋ] in most dialects, are pronounced with an additional /ɡ/, like "finger": [ˈɹɪŋɡə].
14. Velarized [ ɫ ] traditionally does not occur in Irish English; clear or plain [ l ] does not occur in Australian, New Zealand, Scottish, or American English. RP, some other English accents, and South African English, however, have clear [ l ] in syllable onsets and dark [ ɫ ] in syllable rimes.
15. Sonorants are voiceless after a fortis (voiceless) stop at the beginning of a stressed syllable.
16. L-vocalization in which l is pronounced as a kind of a back vowel ([ ɤ ] or [ o ], or non-syllabic [ɤ̯,o̯], forming a diphthong with the preceding vowel) occurs in New Zealand English and many regional accents, such as African-American Vernacular English, Cockney, New York English, Estuary English, Pittsburgh English, Standard Singapore English.
17. /r/ is pronounced as a tap [ ɾ ] in some varieties of Scottish, Irish, Indian, Welsh, Northern England and South African English.
18. The alveolar trill [ r ] only occurs in some varieties of Scottish, Welsh, Indian and South African English.
19. R-labialization, in which r is pronounced as [ ʋ ], is found in some accents in Southern England.
20. Some dialects, such as Scottish English, Irish English, and many American South and New England dialects, distinguish voiceless [ ʍ ] from voiced [ w ]; see wine–whine merger and voiceless labiovelar approximant.
21. Marginal in most accents, and otherwise merged with /k/, see Lock–loch merger.
22. This common English interjection is usually pronounced with [ x ] in unscripted spoken English, but it is most often read /ʌɡ/ or /ʌk/
23. /hj/ can be /ç/ in Conservative RP.
24. ɬ exists in Welsh English as an allophone of /l/ in Welsh loan words. Other dialects usually replace it with l .
25. This sound exists in South African English in Zulu loan words.

Vowels

In the vowels chart, a separate phonetic value is given for each major dialect, alongside the words used to name their corresponding lexical sets. The diaphonemes for the lexical sets given here are based on RP and General American; they are not sufficient to express all of the distinctions found in other dialects, such as Australian English.

English monophthongs and diphthongs

Dia- phoneme [i]	AmE																			AuE [3] [4]			BahE	BajE	CaE [5]	Cameroonian English [6]	CIE	EnE														FiE	InE [7]	IrE [8]								NZE [9] [10]			Newfoundland English [11]	PaE	ScE [12]	SIE	SAE [13] [14]			SSE	WaE [15]			Keyword	Examples
	AAVE		Boston accent		Cajun English	California English		Chicano English	General American [16] [17] [9]	Inland Northern American English	Miami accent	Mid-Atlantic accent	New York accent			Philadelphia English	Southern American English											Brummie [18]	Southern England English				Northern England English							RP				Ulster English				South-West Irish English	Dublin English		Standard Irish English												Abercraf English	Port Talbot English	Cardiff English
	Non-Rhotic	Rhotic	Older	Younger		Northern	Southern						Non-Rhotic	Older	Rhotic		Older	Non-Rhotic	Rhotic	Cultivated	General	Broad							Cockney	Estuary English (EE)	MLE [19]	West Country	Cumbrian	Geordie	Lancashire	Manchester	Pitmatic	Scouse	Yorkshire	Conservative [20] [21]	Contemporary (SSBE) [22]			Belfast	Mid-Ulster	Traditional	Ulster Scots		Local	New		Cultivated	General	Broad					Cultivated	General	Broad
æ	ɛː~ɛə̯~eə̯		ɪə̯~eə̯~ɛɐ̯ [ii]		æ	eə~ɛə		æ~ɛə̯~eə̯	eə̯~ɛə̯~æ [ii]	eə̯~ɪə̯	æ		ɛə̯~eə̯~ɪə̯ [ii]			æə̯~ɛə̯~eə̯ [ii]	æɛæ~eə	eə̯~æjə [ii]		æː [iii]	æː~ɛː [iii]	æ̝ː~ɛː~e̞ː [iii]	æ ~ a	a	æ ~ɛə̯ [ii]	a̽	æ	a	æ~ɛ~ɛɪ	æ~a~ɛ̞	ɐ̞	æː~aː	a~ä	a	a~ä			a	a~ä	æ	aː [iii]	æ	æ ~ ɛ	äː ~ a				æ		a	æ ~ a	æ	ɛ	ɛ̝	æ	æ	ä	ɑ ~ æ	æ	a ~ æ	æ ~ ɛ ~ e̞	ɛ [23]	a	aː [iii]	aː ~ æː [iii]	TRAP	ham
	æ~ɛː~ɛə̯		æ~ɛə̯	æ~ɛə̯		ɛ~æ~a~ä	æ~æ̞	æ					æ, ɛə̯~eə̯~ɪə̯ [ii]			æ	æ~æɛæ~ɐɛɐ	æ~æjə~æ̠ɛæ̠							æ~a̝																																										bad
																				æ	a̝~æ	æ~ɛ							æ ~ɛ												a																							a	a ~ æ		lad
ɑː / æ			ä~a										ɛə̯~eə̯~ɪə̯ [ii]			æə̯~ɛə̯~eə̯ [ii]	æɛ~æe			äː	äː~ɐː			aː			ɑː		ɑː	ɑː~ɑ̟ː~ɑ̹ː	ɑː									ɑ̟ː	ɑ̈ː~ʌ̞ː	a ~ ɑ	äː					æː ~ aː		aː		ɐː ~ äː			æː			ɑ	ɑ̟ː	ɑː	ɒː ~ ɔː	ä [24]				BATH	pass
ɑː	a~ä~ɑ			a~ä	ɑ	ä~ɑ~ɒ		ä~a	ɑ ~ ä	a~ä	ɑ	ɑ̟ː	ɑ~ä			ɑ							ɑ		ɒ ~ ɑ			ɑː				ɒ ~ ɑ	äː	ɒː ~ ɑː	äː			aː ~ ɑː	äː			aː		äː ~ ɑː											æ~ɑː	ɑː		ɑː					aː		aː ~ æː	PALM	father
ɒ			ɒ ~ ɑ									ɒ								ɒ	ɒ~ɔ			ɒ ~ ɑ		ɔ	ɒ	ä~ɒ~ɔ̈~ɔ	ɒ ~ ɔ	ɒ~ɒ̈	ɒ ~ ɔ			ɒ~ɑ̠	ɒ~ɔ			ɒ	ɒ~ɔ	ɒ	ɔ	ɔ	ɔ ~ ɒ ~ ä	ɒ~ɑ~ä		äː	ɔː	ä		ɑ ~ ɒ ~ ɔ	ɑ	ɒ ~ ɔ			ɑ	ɑ	ɔ		ɒ̈	ɒ̈ ~ ʌ̈	ɒ̈	ɔ	ɒ		ɑ̟	LOT	not
ɒ / ɔː	ɒ(ɔ̯)~ɔ(ʊ̯)~ɔə̯				a				ɒ ~ ɔ ~ ɑ [iv]	ɒ~ɑ	ɑ~ɔ		ɔə̯~oə̯~ʊə̯			ɔə̯~ɒ̝ə̯	ɔo̯~ɑɒ̯	ɑɒ̯~ɑ					ɔ	ɒː			ɒː													o̞ː				ɒː				aː~ä		ɔː	ɒ				ɑː				ɒ̈ , o̞ː	ɒ̈ ~ ʌ̈ , oː	ɒ̈ , oː					CLOTH	off [v]
ɔː												ɔː								o̞ː	oː			ɒː ~ ɑː			oː ~ ɔː	o̞ː~ɔː	ɔː~ɔ̝ə̯~ɔuə̯	ɔə̯~ɔː~ɔ̝ː	oː	ɒː~ɔː		ɔː	ɒː~ɔː			o̞ː	ɒː~ɔː		o̞ː		ɔː ~ ɒː							ɒː~ɔː~oː	ɒː	oː							o̞ː	oː			ɒ ː		ʌ̈ ː	THOUGHT	law
																													oː~oʊ~ɔo	o̟ː~o̞ː																																					pause
ə	ə																									ə~a̽~ɔ~ɪ~ɛ	ə	ə~ ɐ		ə~ə̝	ə~ɐ	ə~ɔː	ə	ə~ɐ	ə							ɐ~a	ə										ə		ə			ə~ɐ	ə		ə [vi]	ə				COMMA	about
ɪ	ɪ~iə̯		ɪ~ɪ̞~ɪ̈		ɪ	ɪ̞		ɪ	ɪ~ɪ̞~ɪ̈	ɪ~ɪ̈							ɪ	ɪ~ɪjə~iə̯		ɪ	ɪ~i	i	ɪ	ɪ		ɪ~i	ɪ	ɪ~i	ɪ	ɪ~ɪ̈		ɪ								ɪ	ɪ̞	ɪ		ɪ̈~ë		ə~ɘ	ɛ	ɪ				ɪ̈			ɪ	ɪ	ɪ ~ ë̞ ~ ə ~ ʌ	ɪ	ɪ	ɪ̈ [vi]		ɪ ~ i	ɪ		ɪ̞	KIT	bit
																																																												ɪ [vi]	i [vi]						kit
i	ɪ~ i		i		ɪ~ i	ɪi̯~i		i	ɪi̯~i			ɪ~ɪ̈	ɪi̯~i			i	ɪ			ɪi̯~iː		ɪi̯~əi̯		iː	i	i	iː ~i	əi̯~i	i	ɪi̯~iː	iː	ei~ɪi	i		ɪ~e		i		ɪ~e		ɪi̯~iː	i	iː	e				iː				ɪi̯	ɪi̯~əi̯		i	i	e ~ ɪ ~ i	i		iː		i	iː			HAPPY	city
iː	i											i					iː	ɪi̯~i					ɪi̯~i		ɪi̯	ɪi̯~iː	i	əi̯~ɨi̯	əi~ɐi			ɪi	iː , ei̯	ɪi		iː	ɪi~iː	iː , ɪ̈i̯~ɪ̈ɪ̯	ɪi~iː	ɪi̯				iː		ɪi̯	iː								iː		i		iː							FLEECE	see
eɪ	eɪ̯~ɛɪ̯		eɪ̯		eː	eɪ̯~ɛɪ̯		eː	eɪ̯~e	eɪ̯			eɪ̯~ɛɪ̯			eɪ̯	ɛɪ~ei	ɛi̯~æ̠i̯		ɛɪ̯	æɪ̯~ɐɪ̯	ɐɪ̯~äɪ̯	eɪ̯~ɛɪ̯	eɪ̯~eː~ɛ	eɪ̯	eː~ɛː	eɪ̯	ɛi̯~aɪ̯~ɐɪ̯~ʌɪ̯	æɪ~aɪ	ɛɪ̯~eɪ̯~ë̞ɪ̯	eɪ̯	eː~eɪ̯	ɛː~e̞ː	eː~eɪ̯~ɪə̯	ɛː~e̞ː	ɛɪ~e̞ɪ	ɛː~e̞ː	ɛɪ~e̞ɪ	ɛː~e̞ː	e̞ɪ̯	ɛɪ̯	eː		eː~ɪː, eə̯~ɪə̯				eː	eː~eɪ̯~ɛɪ̯			ɛɪ̯	æe̯~ɐe̯	ɐe̯	ɛː~ɛɪ	eɪ̯~eː	e	eɪ̯~eː	eɪ̯	eɪ̯~ɛɪ̯~æɪ̯	æɪ̯~äɪ̯~ʌɪ̯	e [25]	eː		ei̯	FACE	date
																																	e̞ɪ		e̞ɪ		e̞ɪ		e̞ɪ																								eɪ̯				day
ɛ	ɛ~eə̯		ɛ		ɛ ~æ	ɛ~æ̝		ɛ	ɛ	ɛ ~ɜ	ɛ	ɛ~e	ɛ				ɛ~eiə	ɛ~ɛjə		e̞	e̞~e	e~e̝	ɛ					ɛ~e	e, eɪ~eə~ɛɪ	ɛ~ɛ̞	ɛ									e̞	ɛ	ɛ		ɛ̝ə̯	ɛ							e̞	e ~ e̝	e̝	ɛ~ɪ [26]	ɛ			e̞	e ~ e̝		ɛ , e [27]	ɛ			DRESS	bed [vii]
	ɪ~iə̯, ɛ~eə̯				ɪ				ɛ~ɪ									ɪ~ɪjə~iə̯																																												ɛ					pen
					i																																																														length
ʌ	ʌ~ɜ		ʌ~ɐ		ʌ	ʌ~ɜ~ɛ̠	ɐ	ʌ~ɜ~ɑ̈	ʌ~ɜ~ɐ	ʌ~ɔ	ʌ	ɐ	ʌ̈			ʌ	ɜ			ä~ɐ			ʌ		ʌ~ɜ~ɐ	ɔ	ʌ ~ɔ	ɒ~ʌ~ə~ɤ~ʊ	ɐ̟~a	ɐ~ʌ̟~ɐ̟	ʌ~ʌ̝	ʌ~ʊ	ʊ	ʊ̞~ɤ	ʊ		ʊ, ʌ̈	ʊ		ɐ	ɐ ~ ʌ̈ ~ ɑ̈ [viii]	ʌ~ɐ	ə ~ ɜ ~ ɐ	ɞ ~ ʌ̈				ʌ̈ ~ ʊ	ʊ	ɤ ~ ʊ	ʌ̈ ~ ʊ	ɐ ~ ä			ɔ̈	ʌ	ʌ~ɐ		ɐ ~ ä			ä	ə ~ ɜ			STRUT	run
ʊ	ʊ~ʊ̜̈~ɵ~ø̞		ʊ			ʊ~ɜ̠	ʊ~ʊ̞			ʊ			ə~ɔ̝	ʊ			ʊ̈~ʏ			ʊ	ʊ~u	u	ʊ			ʊ~u	ʊ	ɤ~ʊ~ʊ̝	ʊ~ʊ̈	ʊ~ʊ̜̈	ʊ~ʊ̈						ʊ			ʊ	ɵ~ɤ̈	ʊ		ʉ			ʊ̈	ʊ		ʊ		ʊ~ʊ̈			ʊ	ʊ	ʉ	ʊ	ʊ ~ ɵ			ʊ ~ u	ʊ		ɘ	FOOT	put
																																						ʉː~ ʊ	ʊ									uː~ ʊ																			hood
uː	ʊu̯~u		u ~ʊu̯~ɵu̯		u	uː~ʉː~yː	ʉ̠ː	ʊ~uː	u̟ ~ʊu̯~ʉu̯~ɵu̯	u~ɵu̯	ʊu̯~ɵu̯~yː	u̟ː	u~ʊu̯~ɤʊ̯~ɤu̯			ʉu̯	ʊu~ɵu~ʊ̈y~ʏy~ʉ̞u̟			ʊu̯	ʊ̈ʉ̯	ʊ̈ʉ̯~əʉ̯	ʉː	uː	ʉu̯	uː	uː ~ ʉ	əʉ̯~əu̯	əʉ~ʉː~ɨː~ʊː	ʉː~ʉ̟ː~ʏː	ʏ̝ː~ʉː	uː~ʏː	ʉː	u̟ː~ʉː,ɵʊ̯	ʊu~uː	ʏː	ʉː	ʉː , ɪ̈u̯~ɪ̈ʊ̯	ʊu~uː	ʊu̯	ʊ̈ʉ̯~ʉː~ɨ̞ɯ̯̈	u	uː					uː				ʊ̈ʉ̯			uː	u		u	u̟ː	ʉː ~ yː	ʉː	u	uː			GOOSE	through
																																																															ɪu̯ [ix]				threw
juː	(j)ʊu̯~(j)u		(j)u~(j)ʊu̯~(j)ɵu̯			(j)uː~(j)ʉː~(j)yː	(j)ʉ̠ː	(j)ʊ~(j)u:	(j)u̟~(j)ʊu̯~(j)ʉu̯~(j)ɵu̯	(j)u~(j)ɵu̯	(j)ʊu̯~(j)ɵu̯~(j)yː	ju̟ː	(j)u~(j)ʊu̯~(j)ɤʊ̯~(j)ɤu̯			(j)ʉu̯	jʊu~jɵu~jʊ̈y~jʏy~jʉ̞u̟	(j)ʊu~(j)ɵu~(j)ʊ̈y~(j)ʏy~(j)ʉ̞u̟		jʊu̯	jʊ̈ʉ̯	jʊ̈ʉ̯~jəʉ̯	jʉː	juː	(j)ʉu̯	juː	juː~jʉ	jəʉ̯~jəu̯	jəʉ~jʉː~jɨː~jʊː	jʉː~jʉ̟ː~jʏː	jʏ̝ː~jʉː	(j)uː	jʉː	ju̟ː~jʉː,jɵʊ̯	jʊu~juː	jʏː	jʉː	jʉː, jɪ̈u̯~jɪ̈ʊ̯	jʊu~juː	jʊu̯	jʊ̈ʉ̯~jʉː~jɨ̞ɯ̯̈	ju	juː	jʉ			jʊ̈	juː				jʊ̈ʉ̯			juː	ju	jʉ	ju	ju̟ː	jʉː~jyː	jʉː	ju					cute
aɪ	äɪ̯		ɐɪ̯ [x]		ɑɪ̯~aː	äɪ~aɪ	æɪ~aɪ~äɪ	ɐɪ̯	ʌɪ̯~ɜɪ̯~ɐɪ̯ [x]		aɪ̯~äː	äɪ̯	äɪ̯			ɐɪ̯	ai~aæ	ɐi~äɪ~äɛ~äː		äɪ̯	ɑ̟e̯~ɑe̯	ɑe̯~ɒe̯	ɑɪ̯	ʌɪ̯	ʌɪ̯~ɜɪ̯~ɐɪ̯ [x]	a̽i	aɪ̯~ɑɪ̯~ɒɪ̯	aɪ̯~ɒɪ̯~ɔɪ̯	ɑɪ̯~ɒɪ̯~ɑ̟ə̯~ɑ̟ː	a̠ɪ̯~ɑɪ̯~ɑ̹ɪ̯	æː~aɪ̯~ɐɪ̯	ɒɪ̯~ɑɪ̯~əɪ̯	aɪ~äɪ	äi̯	aɪ~äɪ			aɪ̯~ɑɪ̯~aː	äɪ~äː	äɪ̯	ɑ̈ɪ̯~ʌ̞ɪ̯	ɐe̯	äɪ̯	ɐi̯~ɜi̯ [x]				æɪ̯~ɐɪ̯	əɪ̯~ɐɪ̯	ɑɪ̯~ɐɪ̯	aɪ̯~ɑɪ̯	ɑ̟ɪ̯	ɑe̯	ɒe̯	əi	ɑɪ̯	ɜi̯,äe̯	ɑɪ̯	äɪ̯	äɪ̯~ äː	ɑɪ̯~ ɑ̟ː	ai̯	ɐ̟ɪ̯	ɜɪ̯	ɜi̯	PRICE	flight
	äː~äe̯~aː		äɪ̯					äɪ̯		aɪ̯~ae̯~æɪ̯			ɑɪ̯~ɒɪ̯~äɪ̯			äɪ̯	aɪ~æɛ~aæ	äː~äɛ							ɑɪ̯																			äe̯~ɜi̯																							my
ɔɪ	oɪ̯		ɔɪ̯~oɪ̯		ɔɪ̯	ɔɪ̯~oɪ̯				ɔɪ̯	oɪ̯	ɔɪ̯	ɔɪ̯~oɪ̯				ɔoɪ	oi̯		o̞ɪ̯	oɪ̯		oɪ̯~ɑɪ̯	oɪ̯~ʌɪ̯	ɔɪ̯	oi	ɔɪ̯~oɪ̯		ɔ̝ɪ~oɪ	ɔɪ̯~oɪ̯	ɔ̝ɪ̯~oɪ̯	ɔɪ̯~oɪ̯	ɔɪ	oe̯	ɔɪ			oɪ	ɔɪ	ɔɪ̯	oɪ̯	ɔɪ̯						əɪ̯~ɑɪ̯	aɪ̯~äɪ̯	ɒɪ̯~oɪ̯	ɒɪ̯	oɪ̯	oe̯			ɔɪ̯	oi̯	ɔɪ̯	ɔɪ̯~ɒɪ̯	ɔɪ̯		ɔi̯	ɔɪ̯	ɒɪ̯	ʌ̈i̯	CHOICE	boy
oʊ	ʌʊ̯~ɔʊ̯		oʊ̯~ɔʊ̯		oː	oʊ̯~ʌʊ̯~o̞		o̞~o	oʊ̯~ʌʊ̯~o̞	ʌo̯~oʊ̯~ o	oʊ̯~oː	oʊ̯	oʊ̯~ʌ̈ʊ̯			ɘʊ̯~ɜʊ̯	ɔu~ɒu	ɜʊ~ɜʊ̈~ɜʏ~ɘʊ̯		ɵ̞ʊ̯	ɜʉ̯~ɐʉ̯	ɐʉ̯~äʉ̯	oʊ̯~ɵʊ̯	oː~oə̯	oʊ̯	o	əʊ̯	ʌʊ̯~ɐʊ̯~aʊ̯	æ̈ɤ̈~æ̈ɤ̝̈~ɐɤ̈~ɐɤ̝̈~ æ̈ʊ~ɐʊ~aʊ~ɐø~ œ̈ø~ʌ̈ː~œ̈	əʏ̯~əʊ̯	oː~oʊ̯~ɵʊ̯	oʊ̯	oː~ɔː	oː~ʊə̯~ɵː	oː~ɔː	ɔʊ~ɔo	oː~ɔː	ɛʉ̯~ɛʊ̯~eʉ̯~ eʊ̯~əʉ̯~əʊ̯	oː~ɔː	əʊ̯	əʉ̯	oː							ʌo̯~ʌɔ̯	əʊ̯	oʊ̯~əʊ̯	ɵʊ̯	ɜʉ̯~ɐʉ̯	ɐʉ̯	ʌʊ	oː~oʊ̯	o̝	oː~oʊ̯	ɛʊ̯~œʊ̯	œʉ̯~œɤ̯̈~œː	ʌʊ̯	o [25]	oː		ɘu̯	GOAT	no
																																																															ou̯	oʊ̯			tow
						ɔʊ̯~ oː			oʊ̯~ʌʊ̯~ɔʊ̯~oː				ɔʊ̯~oː			oː ~oʊ̯		ɔu̯			ɒʊ̯~ɔʊ̯								ɒʊ~ɔo~aɤ	ɒʊ̯~ɒɤ̯	ɔʊ̯										ɒʊ̯~ɔʊ̯												ɔo̯														soul
aʊ	æɔ̯~æə̯		ɐʊ̯ [x]		aʊ̯~aː	äʊ̯			äʊ̯~aʊ̯~æʊ̯	äʊ̯~ɐʊ̯	æʊ̯	ɑ̈ʊ̯	aʊ̯~æʊ̯			æʊ̯~ɛɔ̯	æɒ~æɔ	æɒ̯~ɛjɔ~ɜʊ̯		äʊ̯	aɔ̯~ao̯~æɔ̯~æo̯	æo̯~æə̯~ɛo̯~ɛə̯	ao̯~ɑə̯~aɵ~aɛ̯	ʌʊ̯	ʌʊ̯~ɜʊ̯ [x]	a̽u	aʊ̯	æə̯~æʊ̯~ɛʉ̯~ɛ̝̈ʊ̯	æʊ~æə~æː~aː~æiə	æʊ̯~æʏ̯~aʊ̯~aʏ̯	ɑʊ̯~aː	æy~ɐʏ̯~ɐʊ̯~ɛɪ̯	aʊ	äu̯~æu̯~ɛu̯~əu̯~uː	aʊ		ɐʊ	aʊ		ɑ̟ʊ̯	aʊ̯	aɔ̯	äʊ̯	ɐʏ̯~ɜʉ̯				ɐʊ̯~ʌʊ̯	ɛʊ̯		aʊ̯~ɛʊ̯	aʊ̯	æo̯	ɛo̯~ɛə̯	əu	ɑʊ̯	ɜʉ̯	ɑʊ̯	äʊ̯	äː	æʊ̯	au̯	ɐu̯	ɜʊ̯	ɑ̟u̯	MOUTH	about
			ɑ̟ʊ̯																						äʊ̯~ɑʊ̯																																										now
ɑːr	ɑ(ɹ)~ɒ(ɹ)	ɑɹ~ɒɹ	a(ɹ)~ä(ɹ)		ɑ(ɹ)~a(ɹ)	ɑɹ		ɑɹ~ɒɹ	ɑɹ	äɻ~ɐɻ	ɑɹ	ɑ̟ə̯(ɹ)	ɒə̯(ɹ)	äə̯(ɹ)	ɑɹ~ɒɹ	ɑɹ	ɑː(ɹ)~ɒː(ɹ)		ɑɹ~ɒɹ	äː(ɹ)	äː(ɹ)~ɐː(ɹ)		ɑː(ɹ)	aːɹ	ɑɹ~ɐɹ	a̽~a̽ː	ɑː(ɾ)	ɑː(ɹ)		ɑː(ɹ)~ɑ̟ː(ɹ)~ɑ̹ː(ɹ)	ɑː(ɹ)	äɻ	äː(ɹ)	ɒː(ɾ)~ɑː(ɹ)	äː(ɹ)			aː(ɾ)~ɑː(ɾ)	äː(ɹ)	ɑ̟ː(ɹ)	ɑ̈ː(ɹ)~ʌ̞ː(ɹ)	ɑː(ɹ)	äː(ɾ)	ɑɻ				æːɹ~aɹ		äːɹ~ɑɹ		ɐː(ɹ)~äː(ɹ)			ær	ɑɹ	äɾ	ɑː(ɾ)	ɑ̟ː(ɹ)	ɑː(ɹ)	ɒː(ɾ)~ɔː(ɾ)	ä(ɹ)	aː(ɾ)		aː(ɹ)~æː(ɹ)	START	arm
ɪər	iə̯(ɹ)~iɤ̯(ɹ)	iɹ	ɪə̯(ɹ)~ɪɐ̯(ɹ)		i(ɹ)~ɪ(ɹ)	ɪɹ~iɹ				iɻ~iə̯ɻ	iɹ	ɪə̯(ɹ)	ɪə̯(ɹ)~iə̯(ɹ)		ɪɹ~iɹ	iɹ	i(ɹ)		iɹ	ɪə̯(ɹ)	ɪə̯(ɹ)~ɪː(ɹ)~iː(ɹ)~iə̯(ɹ)	iː(ɹ)~iə̯(ɹ)	iə̯(ɹ)~eə̯(ɹ)	eːɹ	ɪɹ	ia̽	iə̯(ɾ)~ɪə̯(ɾ)	ɘiɐ(ɹ)~iə̯(ɹ)~ɪə̯(ɹ)~ɜː(ɹ)	iə(ɹ)~ɪː(ɹ)~ɪiɐ(ɹ)	ɪː(ɹ)~ɪə̯(ɹ)	ɪː(ɹ)	iɻ	ɪə(ɹ)	iɐ̯(ɹ)	ɪə			iɛ̯(ɾ)	ɪə̯(ɹ)		ɪ̞ː(ɹ)~ɪə̯(ɹ)	ɪə̯(ɹ)~iə̯(ɹ)	ɪə̯(ɾ)~iː(ɾ)	iːɹ								ɪə̯(ɹ)	ɪə̯(ɹ) [xi]		ɛr	ɪɹ~iɹ	iə̯ɾ	ɪə̯(ɾ)~iə̯(ɾ)	ɪə̯(ɹ)		ɪə̯(ɾ)~ɪː(ɾ)	iə̯(ɹ)	iːə(ɾ)~jøː(ɾ)		iːə(ɹ)~jøː(ɹ)	NEAR	deer
ɛər	ɛə̯(ɹ)	ɛɹ	ɛə̯(ɹ)~ɛɐ̯(ɹ)		ɛ(ɹ)~æ(ɹ)	eɹ		eɹ~ɛɹ		eə̯ɻ~eɻ	eɹ	ɛə̯(ɹ)	ɛə̯(ɹ)~eə̯(ɹ)		ɛɹ~eɹ	eɹ	ɛ(j)(ɹ)		e̞ɹ~ɛ(j)ɹ	e̞ə̯(ɹ)	e̞ː(ɹ)~eː(ɹ)	eː(ɹ)~e̝ː(ɹ)	eə̯(ɹ)		ɛɹ	ɛ	ɛə̯(ɾ)	ɛə̯(ɹ)~ɛː(ɹ)~ɜː(ɹ)	ɛ̝ə(ɹ)~ɛː(ɹ)~ɛiə(ɹ)	ɛ̝ː(ɹ)~e̞ː(ɹ)	ɛː(ɹ)	eɻ	ɛː(ɹ)					ɪː(ɾ)~eː(ɾ)~ëː(ɾ)~ɛː(ɾ)~ ɛ̈ː(ɾ)~œː(ɾ)~əː(ɾ)~ ɘː(ɾ)~ɜː(ɾ)~ɵː(ɾ)	ɛː(ɹ)	ɛə̯(ɹ)	ɛː(ɹ)~ɛə̯(ɹ)	ɛə̯(ɹ)	ɛə̯(ɾ)~eː(ɾ)	ɚː	ɛːɹ			eːɹ				e̞ə̯(ɹ)				ɛɹ	eə̯ɾ	ɛə̯(ɾ)~ɛɐ̯(ɾ)	ɛə̯(ɹ)	ɛə̯(ɹ)~ɛː(ɹ)~eː(ɹ)	eː(ɾ)~e̝ː(ɾ)	ɛ(ɹ)	ɛː(ɾ)		ɛː(ɹ)~eː(ɹ)	SQUARE	mare
ɜːr	ɚ	ɚ	əː(ɹ)	ɚ	ʌə(ɹ)~ʌɹ	ɝ		ɚ	ɚ~ɝ	ɚ ~əɻ	ɚ	ɜː(ɹ)~əː(ɹ)	ɚ	əɪ̯	ɚ		ɜ(ɹ)		ɚ~ɐɹ	əː(ɹ)	əː(ɹ)~ɘː(ɹ)	ɘː(ɹ)~ɵː(ɹ)	ə(ɹ)~ɜ(ɹ)~ɜi̯(ɹ)	ɤ	ɚ	ɛ~ɔ	əː(ɾ)	ɵ̝ː(ɹ)~əː(ɹ)~ɜː(ɹ)	ɜː(ɹ)~ɜ̟ː(ɹ)~œ̈ː(ɹ)	ɜː(ɹ)~əː(ɹ)	əː(ɹ)	ɜɻ	ɜː~ɛ	øː(ɹ)~ɪː(ɹ)~əː(ɹ)~ɔː(ɹ)	ɜː~ɛ				ɜː~ɛ	əː(ɹ)~ɐː(ɹ)	əː(ɹ)	əː(ɹ)~ɐː(ɹ)	ɜː(ɾ)~äɾ		ɚː	ɚː [xii]	ɚː	ʊːɹ [xii]		ɚː		ɵː(ɹ)			ɝ:	ɚ	ʌɾ [xii]	əː(ɾ)~ɐː(ɾ)	əː(ɹ)~ɐː(ɹ)	ø̈ː(ɹ)~ø̞̈ː(ɹ)	ø̈ː(ɾ)~ø̞̈ː(ɾ)	ə(ɹ)	əː(ɾ)	øː(ɾ)	øː(ɹ)	NURSE	burn
																																																									ɪɾ~ʌɾ [xii]										bird
					əɹ																																									ɛːɹ [xii]		ɛːɹ [xii]									ɛɾ [xii]										earth
ər	ə(ɹ)		ə(ɹ)			ɚ			ɚ			ə(ɹ)	ə(ɹ)				ə(ɹ)		ɚ	ə(ɹ)						ə~a̽~ɔ~ɪ~ɛ	œ(ɾ)~ə(ɾ)	ə(ɹ)~ɐ(ɹ)		ə(ɹ)~ə̝(ɹ)	ə(ɹ)~ɐ(ɹ)	əɻ	ə(ɹ)~ɜ(ɹ)							ə(ɹ)		ɐ(ɹ)~a(ɹ)	ə(ɾ)	ɚ								ə(ɹ)			ɚ		əɾ	ə(ɾ)~ɐ(ɾ)	ə(ɹ)		ə(ɾ)		ə(ɾ)		ə(ɹ)	LETTER	winner [xiii]
					ʌə(ɹ)~ʌɹ																																																														donor
ɔːr	oə̯(ɹ)~ɔə̯(ɹ)~ɔo̯(ɹ)	oɹ	ɔə̯(ɹ)~ɒə̯(ɹ)~ɒ(ɹ)		ɔə(ɹ)~ɔɹ	ɔɹ~oɹ		oɹ~ɔɹ	oɹ~ɔɹ	ɔɻ~oɻ	oɹ~ɔɹ	ɔə̯(ɹ)	oɐ̯(ɹ)~ɔə̯(ɹ)		oɹ~ɔɹ		ɔə̯(ɹ)		ɔɹ	o̞ː(ɹ)	oː(ɹ)		ɔə̯(ɹ)	ɒːɹ~ɑːɹ	ɔɹ	ɔ	ɑː(ɾ)~əː(ɾ)	o̞ː(ɹ)~ɔː(ɹ)	ɔː(ɹ)~ɔ̝ə(ɹ)~ɔuə(ɹ), oː(ɹ)~oʊ(ɹ)~ɔo(ɹ)	o̟ː~o̞ː, ɔə̯(ɹ)~ɔː(ɹ)~ɔ̝ː	oː(ɹ)	ɔɻ~oɻ	ɔː(ɹ)~ɒː(ɹ)	ɔː(ɹ)	ɔː(ɹ)~ɒː(ɹ)			o̞ː(ɹ)	ɔː(ɹ)~ɒː(ɹ)	o̞ː(ɹ)		oː(ɹ)	ɔː(ɾ)~ɒː(ɾ)	ɔːɹ				äːɹ~ɑːɹ		ɒːɹ~oːɹ		oː(ɹ)			ɔ̈r	oɹ	ɔɾ	oː(ɾ)	o̞ː(ɹ)	oː(ɹ)	oː(ɾ)	ɔ(ɹ)	ɒː(ɾ)		ʌ̈ː(ɹ)	NORTH	sort
			ɔə̯(ɹ)~oɐ̯(ɹ)														o(u)ə(ɹ)		o(u)ɹ				oə̯(ɹ)	oːɹ			oː(ɾ)~əː(ɾ)	o̞ː(ɹ)~ɔː(ɹ), ʌʊ̯ə(ɹ)																oːɹ				ɔːɹ	ɒːɹ	oːɹ							o̝(ə̯)ɾ						oː(ɾ)			FORCE	tore
ʊər			ʊə̯(ɹ)~ʊɐ̯(ɹ)		uə(ɹ)~ʊə(ɹ)	ʊɹ~ɔɹ~oɹ			ʊɹ~ɔɹ~oɹ	uɻ~oɻ	uɹ~ɚ	ʊə̯(ɹ)					uə̯(ɹ)		uɹ~ɚ	ʊə̯(ɹ)	ʊ̈ʉ̯ə(ɹ),oː(ɹ)		uə̯(ɹ)		ʊɹ~ɔɹ		uə̯(ɾ)	ɘua(ɹ)~ɘʉa(ɹ)~ʊa̯(ɹ)~ʊə̯(ɹ), ɔː(ɹ)~o̞ː(ɹ)	ʊə(ɹ)~ʊː(ɹ), ɔː(ɹ)~ɔ̝ə(ɹ)~ɔuə(ɹ), oː(ɹ)~oʊ(ɹ)~ɔo(ɹ)				ʊə(ɹ)	uɐ̯(ɹ)	ʊə(ɹ)			uɛ̯(ɾ)~ɪ̈u̯ə(ɾ)~ɪ̈ʊ̯ə(ɾ)~ o̞ː(ɾ)	ʊə̯(ɹ)		ɵː(ɹ)~ɤ̈ː(ɹ),o̞ː(ɹ)	oə̯(ɹ)	ʊə̯(ɾ)~uː(ɾ)	uːɹ								ʊə̯(ɹ)	ʊ̈ʉ̯ə(ɹ),oː(ɹ)			oɚ	ʉɾ	oə̯(ɾ)~oɐ̯(ɾ)	ʊə̯(ɹ)	ʊə̯(ɹ)~oː(ɹ)		uə̯(ɹ)	uːə(ɾ)		uːə(ɹ)~ʌ̈ː(ɹ)	CURE	tour
jʊər	juə̯(ɹ)~jʊə̯(ɹ)	juɹ~jʊɹ	jʊə̯(ɹ)~jʊɐ̯(ɹ)		juə(ɹ)~jʊə(ɹ)	jʊɹ~jɔɹ~joɹ		jʊɹ~jɔɹ~joɹ~jɚ	jʊɹ~juɹ~jɚ	jɚ	jʊ~juɹ~jɚ	jʊə̯(ɹ)	juɐ̯(ɹ)~juə̯(ɹ)		juɹ	jɔɹ~joɹ~jɚ	juə̯(ɹ)		juɹ~jɚ	jʊə̯(ɹ)	jʊ̈ʉ̯ə(ɹ),joː(ɹ)		juə̯(ɹ)	joːɹ	jɚ~jʊɹ~jɵɹ	jɔ	juə̯(ɾ)	jɘua(ɹ)~jɘʉa(ɹ)~jʊa̯(ɹ)~jʊə̯(ɹ), jɔː(ɹ)~jo̞ː(ɹ)	jʊə(ɹ)~jʊː(ɹ), jɔː(ɹ)~jɔ̝ə(ɹ)~jɔuə(ɹ), joː(ɹ)~joʊ(ɹ)~jɔo(ɹ)	jʉ̜ə̯(ɹ)~jʊ̜ə̯(ɹ)~jɔ̝ː(ɹ)	joː(ɹ)	jʊɻ	jʊə(ɹ)	juɐ̯(ɹ)	jʊə(ɹ)			jo̞ː(ɾ)	jʊə̯(ɹ)		jɵː(ɹ)~jɤ̈ː(ɹ),jo̞ː(ɹ)	joə̯(ɹ)	jʊə̯(ɾ)~juː(ɾ)	juːɹ								jʊə̯(ɹ)	jʊ̈ʉ̯ə(ɹ),joː(ɹ)		jɔ̈r	joɚ	jʉɾ	joə̯(ɾ)~joɐ̯(ɾ)	jʊə̯(ɹ)	jʊə̯(ɹ)~joː(ɹ)	joː(ɾ)	jɔ(ɹ)	ɪuːə(ɾ)		juːə(ɹ)~jʌ̈ː(ɹ)		pure

1. This is a compromise IPA transcription, which covers most dialects of English.
2. In most of the United States (with high dialectal variation), and to a lesser degree in Canada, special /æ/ tensing systems occur.
3. See bad–lad split for this distinction.
4. ɒ ~ ɔ occurs in American accents without the cot–caught merger (about half of today's speakers); the rest have ɑ .
5. In American accents without the cot–caught merger, CLOTH words (usually words with a vowel written ⟨o⟩ preceding the fricatives /f/, /θ/ and /s/ and the velar nasal /ŋ/, e.g. off, cloth, boss, long), are pronounced with the vowel of THOUGHT, rather than the vowel of LOT as is the case in most other dialects of English, see Lot–cloth split. In American accents with the cot–caught merger (about half of today's speakers), LOT, CLOTH and THOUGHT all have the same vowel.
6. It is not clear whether this a true phonemic split, since the distribution of the two sounds is predictable; see Kit–bit split.
7. Often transcribed /e/ for RP, for example in Collins English Dictionary.
8. The STRUT vowel in BrE is highly variable in the triangle defined by ə, ʌ and ɑ, see 'STRUT for Dummies'
9. In Welsh English, you, yew and ewe are /juː/, /jɪu/ and /ɪu/ respectively; in most other varieties of English they are homophones.
10. Some dialects of North American English have a vowel shift called Canadian raising, in which the first element of the diphthongs /aɪ,aʊ/ is raised in certain cases, yielding [ʌɪ̯,ʌʊ̯] or [əɪ̯,əʊ̯]. Canadian English has raising of both diphthongs, but most dialects in the United States only have raising of /aɪ/. In monosyllables, raising occurs before voiceless consonants, so right[ɹʌɪ̯t] and out[ʌʊ̯t] have raised vowels, but eyes[aɪz] and loud[laʊd] do not.
11. Merging NEAR and SQUARE is especially common amongst young New Zealanders.
12. See Fern–fir–fur merger for this distinction in some varieties.
13. Sometimes transcribed for GA as [əɹ], especially in transcriptions that represent both rhotic and non-rhotic pronunciations, as [ə(ɹ)].

See also

• English phonology
• List of dialects of the English language
• Phonetic alphabets
• Pronunciation respelling for English
• SAMPA chart for English
• Help:IPA/English
• Help:IPA/Conventions for English

References

1. Dictionary Unit for South African English (2023). "‖hlala kahle". Dictionary of South African English. Retrieved 2024-04-20.
2. Dictionary Unit for South African English (2023). "ibandla". Dictionary of South African English. Retrieved 2024-04-20.
3. Harrington, Cox & Evans (1997)
4. Cox & Palethorpe (2007)
5. Boberg (2004)
6. Todd, Loreto (1982). Cameroon. John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN   9789027286703.
7. Sailaja (2009 :19–26)
8. Wells (1982 :422)
9. Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009)
10. Bauer et al. (2007 :97–102)
11. Wells (1982), p. 499.
12. Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006 :7)
13. Bekker (2008)
14. Lass (2002 :111–119)
15. Coupland & Thomas (1990 :93–136)
16. Kenyon & Knott (1953)
17. Kenyon (1950)
18. Wells (1982 :364)
19. Fox, Susan (2015). The New Cockney: New Ethnicities and Adolescent Speech in the Traditional East End of London.
20. Roach (2004 :241–243)
21. "Case Studies – Received Pronunciation Phonology – RP Vowel Sounds". British Library. Archived from the original on 2018-12-25. Retrieved 2013-05-26.
22. "The British English vowel system". 8 March 2012.
23. Suzanna Bet Hashim and Brown, Adam (2000) 'The [e] and [æ] vowels in Singapore English'. In Adam Brown, David Deterding and Low Ee Ling (eds.) The English Language in Singapore: Research on Pronunciation, Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics ISBN   981-04-2598-8, pp. 84–92.
24. Deterding, David (2007). Singapore English. United Kingdom: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 24–26. ISBN   978-0-7486-3096-7.
25. Deterding, David (2000) 'Measurements of the /eɪ/ and /oʊ/ vowels of young English speakers in Singapore'. In Adam Brown, David Deterding and Low Ee Ling (eds.), The English Language in Singapore: Research on Pronunciation, Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics, pp. 93–99.
26. Wells (1982), p. 500.
27. Mary W.J. Tay (1982). "'The phonology of educated Singapore English'". English World-Wide. 3 (2): 135–45. doi:10.1075/eww.3.2.02tay.

Further reading

• Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul; Bardsley, Dianne; Kennedy, Marianna; Major, George (2007), "New Zealand English", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (1): 97–102, doi: 10.1017/S0025100306002830
• Boberg, Charles (2004). "English in Canada: phonology". In Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.). A Handbook of Varieties of English. Vol. 1: Phonology. Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 351–365. ISBN   978-3-11-017532-5.
• Bekker, Ian (2008). "The vowels of South African English" (PDF).
• Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan R., eds. (1990), English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, Multilingual Matters Ltd., ISBN   1-85359-032-0
• Gimson, A. C. (1980). An Introduction to the Pronunciation of English (3rd ed.). London: Edward Arnold. ISBN   0-7131-6287-2.
• Harrington, J.; Cox, F.; Evans, Z. (1997). "An acoustic phonetic study of broad, general, and cultivated Australian English vowels". Australian Journal of Linguistics. 17 (2): 155–84. doi:10.1080/07268609708599550.
• Cox, Felicity; Palethorpe, Sallyanne (2007), "Australian English" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (3): 341–350, doi: 10.1017/S0025100307003192
• Kenyon, John S. (1950). American Pronunciation (10th ed.). Ann Arbor: George Wahr.
• Kenyon, John S.; Knott, Thomas A. (1953) [1944]. A Pronouncing Dictionary of American English . Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster. ISBN   0-87779-047-7.
• Lass, Roger (2002). "South African English". In Mesthrie, Rajend (ed.). Language in South Africa. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   9780521791052.
• Mannell, R.; Cox, F.; Harrington, J. (2009). An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology. Macquarie University.
• Roach, Peter (2004). "British English: Received Pronunciation". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 34 (2): 239–245. doi: 10.1017/S0025100304001768 (inactive 1 December 2024).
• Sailaja, Pingali (2009). Indian English . Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press Ltd. pp.  17–38. ISBN   9780748625949.
• Schneider, Edgar W.; Kortmann, Bernd (2004). A Handbook of Varieties of English. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN   3-11-017532-0.
• Scobbie, James M.; Gordeeva, Olga B.; Matthews, Benjamin (2006). "Acquisition of Scottish English Phonology: an overview" (Document). Edinburgh: QMU Speech Science Research Centre Working Papers.
• Wells, John C. (2000). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (2nd ed.). Harlow, Essex: Pearson Education Limited. ISBN   0-582-36468-X.
• Wells, John C. (1982). Accents of English. Vol. II: The British Isles. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN   0-521-28541-0.