South Atlantic English

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South Atlantic English is a variety of the English language which is spoken on islands in the Southern hemisphere. South Atlantic English is spoken on Tristan da Cunha and Saint Helena, but its spread on other islands is unknown. An intelligibility with British English, a linguistic variety of the same country, exists. There are fewer than 10,000 speakers of South Atlantic English. South Atlantic English does not have official status anywhere.

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Saint Helena English

On Saint Helena, the variety of South Atlantic English is locally referred to as 'Saint-Speak' or speaking 'Saint'. It originated in the 17th century; the East India Company established a colony on St Helena in 1658. The island has had a Dutch rule in the 1670s, and settlers from France, West Africa, Cape Verde, the Indian subcontinent and Madagascar. Nonetheless, English has been the largest influence on the island's language.

Phonology

South Atlantic English on Saint Helena has several phonological markers, some related to its non-rhoticity, others to its sound changes. [1]

Rhoticity

Saint Helena English is non-rhotic, so /r/ is pronounced only if a vowel follows it in the same word - e.g. the r-sound is pronounced in 'flora', but not in 'floor'.

Despite this general rule of thumb, some speakers also pronounce the /r/ if it is followed by a vowel in the following word - to use the previous example, Saint speakers would pronounce the r-sound in 'floor and wall'. In addition, some speakers also add in an r-sound during some vowel sounds, for example 'idea' is pronounced ideear - these two phenomena are called linking and intrusive R respectively, and are unusual for a non-rhotic English variety.

Furthermore, the intervocalic /t/ is often pronounced as a flap - for example, the t-sound in the words 'butter, letter, better' are the same as in the General American pronunciation, whereas in British English they would be usually pronounced either like the t in 'top' or the glottal stop in 'uh-oh'. Again, this is more typical of rhotic English varieties, so it is a curiosity.

Phonetic DIfferences

Here are some other prevalent phonetic markers in Saint Helena English:

  • Th-stopping - where the English th-sound is pronounced as t or d, for example 'thank you' is pronounced 'tank you'.
  • Vowel raising and some vowel lengthening occurs quite noticeably, for example:
    • /ɒ/ has shifted to /ɔ/, for example the word 'job' is pronounced /d͡ʒɔb/ jorb.
    • /æ/ has shifted to /e/, for example the word 'bare' is pronounced /ber/, more like beer.
    • /ɛ/ has shifted to /e/ or /i/, for example the word 'bed' is pronounced /beːd/ beed.
  • /w/ and /v/ form a minimal pair - that is, the v-sound and w-sound are mostly interchangeable, as seen in the local adage St Helena was created by two wolcanos.
  • /t/ at the end of a word is frequently glottalized or dropped entirely, therefore a 'project' is pronounced as prorjek.
  • Some sounds are added as though superfluous, for example 'fishing' is pronounced fishenin'.
  • Syllabic 'r' is often dropped, for example 'funeral' (in which the second syllable is a syllabic R in some rural British English dialects) is pronounced fewnel.
  • Many word-final consonant clusters are simplified by deleting one of the consonants - 'build' becomes bil, and 'strength' becomes streng'.

Vocabulary

Where 'a couple' in English means two things, in Saint it can be two or more. A good/nice couple means 'a lot more than two' or 'enough for your liking' - for example, Have you a good couple of chips means 'take as many potato chips as you want'. Likewise, a good couple of days means 'not for some time'.

Many words in Saint are contractions of English phrases - for example mussie for 'must be/have', most for 'almost', miggies for 'hurry up' (from 'make haste'), and bitta for 'a bit of'.

The word stay does not have a temporary connotation in Saint, so asking Where you chirren stay? means 'Where do your kids live?'.

The standard greeting for friends and relatives is lurvy, from the Southern English 'Luvvie'.

The expression phew ya is a standard exclamation, and the adjective some can be used to mean 'quite' or 'very'. For example, Phew ya it some hot! means 'Wow, it's quite hot!'.

Grammar

Saint Helena Southern Atlantic English has several curious non-standard grammatical features:

Sample words and phrases

Some Saint vocabulary is more similar to American than British, and this is most likely related to the temporary movement of locals to Ascension Island in the 1940s, where they encountered Americans at the USAF base and picked up their terminology. Here are some sample words and phrases in Saint Helena South Atlantic English. :

Tristan da Cunha English

Tristan da Cunha English, locally called Tristanian, shows several unique features due to the island's isolation.

Phonetics and phonology

Grammar

Many features are comparatively similar to Saint Helenian English. Tristanian's grammar includes:

Related Research Articles

In phonetics, rhotic consonants, or "R-like" sounds, are liquid consonants that are traditionally represented orthographically by symbols derived from the Greek letter rho, including ⟨R⟩, ⟨r⟩ in the Latin script and ⟨Р⟩, ⟨p⟩ in the Cyrillic script. They are transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet by upper- or lower-case variants of Roman ⟨R⟩, ⟨r⟩: r, ɾ, ɹ, ɻ, ʀ, ʁ, ɽ, and ɺ. Transcriptions for vocalic or semivocalic realisations of underlying rhotics include the ə̯ and ɐ̯.

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References

  1. "Speak Saint ⋅ Saint Helena Island Info ⋅ About St Helena, in the South Atlantic Ocean". sainthelenaisland.info. Retrieved March 18, 2024.