The naming of the Type 053/Type 6601/Type 065 frigates reflected contemporary Chinese political turmoil. The PLAN originally named major surface combatants after geographical areas in China, but this practice was abolished during the Cultural Revolution. During that period, most of the third batch of Type 065s were either not named or had their names stripped; ships were referred to only by their hull numbers.[citation needed]
The naming of ships resumed in the latter half of the 1980s. However, by that time the Type 065s were nearing retirement, and the traditional geographic names were given to newer ships. For example, Jinan was allocated to a Type 051 destroyer. When the older Type 053/Type 6601/Type 065 were renamed, none received the same one they had held before.[citation needed]
History
Replicating the Riga and the Type 065
In the 1950s, the Soviets provided China with four kits for Riga-class frigates and four completed Gnevny-class destroyers.[1] These entered PLAN service as the Type 01 Chengdu class[2] and the Type 07 Anshan class, respectively.[3] The Riga kits were assembled by the Huangpu Shipyard in Guangzhou, and the Hudong Shipyard in Shanghai,[4] from 1955 to 1958. These ships formed the PLAN's backbone in the 1950s and 1960s.[citation needed]
Following the Sino-Soviet split and the withdrawal of Soviet aid, the Wuhan-based No. 701 Institute began reverse-engineering the Type 01 in 1962. The result was the Type 065.[5] It was based on the Riga class hull, with the flush deck replaced by a long forecastle. This modification was needed to accommodate a large medium-speed diesel powerplant; the civilian diesel was a substitute for the Riga class' compact high-pressure steam turbine powerplant that the Chinese were unable to replicate. The first Type 065, Haikou (529), was laid down at Huangpu in August 1964 and commissioned by August 1966.[citation needed]
Type 053K air-defence frigate
From 1965 to 1967, the No. 701 Institute designed the Type 053K (Kong for air-defence), an air-defence variant of the Type 065. This met a PLAN requirement for air-defence ships to accompany the surface-warfare Type 051 destroyers. The Type 053K was originally intended to have three screws powered by a combined gas-turbine and diesel engine, with a speed of 38 knots. However, technical constraints forced the Chinese to settle for a diesel engine, powering two screws for a maximum speed of 30 knots.
The Type 053Ks were armed with HQ-61surface-to-air missiles, launched from two twin-armed launchers; these did not enter service until the mid-1980s. The 100mm. gun armament was also delayed. This class received NATO reporting name as Jiangdong class.
Only two Type 053Ks were completed, possibly due to unsatisfactory performance and the long development time for their intended armament. Yingtan (531) was laid down in 1970 and commissioned in 1977, and followed by Zhongdong (532).[6] Both ships were withdrawn from service in 1992, with one scrapped in 1994 and the other preserved as a museum ship.[7][8][9]
Type 053H surface-warfare frigate
Type 053H1G Zigong (558) was armed with four SY-1 anti-ship missiles
The PLAN retired many older frigates in the 1970s, and the No. 701 Institute developed the Type 053H (Hai for anti-ship) as a replacement. The initial design was armed with four SY-1 anti-ship missiles in two twin-missile box launchers, two single 100mm. guns, six twin 37mm guns, depth charges and short-range ASW rockets. The Type 053H received the NATO codename Jianghu-I. The first was constructed by the Hudong Shipyard and entered service in the mid-1970s. At least a dozen were built and entered service with the PLAN East Sea Fleet.[10]
The Type 053H was improved in four successive subclasses, receiving NATO codenames Jianghu-II through Jianghu-V. The Type 053Hs were succeeded by the PLAN's first multirole frigates, the Type 053H2G and Type 053H3 frigates.[11]
Type 053H2 surface-warfare frigate
The Type 053H2, NATO codename Jianghu-III, is an improved version of Type 053H1 frigates. Hudong Shipyard built seven hulls for the People's Liberation Army Navy (three ships) and Royal Thai Navy (four ships) between 1985 and 1992. In 2013,two of PLAN Type 053H2 frigates were transferred to Bangladesh Navy. Basically, Type 053H2 is an anti-surface warfare (ASuW) frigate for the littoral environment featuring a sophisticated combat management system and enhanced electronic warfare and countermeasures capabilities.[12]
Foreign sales
The Chinese sold the Type 053H, and derivatives to foreign navies. One refurbished Type 053H1 and two Type 053H2 was sold to the Bangladesh Navy, with two refurbished Type 053Hs going to the Egyptian Navy. Sonars for these ships are Echo Type 5, a development of EH-5 sonar used on Jianghu-III's, adopting LSIC technology. PLAN also added Type 343 fire control radar for gun. They mounted Silkworm anti-ship missiles.
The Royal Thai Navy received four new Type 053HTs (based on the then-latest Type 053H2) in the early-1990s. Each cost ฿2 billion. Two were modified with rear helicopter decks. The sonar on these ships is SJD-5A, a further development of Echo Type 5 sonars on the same class of ships sold to Egyptian and Bangladesh navies, with VLSIC replacing LSIC.
By the mid-1990s, the Thai Navy again ordered two enlarged Type 053 hulls as the F25T Naresuan-class frigates. The general designer of F25T frigate is Mr. Zhu Yingfu (朱英富).[13] The F25Ts were fitted with Western engines and armament, and their construction was supervised by technical advisers from the German ship building industry. Sonars on these F25Ts are SO-7H, which is the Chinese version of French DUBA25.[14]
Transfers to the Coast Guard
In 2007, the Type 053H frigates "509" and "510" were transferred to the China Coast Guard and refitted as Ocean Patrol Vehicles "1002" and "1003". The superstructure was heavily modified. Armament was reduced to a small cannon forward and heavy machine guns; some of freed space was used to stow small patrol boats and add crew quarters.[15]
Transfers to Bangladesh Navy
One used Type 053H1 frigate was sold to the Bangladesh Navy as BNS Osman in 1989. She was the first guided missile frigate to enter in service with the Bangladesh Navy. In 2013, two Type 053H2 frigates were transferred to Bangladesh Navy as BNS Abu Bakr and BNS Ali Haider respectively.[16]
Transfers to Myanmar
In 2012, two Type 053H1 frigates, Anshun (FFG 554) and Jishou (FFG 557) were transferred to Myanmar Navy as UMS Mahar Bandoola (F-21) and UMS Mahar Thiha Thura (F-23) respectively.[17]
Incidents
On 11 July 2012, a Jianghu-V ship, Dongguan (560), ran aground on a shoal off the coast of the Philippines. The area where the incident occurred, known as Half Moon Shoal (Hasa Hasa Shoal in the Philippines) in the Spratly Islands is 60 miles west of Rizal, Palawan.[18] By 15 July the ship had been refloated and was returning to port with no casualty and only minor damage.[19] Confrontations over territorial disputes in the South China Sea, and particularly the disputed status of the Spratly Islands, have become more frequent in recent years, and caused noticeable friction at the 2012 ASEAN summit in Phnom Penh that was taking place at the same time as the incident.[19]
Versions
Type 6601 (Chengdu class)
Four ships were assembled in China from Soviet-supplied kits of Riga-class frigates. Slightly more heavily armed than the Soviet Riga class (Project 50) it is based on, in that the two twin 25 mm gun mounts on the original Riga class were replaced by a second pair of twin 37 mm gun mounts in the Chengdu class. In addition, the original RBU-2500 ASW launchers on the original Riga class were replaced by RBU-1200 on Type 6601. All four units were converted to Type 01 in the early 1970s.
Type 01 (Chengdu class)
By the early 1970s, Type 6601 class went through mid-life upgrade with their torpedo tubes replaced by a twin launcher for SY-1 anti-ship missiles. Although redesignated as Type 01, these ships were still called Chengdu class. Retired in the 1980s.
Type 065 (NATO codename Jiangnan)
Type 065 frigate Haikou
Based on the Type 6601/01. The design was first started in Dec 1962 by the 701st Institute at Wuhan, and the construction begun in Aug 1964, with the first ship entering service on Aug 1, 1966. These five ships were powered by modified civilian diesel engine rather than military-grade steam turbines. Main guns were mounted one forward and two aft, instead of two forward and one aft on the Riga class.[20] Completely withdrawn from active duty in the 1980s, but remained as training, museum, and public relations ships. The ships remain on the PLAN's roster, and their upkeep at museums is provided by the PLAN.
Type 053K (NATO codename Jiangdong)
Type 053K frigate Yingtan
Air-defense frigate armed with two twin-armed HQ-61surface-to-air missile (SAM) launchers. Only two built, and retired from active service in the early 1990s. Yingtan (531) is docked at a museum in Qingdao; the PLAN retains ownership and provides upkeep, while Zhongdong (532) was scrapped.
Type 053H (NATO codename Jianghu-I)
"Mass production" surface warfare frigate whose design and equipment were hopelessly outdated before the first ship even completed. The only nod to modernity was the four anti-ship SY-1s in two twin-box launchers. Remaining armament consisted to two single 100mm dual-purpose hand-loaded guns with fire control by a very simple stereoscopic rangefinder, limiting the guns to effective fire against surface targets in daylight/clear weather only. The six twin 37mm short-range anti-aircraft guns were all locally controlled, severely limiting their effectiveness. These ships are equipped with Chinese SJD-3 sonar, which is modification of Soviet Tamir-11 (MG-11, with NATO reporting name Stag Hoof) hull mounted sonar: instead of being fixed to the hull, SJD-3 has a telescoping arm, so when not in use, the sonar is stored in the hull, and when deployed, the sonar is lowered into water several meter below the hull, thus increased detection range by avoiding baffles generated by the hull.11 Anti-submarine armament was limited to short-range rockets and depth charges. Damage control arrangements were minimal. Of the original fourteen ships built to this variant, all are now decommissioned except one reserved as an experiment platform.
Type 053H1 (NATO codename Jianghu-II)
Type 053H1 frigate BNS Osman
Improved Type 053H with newer electronics, engine, and replenishment equipment. The sonar for Jianghu-II is SJD-5, which is a Chinese development of Soviet Tamir-11 (MG-11), (NATO reporting name Stag Hoof), with transistors replacing vacuum tubes in the original Soviet MG-11. Armed with six SY-2 in two triple-box launchers.[21]
Zhaotong (555) was modified with more advanced systems as a test bed. PL-9C SAMs were added to its 37mm AA gun mounts.[21]
8 remained in service in 2007, but most were decommissioned by 2021.[21]
Type 053H2 (NATO codename Jianghu-III)
Type 053H2 frigate BNS Abu Bakr
Designed on an enlarged Type 053 hull, and displayed European influence. Considered the first "modern" Chinese frigate with airtight cabins, central air condition, NBC protection, and integrated combat system (British CTC-1629/Chinese ZKJ-3A). The sonar for Jianghu-III is EH-5, a development of earlier SJD-5 used on Jianghu-II, with integrated circuits replacing transistors. Armed with two four-box missile launchers, carrying YJ-8 or YJ-82 surface-to-surface missiles (SSM), and four Type 79A 100mm guns in two two-gun turrets. Three were in service with the East Sea Fleet in 1997.[22]
Type 053H1Q (NATO codename Jianghu-IV)
Modified Type 053H with aft weapons replaced with a helicopter deck for Harbin Z-9 helicopter. Armed with one SY-1 SSM dual-box launcher, and a compact French-made 100mm gun. Only one ship was built; Siping (544) served with the North Sea Fleet. This ship was renamed as Lushun in July 2010, and later transferred to Chinese Naval Academy to serve as a training ship.
Type 053H1G (NATO codename Jianghu-V)
Type 053H1G frigate Foshan
Originally an economy class based on the Type 053H1. Six built by the Guangzhou-based Huangpu Shipyard in the 1990s to meet an urgent need for ships by the South Sea Fleet. Incorporated improvements from the Type 053H2, including air-tight cabins, central air conditioning, NBC protection, and integrated combat system. The sonar for Jianghu-V is EH-5A, the latest variant of SJD-5/EH-5/Echo Type 5 family, and it's a highly digitized version. Initially armed with six obsolescent SY-1A in two tripled-box launchers, later upgraded to eight YJ-83 SSM in two four-box launchers.[23]
The Type 053H3 is a class of Chinese frigates that entered service with the People's Liberation Army Navy Surface Force in the 1990s and 2000s. The class comprised ten vessels, all of which remain in active service except for two which have been sold to the Bangladesh Navy. They were a follow-on of the Type 053H2G class. The Zulfiquar-class frigate used by the Pakistan Navy was based on the Type 053H3.
The People's Liberation Army Navy Surface Force is the surface warfare branch of China's People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN), consisting of all surface vessels in operational service with the PLAN. The PLAN Surface Force operates 661 ships organized into three fleets: the North Sea Fleet, the East Sea Fleet and the South Sea Fleet.
The People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) is the naval branch of the People's Liberation Army (PLA), the armed forces of the People's Republic of China. The PLAN force consists of approximately 250,000 men and over a hundred major combat vessels, organized into three fleets: the North Sea Fleet, the East Sea Fleet, and the South Sea Fleet.
The Riga class was the NATO reporting name for class of frigates built for the Soviet Navy in the 1950s. The Soviet designation for these ships was Storozhevoi KorablProject 50 Gornostay. The Riga class was analogous to World War II era destroyer escorts.
The Type 037 corvette is a series 400–500 ton corvette type classes in service with the People's Liberation Army Navy. Unlike western navies, the People's Liberation Army Navy does not have dedicated patrol boats in its inventory. Instead, a large variety of corvette type classes, in the form of missile boats and submarine chasers fulfill the tasks of patrolling China's territorial waters. The Egyptian Navy operates eight vessels.
BNS Osman was a modified Type 053H frigate of the Bangladesh Navy, bought in 1988 from China. She was the first guided missile frigate to enter service with the Bangladesh Navy. The ship was named Osman I,The First Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.
BNS Abu Bakr is a Type 053H2 guided-missile frigate of Bangladesh Navy. The warship is serving in Bangladesh Navy since 2014. It is named after the first Rashidun Caliph Abu Bakr.
BNS Ali Haider is a Type 053H2 guided-missile frigate of Bangladesh Navy. The warship is serving in Bangladesh Navy since 2014. It is named after the fourth Rashidun Caliph Ali.
The Type 056 corvette is a class of littoral combat-oriented corvette deployed by the Chinese People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN). They replace older coastal patrol craft and some of the Type 053H frigates.
Siping (519) was a Type 053H frigate of the People's Liberation Army Navy. On 28 July 2010, she was renamed to Lushun.
BNS Nirbhoy was a Type 037-class submarine chaser of Bangladesh Navy. She served the Bangladesh Navy till 2022.
Jishou (557) was a Type 053 frigate of the People's Liberation Army Navy. She was sold to the Myanmar Navy and renamed Maha Thiha Thura.
Anshun (554) was a Type 053 frigate of the People's Liberation Army Navy. She was sold to the Myanmar Navy and renamed Maha Bandula.
Xiamen (515) was a Type 053 frigate of the People's Liberation Army Navy.
Huaiyin (513) was a Type 053H frigate of the People's Liberation Army Navy. She was renamed Huai'an in 2006.
Changsha (516) was a Type 053H frigate of the People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN). The ship, renamed Jiujiang in 1981, was constructed in 1975 in the shipyards of Hudong in Shanghai. Per early reports, the ship was retired in 2017, but the official documentation shows the retirement year as 2018. The ship was the oldest serving frigate at its retirement. After its renaming, it took on a vital role as the PLA's only combat support vessel of its kind and sent minor shock waves through the military when it was decommissioned.
Nanping (517) was a Type 053H frigate of the People's Liberation Army Navy.
Changzhi (519) was a Type 053H frigate of the People's Liberation Army Navy.
Ji'an (518) was a Type 053H frigate of the People's Liberation Army Navy.
The Chao Phraya-class frigate (also referred as Type 053HT and Type 053HT (H)) is a version of the Chinese-built Type 053H2 frigate operated by the Royal Thai Navy.
↑ Prézelin, Bernard; Baker, A. D. III, eds. (1995). The Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World 1995. Annapolis, Maryland, USA: Naval Institute Press. p.99. ISBN1-55750-109-2.
* = Under construction or procurement, CG= Classified as guided missile cruiser by NATO, FF= Classified as light frigate by PLAN
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