Northeastern elite accent

A Northeastern elite accent is any of the related American English accents used by members of the wealthy Northeastern elite born in the 19th century and early 20th century, which share significant features with Eastern New England English and Received Pronunciation (RP), the standard British accent. ^{[1] [2] [3] [4]} The late 19th century first produced audio recordings of and general commentary about such accents used by affluent East Coast and Northern Americans, particularly New Yorkers and New Englanders, sometimes directly associated with their education at private preparatory schools. ^[5]

On one hand, scholars traditionally describe these accents as prescribed or affected ways of speaking consciously acquired in elite schools of that era. ^{[1] [2] [6]} In education from the 1920s through 1950s specifically, these high-society speaking styles may overlap with Good American Speech, a briefly fashionable accent taught in certain American courses on elocution, voice, and acting, including in several public and private secondary schools in the Northeast. ^[7] Both types of accent are most commonly labeled a Mid-Atlantic accent ^{[8] [9]} or Transatlantic accent. On the other hand, the linguist Geoff Lindsey argues that many Northern elite accents were not explicitly taught but rather persisted naturally among the upper class; ^[10] the linguist John McWhorter expresses a middle-ground possibility. ^[11]

No consistent name exists for this class of accents. It has also occasionally been called Northeastern standard ^[4] or cultivated American speech. ^[2] Another similar accent, Canadian dainty, resulted from different historical processes in Canada, existing for a century before waning in the 1950s. ^[12]

History

Since as late as the mid-19th century, upper-class Americans, particularly of the Northern and Eastern United States, are noted as adopting several phonetic qualities of Received Pronunciation ^{[2] [4] [6] [13]} —the standard accent of the British upper class—as evidenced in recorded public speeches of the time. One of these qualities is non-rhoticity, sometimes called "R-dropping", in which speakers delete the phoneme /r/ except before a vowel sound (thus, in pair but not pairing). This feature is also shared by the traditional regional dialects of Eastern New England (including Boston), New York City, and some areas of the South. Sociolinguists like William Labov and his colleagues note that non-rhoticity, "as a characteristic of British Received Pronunciation, was also taught as a model of correct, international English by schools of speech, acting, and elocution in the United States up to the end of World War II. It was the standard model for most radio announcers and used as a high prestige form by Franklin Roosevelt". ^[6]

Early recordings of prominent Americans born in the middle of the 19th century provide some insight into their adoption, or not, of a carefully employed non-rhotic elite speaking style. President William Howard Taft, who attended public school in Ohio, and inventor Thomas Edison, who grew up in Ohio and Michigan in a family of modest means, both used natural rhotic accents. But Presidents William McKinley of Ohio and Grover Cleveland of Central New York, who attended private schools, clearly employed a non-rhotic, upper-class quality in their public speeches that does not align with the rhotic accents normally documented in Ohio and central New York at the time. Both men even used the distinctive, archaic affectation of a "tapped R" at times when R is pronounced, often when between vowels. ^[14] This tapped articulation is sometimes heard in recordings of Theodore Roosevelt, McKinley's successor from an affluent district of New York City, who used a cultivated non-rhotic accent, but with the addition of the coil-curl merger, once notably associated with New York accents. ^[14] His distant cousin Franklin D. Roosevelt also employed a non-rhotic elite accent, ^{[3] [15]} though without the merger or the tapped R.

In and around Boston, Massachusetts, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a similar accent was associated with the local urban elite: the Boston Brahmins. In the New York metropolitan area, particularly its affluent Westchester County suburbs and the North Shore of Long Island, some terms for the local Transatlantic pronunciation and accompanying facial behavior included "Locust Valley lockjaw" or "Larchmont lockjaw", named for the stereotype that its speakers clench their jaw muscles to achieve an exaggerated enunciation quality. ^[5] The related term "boarding-school lockjaw" has also been used for the accent once considered a characteristic of elite New England boarding-school culture. ^[5] This set of accents is also linked with Old Philadelphians of the Philadelphia Main Line in this period.

Decline

These accents rapidly declined after World War II, presumably as a result of cultural and demographic changes in the U.S. ^[7] This American version of a "posh" accent has disappeared even among the American upper classes, as Americans have increasingly dissociated from all speaking styles of the East Coast since the mid-20th century. ^[15] If anything, the accent is now subject to ridicule in American popular culture. ^[16] The clipped, non-rhotic English accents of George Plimpton and William F. Buckley Jr. were vestigial examples. ^{[17] [3]}

Marianne Williamson, a self-help author and a 2020 and 2024 Democratic presidential candidate raised and educated in Texas, has a unique accent that was widely discussed after she participated in the first 2020 Democratic presidential debates in June 2019. ^{[18] [19] [20]} For instance, The Guardian wrote that Williamson "speaks in a beguiling mid-Atlantic accent that makes her sound as if she has walked straight off the set of a Cary Grant movie". ^[21]

Notable speakers

Wealthy or highly educated Americans known as lifelong speakers of a Northeastern elite accent include William F. Buckley Jr., ^{[3] [22]} Gore Vidal, ^[23] H. P. Lovecraft, ^[24] Sara, ^[25] Franklin D., and Eleanor Roosevelt, Alice Roosevelt Longworth, ^[26] Averell Harriman, ^{[27] [28]} Dean Acheson, ^[29] George Plimpton, ^{[30] [17]} John F. Kennedy, ^[31] Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis (who began affecting it permanently while at Miss Porter's School), ^{[32] [33]} Louis Auchincloss, ^[34] Norman Mailer, ^[35] Diana Vreeland (though her accent is somewhat unique), ^[36] C. Z. Guest, ^[37] Joseph Alsop, ^{[38] [39] [40]} Robert Silvers, ^{[41] [42]} Julia Child ^[43] (though, as the lone non-Northeasterner in this list, her accent was consistently rhotic), Cornelius Vanderbilt IV, ^[44] and Gloria Vanderbilt. ^[5] Except for Child, all of these speakers were raised, educated, or both in the Northeastern United States. This includes just over half who were raised specifically in New York (most of them in New York City) and five who were educated specifically at the independent boarding school Groton in Massachusetts: Franklin Roosevelt, Harriman, Acheson, Alsop, and Auchincloss.

People described as having a cultivated New England accent or "Boston Brahmin accent" include Henry Cabot Lodge, ^[45] Charles Eliot Norton, ^[46] Samuel Eliot Morison, ^[47] Harry Crosby, ^[48] John Brooks Wheelwright, ^[49] George C. Homans, ^[50] Elliot Richardson, ^[51] George Plimpton (though he was actually a lifelong member of the New York City elite), ^[52] and John Kerry, ^[53] the last of whom has noticeably reduced this accent since his early adulthood toward a more General American one. ^[54]

Excerpt of FDR's "Fear Itself" speech

President Franklin Roosevelt, who came from a privileged family in the Hudson Valley north of New York City, had a non-rhotic accent, though it was not a New York accent but rather an elite East Coast one. ^{[3] [4]} In one of his most often heard speeches, the "Fear Itself" speech, he uses non-rhotic pronunciations of words like assert and firm along with a falling diphthong in the word fear, all of which distinguish his accent from other forms of surviving non-rhotic speech in the United States. ^[9] Also, in the same speech, linking R appears in his delivery of the words "The only thing we have to fear is fear itself"; this pronunciation of R is also recorded in his Pearl Harbor speech. ^[55]

Fictional portrayals

Though these accents declined after World War II, it continued to be used for several decades in the media when depicting elite or snobbish characters.

• Satirist Tom Lehrer lampooned the effete speech of Boston Brahmins in his 1945 song "Fight Fiercely, Harvard". Lehrer, who was raised in New York City and attended Harvard University, does not normally speak with a Mid-Atlantic accent, but he performs the song with some of its features, most notably non-rhoticity. ^[56] Lehrer's various recordings of the song display these features to different degrees.

• In the film Auntie Mame (1958), Joanna Barnes's character's accent identifies her as a "lockjawed prep princess" from Connecticut's WASP elite. ^[57]

• Jim Backus and Natalie Schafer portrayed Thurston and Lovey Howell, a millionaire couple on the 1960s TV series Gilligan's Island ; they both employed the Locust Valley lockjaw accent. ^[58]

• David Ogden Stiers used the accent in portraying wealthy Bostonian Major Charles Emerson Winchester III on the TV series M*A*S*H .

• In the television sitcom Frasier this accent was used by the snobbish Crane brothers, who are played by Kelsey Grammer and David Hyde Pierce. ^[13]

• In the animated television series The Critic , Franklin Sherman (an affluent former governor of New York) and his wife Eleanor Sherman both speak with pronounced Locust Valley Lockjaw accents.

Phonology

Monophthongs as pronounced by Franklin D. Roosevelt, from Urban (2021). Here /ɑː/ includes the vowels of PALM and LOT and /ɔː/ includes the vowels of THOUGHT and CLOTH. The vowel /ɜː/ is pronounced as a rhotic vowel. The FLEECE, GOOSE, FOOT, THOUGHT and PALM vowels are pronounced as diphthongs, respectively [i̞i, u̟u, ʊɤ, ɔɐ, ɑɐ]

Closing diphthongs as pronounced by Franklin D. Roosevelt from Urban (2021).

Centering diphthongs as pronounced by Franklin D. Roosevelt, from Urban (2021).

F1/F2 values of Franklin D. Roosevelt's vowels in hertz according to Urban (2021).

• Non-rhoticity, or "R-dropping", occurs in words like oar, start, there, etc. ^{[3] [15]} This is like British Received Pronunciation (RP) and certain other traditional American eastern and southern dialects, but unlike General American English (GA).
  • In the lexical set NURSE, most non-rhotic American accents preserve the /r/ sound. However, similar to RP, older upper-class Northeastern accents drop the /r/ even in these words: first, pearl, her, etc.
• Trap–bath split: the vowels in TRAP and BATH were often not the same, most consistently a feature of the New England upper class, the Boston Brahmins, but variably also shared by the New York City elite and possibly other Northern American elite speakers born in the 19th century. Unlike in RP though, the BATH vowel does not retract and merge with the back vowel of PALM[ɑ]. It is only lowered from the near-open vowel [æ] to the fully open vowel [a].
• Father–bother variability: The "a" in father is traditionally unrounded, while the "o" in bother may be rounded, like in RP. Therefore, father and bother may fail to rhyme for some speakers, in New England for example, but it rhymes for others, like Franklin Roosevelt, who merged the two vowels. ^[4]
• Lot–cloth split: Speakers like Franklin Roosevelt tended to have a LOT-CLOTH split, with the CLOTH vowel aligning to the THOUGHT vowel. ^[4] This deviates from modern RP, which has a merger.
• Thought–force variability: The vowels in thought and force–north are possibly distinguished by some ([ɔː] versus [ɔə]). However, Franklin Roosevelt and the Boston Brahmins often merged THOUGHT and FORCE and their vowel was often [ɔə], which is more diphthongal than in RP. ^[4]
• Variability in happy tensing: Like in conservative RP, the vowel /i/ at the end of words such as "happy" [ˈhæpɪ] ( listen ^ⓘ ), "Charlie", "sherry", "coffee", etc. is not necessarily tensed, instead pronounced with the kit vowel [ɪ], rather than the fleece vowel [i]. Some speakers, though, including John F. Kennedy and certain Boston Brahmins, did participate in happy tensing.
• Dropping of /j/ rarely occurs—only after /r/, and optionally after /s/ and /l/, but not elsewhere. The word duke, for instance, is pronounced like upper-class British [djuːk] and neither like middle-class British [dʒuːk] (the first variant versus the second one here ^ⓘ ) nor like GA [duk] ^ⓘ . Similarly, dew is not a homophone of either do[duː] or Jew[dʒuː]. All of this mirrors (conservative) RP.
• Intervocalic /t/ is sometimes preserved (thus, more fully pronounced in a word like waiter, so that it does not sound exactly like wader), avoiding the GA phenomenon of flapping in some speakers. ^[3]
• As in RP and some American East Coast dialects like New York City English, but unlike GA, vowel distinctions before /r/ persist. Therefore, no Mary–marry–merry merger or hurry-furry merger occurs; each of those words has a distinct vowel sound, so that none of them rhyme.
• In the following table, Northeastern elite accents fit under the "Traditional American" column:

• v
• t
• e

Distribution of /ɒr/ and prevocalic /ɔːr/ by dialect

	British RP	General American	Traditional American [A]	Canada
Only borrow, sorrow, sorry, (to)morrow	/ɒr/	/ɑːr/	/ɒr/ or /ɑːr/	/ɔːr/
Forest, Florida, historic, moral, porridge, etc.		/ɔːr/
Forum, memorial, oral, storage, story, etc.	/ɔːr/		/ɔːr/
This here refers to accents of the greater New York City area, greater Philadelphia, the older Southern U.S., and the older Northeastern elite. It also includes some speakers, though particularly older ones, in Eastern New England (predominantly Rhode Island) and coastal states of the modern Southern U.S.

American and British comparison of lexical sets with low vowels

KEYWORD	US			UK
	General American	Boston	Northeastern elite	Received Pronunciation
TRAP	æ	æ
BATH		a~æ	a~ɑ~æ	ɑ
START	ɑɹ	a	a~ɑ
PALM	ɑ		ɑ
LOT		ɒ	ɑ~ɒ	ɒ
CLOTH	ɔ~ɑ		ɒ~ɔ
THOUGHT			ɔ

References

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