Northeastern elite accent

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A Northeastern elite accent is any of the related American English accents used by members of the wealthy Northeastern elite born in the 19th century and early 20th century, which share significant features with Eastern New England English and Received Pronunciation (RP), the standard British accent. [1] [2] [3] [4] The late 19th century first produced audio recordings of and general commentary about such accents used by affluent East Coast and Northern Americans, particularly New Yorkers and New Englanders, sometimes directly associated with their education at private preparatory schools. [5]

Contents

On one hand, scholars traditionally describe these accents as prescribed or affected ways of speaking consciously acquired in elite schools of that era. [1] [2] [6] In education from the 1920s through 1950s specifically, these high-society speaking styles may overlap with Good American Speech, a briefly fashionable accent taught in certain American courses on elocution, voice, and acting, including in several public and private secondary schools in the Northeast. [7] Both types of accent are most commonly recognized as a Mid-Atlantic accent , [8] [9] or Transatlantic accent. On the other hand, the linguist Geoff Lindsey argues that many Northern elite accents were not explicitly taught but rather persisted naturally among the upper class; [10] the linguist John McWhorter expresses a middle-ground possibility. [11]

No consistent name exists for this class of accents. It has also occasionally been called Northeastern standard [4] or cultivated American speech. [2] Another similar accent, Canadian dainty, resulted from different historical processes in Canada, existing for a century before waning in the 1950s. [12]

History

Since as late as the mid-19th century, upper-class Americans, particularly of the Northern and Eastern United States, are noted as adopting several phonetic qualities of Received Pronunciation [2] [4] [6] [13] —the standard accent of the British upper class—as evidenced in recorded public speeches of the time. One of these qualities is non-rhoticity, sometimes called "R-dropping", in which speakers delete the phoneme /r/ except before a vowel sound (thus, in pair but not pairing). This feature is also shared by the traditional regional dialects of Eastern New England (including Boston), New York City, and some areas of the South. Sociolinguists like William Labov and his colleagues describe that non-rhoticity, "as a characteristic of British Received Pronunciation, was also taught as a model of correct, international English by schools of speech, acting, and elocution in the United States up to the end of World War II. It was the standard model for most radio announcers and used as a high prestige form by Franklin Roosevelt". [6]

Early recordings of prominent Americans born in the middle of the 19th century provide some insight into their adoption, or not, of a carefully employed non-rhotic elite speaking style. President William Howard Taft, who attended public school in Ohio, and inventor Thomas Edison, who grew up in Ohio and Michigan in a family of modest means, both used natural rhotic accents. However, presidents William McKinley of Ohio and Grover Cleveland of Central New York, who attended private schools, clearly employed a non-rhotic, upper-class quality in their public speeches that does not align with the rhotic accents normally documented in Ohio and Central New York State at the time. Both men even use the distinctive and archaic affectation of a "tapped R" at times when R is pronounced, often when between vowels. [14] This tapped articulation is sometimes heard in recordings of Theodore Roosevelt, McKinley's successor from an affluent district of New York City, who used a cultivated non-rhotic accent, but with the addition of the coil-curl merger, once notably associated with New York accents. [14] His distant cousin Franklin D. Roosevelt also employed a non-rhotic elite accent, [3] [15] though without the merger or the tapped R.

In and around Boston, Massachusetts in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a similar accent was associated with the local urban elite: the Boston Brahmins. In the New York metropolitan area, particularly in its affluent Westchester County suburbs and the North Shore of Long Island, some terms for the local Transatlantic pronunciation and accompanying facial behavior included "Locust Valley lockjaw" or "Larchmont lockjaw", named for the stereotype that its speakers clench their jaw muscles to achieve an exaggerated enunciation quality. [5] The related term "boarding-school lockjaw" has also been used to describe the accent once considered a characteristic of elite New England boarding-school culture. [5] The type of accent is also linked with Old Philadelphians of the Philadelphia Main Line in this time period.

Decline

The accent rapidly declined following the end of World War II, presumably as a result of cultural and demographic postwar changes in the U.S. [7] This American version of a "posh" accent has disappeared even among the American upper classes, as Americans have increasingly dissociated from all speaking styles of the East Coast since the mid-20th century. [15] If anything, the accent is now subject to ridicule in American popular culture. [16] The clipped, non-rhotic English accents of George Plimpton and William F. Buckley Jr. were vestigial examples. [17] [3]

Marianne Williamson, a self-help author and a 2020 and 2024 Democratic presidential candidate raised and educated in Texas, has a unique accent that was widely discussed following her participation in the first 2020 Democratic presidential debates in June 2019. [18] [19] [20] For instance, an article from The Guardian stated that Williamson "speaks in a beguiling mid-Atlantic accent that makes her sound as if she has walked straight off the set of a Cary Grant movie". [21]

Notable speakers

Wealthy or highly educated Americans known for being life-long speakers of a Northeastern elite accent include William F. Buckley Jr., [3] [22] Gore Vidal, [23] H. P. Lovecraft, [24] Sara, [25] Franklin D. and Eleanor Roosevelt, Alice Roosevelt Longworth, [26] Averell Harriman, [27] [28] Dean Acheson, [29] George Plimpton, [30] [17] John F. Kennedy, [31] Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis (who began affecting it permanently while at Miss Porter's School), [32] [33] Louis Auchincloss, [34] Norman Mailer, [35] Diana Vreeland (though her accent is somewhat unique), [36] C. Z. Guest, [37] Joseph Alsop, [38] [39] [40] Robert Silvers, [41] [42] Julia Child [43] (though, as the lone non-Northeasterner in this list, her accent was consistently rhotic), Cornelius Vanderbilt IV, [44] and Gloria Vanderbilt. [5] Except for Child, all of these example speakers were raised, educated, or both in the Northeastern United States. This includes just over half who were raised specifically in New York (most of them in New York City) and five who were educated specifically at the independent boarding school Groton in Massachusetts: Franklin Roosevelt, Harriman, Acheson, Alsop, and Auchincloss.

Examples of individuals described as having a cultivated New England accent or "Boston Brahmin accent" include Henry Cabot Lodge, [45] Charles Eliot Norton, [46] Samuel Eliot Morison, [47] Harry Crosby, [48] John Brooks Wheelwright, [49] George C. Homans, [50] Elliot Richardson, [51] George Plimpton (though he was actually a life-long member of the New York City elite), [52] and John Kerry, [53] the last of whom has noticeably reduced this accent since his early adulthood toward a more General American one. [54]

Excerpt of FDR's "Fear Itself" speech

U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt, who came from a privileged family in the Hudson Valley north of New York City, had a non-rhotic accent, though it was not a New York accent but rather an elite East Coast one. [3] [4] In one of Roosevelt's most frequently heard speeches, the "Fear Itself" speech, he uses non-rhotic pronunciations of words like assert and firm along with a falling diphthong in the word fear, all of which distinguish his accent from other forms of surviving non-rhotic speech in the United States. [9] Also, in the same speech, linking R appears in his delivery of the words "The only thing we have to fear is fear itself"; this pronunciation of R is also famously recorded in his Pearl Harbor speech. [55]

Fictional portrayals

Though the popularity of this accent declined after the WWII, the accent continued to be used for several decades in the media when depicting elite or snobbish characters.

Phonology

Monophthongs as pronounced by Franklin D. Roosevelt, from Urban (2021). Here /a:/ includes the vowels of PALM and LOT and /o:/ includes the vowels of THOUGHT and CLOTH. The vowel /e:/ is pronounced as a rhotic vowel. The FLEECE, GOOSE, FOOT, THOUGHT and PALM vowels are pronounced as diphthongs, respectively [ii, uu, Uu, oa, aa] Roosevelt's Mid-Atlantic monophthongs.svg
Monophthongs as pronounced by Franklin D. Roosevelt, from Urban (2021). Here /ɑː/ includes the vowels of PALM and LOT and /ɔː/ includes the vowels of THOUGHT and CLOTH. The vowel /ɜː/ is pronounced as a rhotic vowel. The FLEECE, GOOSE, FOOT, THOUGHT and PALM vowels are pronounced as diphthongs, respectively [i̞i, u̟u, ʊɤ, ɔɐ, ɑɐ]
Closing diphthongs as pronounced by Franklin D. Roosevelt from Urban (2021). Roosevelt's Mid-Atlantic Closing Diphthongs.svg
Closing diphthongs as pronounced by Franklin D. Roosevelt from Urban (2021).
Centering diphthongs as pronounced by Franklin D. Roosevelt, from Urban (2021). Roosevelt's Mid-Atlantic centering diphthongs.svg
Centering diphthongs as pronounced by Franklin D. Roosevelt, from Urban (2021).
F1/F2 values of Franklin D. Roosevelt's vowels in hertz according to Urban (2021). Franklin D. Roosevelt's Mid-Atlantic vowels.jpg
F1/F2 values of Franklin D. Roosevelt's vowels in hertz according to Urban (2021).
Distribution of /ɒr/ and prevocalic /ɔːr/ by dialect
British RP General
American 		Traditional
American [A] 		Canada
Only borrow, sorrow, sorry, (to)morrow /ɒr/ /ɑːr/ /ɒr/ or /ɑːr/ /ɔːr/
Forest, Florida, historic, moral, porridge, etc. /ɔːr/
Forum, memorial, oral, storage, story, etc. /ɔːr/ /ɔːr/
  1. ↑ This here refers to accents of the greater New York City area, greater Philadelphia, the older Southern U.S., and the older Northeastern elite. It also includes some speakers, though particularly older ones, in Eastern New England (predominantly Rhode Island) and coastal states of the modern Southern U.S.
American and British comparison of lexical sets with low vowels
KEYWORDUSUK
General American Boston Northeastern elite Received Pronunciation
TRAPææ
BATHa~æa~ɑ~æɑ
STARTɑɹaa~ɑ
PALMɑɑ
LOTɒɑ~ɒɒ
CLOTHɔ~ɑɒ~ɔ
THOUGHTɔ

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References

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  2. 1 2 3 4 White, E. J. (2020). You Talkin' to Me?: The Unruly History of New York English. Oxford University Press.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Tsai, Michelle (28 February 2008). "Why Did William F. Buckley Jr. talk like that?". Slate . Retrieved 28 February 2008.
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  5. 1 2 3 4 Safire, William (18 January 1987). "On Language". The New York Times– via NYTimes.com.
  6. 1 2 3 Labov, William et al. (2006). "The restoration of post-vocalic /r/". The Atlas of North American English Phonetics, Phonology and Sound Change. Mouton de Gruter: "The basic vernacular of New York City was consistently r-less in the nineteenth century and the first half of the twentieth. r-less pronunciation, as a characteristic of British Received Pronunciation, was also taught as a model of correct, international English by schools of speech, acting, and elocution in the United States up to the end of World War II. It was the standard model for most radio announcers and used as a high prestige form by Franklin Roosevelt".
  7. 1 2 Knight, Dudley. "Standard Speech". In: Hampton, Marian E. & Barbara Acker (eds.) (1997). The Vocal Vision: Views on Voice. Hal Leonard Corporation. p p. 171.
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  10. ↑ Lindsey, Geoff. "Hollywood's "Fake" Mid-Atlantic Myth DEBUNKED!" YouTube, uploaded by Dr Geoff Lindsey, June 2024, Video on YouTube
  11. ↑ McWhorter, John (2015). "On American r-lessness". Language Log.
  12. ↑ "Some Canadians used to speak with a quasi-British accent called Canadian Dainty". CBC News, 1 July 2017.
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  16. ↑ Taylor, Trey (2013). "The Rise and Fall of Katharine Hepburn's Fake Accent". The Atlantic.
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  18. ↑ Saraiya, Sonia. "Marianne Williamson Explains Her Magical Thinking". Vanity Fair. Retrieved 16 August 2019.
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  23. ↑ Shapiro, Ari (host); Nosowitz, Dan (guest) (November 25, 2016). "'Atlas Obscura' Explores Roots Of The So-Called Mid-Atlantic Accent". All Things Considered.
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  34. ↑ Louis Auchincloss, the Last of the Gentlemen Novelists, New York Magazine (5 January 2005)
  35. ↑ Wiegand. With Mailer's death, U.S. loses a colorful writer and character – SFGate. Articles.sfgate.com (11 November 2007). Retrieved 18 June 2011.
  36. ↑ Empress of fashion : a life of Diana Vreeland Los Angeles Public Library Online (28 December 2012). Retrieved 25 November 2013.
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  54. ↑ Worth, Robert F. (October 10, 2004). "Wealth of Others Helped to Shape Kerry's Life". The New York Times. Saint-Briac-sur-Mer, France. Retrieved January 5, 2025. Mr. Kerry ... exudes a Brahmin reserve. His accent is no longer the upper-class drawl of his youth, but his soft vowels and formal diction still hint at a privileged lineage.
  55. ↑ Pearl Harbor speech by Franklin Delano Roosevelt (sound file)
  56. ↑ "Tom Lehrer Is Not Dead! He Just Wants You to Think He Is. | The American Spectator | Politics Is Too Important To Be Taken Seriously". The American Spectator. 29 March 2017.
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