Port Talbot English

Last updated
Port Talbot English
Native to United Kingdom
Region Port Talbot
Latin (English alphabet)
Language codes
ISO 639-3
Glottolog None
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Port Talbot English (PTE) is a variety of Welsh English spoken in Port Talbot, generally by the working class. [1]

Contents

Phonetics and phonology

Consonants

Consonants in Port Talbot English generally follow those of Received Pronunciation. Some phonological characteristics of consonants specific to PTE include:

Vowels

Monophthongs

Monophthongs of PTE [4]
Front Central Back
unroundedrounded
shortlongshortlong
Close ɪ ʊ
Close-mid øː
Open-mid ɛ ɛː ə
Open a ɒ ɒː
Length
  • Unstressed long vowels tend to be shortened, as seen in free wheel[friˈwiːl]. [2]
  • Sometimes, under the same environment as geminating consonants, short vowels can be lengthened as in casserole[ˈkaːsəroːl]. [2]
Quality
  • The HAPPY vowel is tense, but unlike Received Pronunciation, it is long [iː], as in the FLEECE vowel (see Happy tensing). [5]
  • Vowels corresponding to unstressed /ɪ/ in RP are as follows: [5]
    • /ɪ/ in the inflectional suffixes -ed and -es;
    • /ə/ in the suffix -est;
    • /iː/ in prefixes like anti- and poly-.
  • There is no contrastive NEAR vowel. Depending on word, it is replaced by either FLEECE (in polysyllables), a disyllabic sequence of FLEECE and COMMA/iːə/ (in monosyllables) and a monosyllabic sequence /jøː/ when word initial (including hear and here, where the /h/ is generally dropped). [5]
  • As in many other southern Welsh accents, the NURSE vowel is rounded and fronted to [øː]. However, a small minority of speakers realise it rhotically as [əɾ~əɹ] as in many varieties of North American English. [6]
  • The horse–hoarse merger is absent in PTE, hence the words horse/ɒː/ and hoarse/oː/ are kept distinct. /oː/ is found in fortress and important, where the horse vowel may be found in other dialects that keep the distinction. [7]
  • /ə/ is open-mid [ ɜ ] in stressed positions. When unstressed, it may be slightly raised to mid [ ə ]. [8]
  • The THOUGHT vowel is mainly /ɒː/. Exceptions are before /l/ and /st/, as in all or exhaust, as well as the word saucepan, where it is replaced by the LOT vowel /ɒ/. However long /ɒː/ does appear before the cluster /ld/ and the word palsy . [5]
  • The trap–bath split is nearly absent, although the word bath along with path, laugh and its derivatives, ghastly and last(ly) have a long PALM/aː/, yet just like in Northern England, the remainder of BATH words are short /a/. [5]
  • The TRAP words bad, bag and man are often found with long /aː/. [5]

Diphthongs

Diphthongs of PTE are /ɪʊ,eɪ,oʊ,ʌɪ,ʌʊ,ɒɪ/. PRICE words are mostly pronounced with /ʌɪ/, but there also exists a marginal /aɪ/ which appears in a small number of words, such as Dai and aye. [9]

PTE, like Welsh dialects such as Abercraf English, has preserved several diphthong–monophthong distinctions that other varieties have not. They include:

  • A distinction between /ɪʊ/ and /uː/, corresponding to the GOOSE vowel in other dialects. Thus the pairs blue/blew and grue/grew are not homophones. [9]
    • When a word is spelt with an o, the corresponding vowel is /uː/. It also occurs in the words insurance and surety.
    • The spellings u, ue and ui following r are typically pronounced /uː/.
    • /uː/ can also be found in the word blue, and the sequence luC, such as flute, lunatic and Pluto
    • /ɪʊ/ is found otherwise, such as crew or glue.
  • The sequence /j/ in most dialects will be rendered as /jɪʊ/ in word-initial position and after y, such as use and youth. You and its derivatives can be pronounced either as /jɪʊ/ or /ɪʊ/. /ɪʊ/ is otherwise found for all other positions. [9]
  • Another distinction for the FACE and GOAT lexical sets, thus the minimal pairs pain/pane and toe/tow (see Long mid mergers). They are generally diphthongised as /eɪ/ and /oʊ/ when the spelling contains i/y and u/w respectively and monophthongised as /eː/ and /oː/ elsewhere. However, these are subject to several exceptions: [10]
    • The FACE vowel is always diphthong word-finally or preceding a vowel. It is further seen in the suffix sequence -atiV, thus café, mosaic and patience are always /eɪ/. It is usually a diphthong before a nasal (strange and came), however proper names do have a monophthong ( Cambridge and James ).
    • The FACE is a monophthong in bait, gait , gaiter , Jamaica , raisin, traipse and waist.
    • Before a single l, the GOAT is always diphthongal, such as coal or gold. The spelling oll is diphthongal in roll, stroll and its derivatives, yet monophthongal elsewhere.
    • GOAT is monophthongal in (al)though, and morpheme-final -ow (elbow and window).
    • Own as a possessive adjective (such as your own) is monophthongal. [5]

Elision and assimilation

Phonemic incidence

The following features apply for only some speakers: [8]

Prosody

Grammar

Vocabulary

Idioms

Examples of commonly-used idiomatic phrases in PTE: [12]

Related Research Articles

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References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Connolly (1990), p. 121.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Connolly (1990), p. 126.
  3. Wells (1982), p. 389.
  4. Connolly (1990), pp. 122, 125.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Connolly (1990), p. 124.
  6. Connolly (1990), pp. 121, 125.
  7. Connolly (1990), p. 123.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Connolly (1990), p. 125.
  9. 1 2 3 Connolly (1990), p. 122.
  10. Connolly (1990), pp. 122–123.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Connolly (1990), p. 127.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Connolly (1990), p. 128.
  13. Davies, John; Jenkins, Nigel; Baines, Menna; Lynch, Peredur, eds. (2008). The Welsh Academy Encyclopaedia of Wales . Cardiff: University of Wales Press. ISBN   978-0-7083-1953-6.
  14. Hitt, Carolyn (1 March 2006). "Just who are 'the crachach'?". BBC News.

Bibliography