West Coast Range

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West Coast Range
Lake Burbury and West Coast Range from air.JPG
The West Coast Range, viewed from the air in 2016.
Highest point
Peak Mount Murchison
Elevation 1,275 m (4,183 ft) [1]
AHD  
Coordinates 41°48′00″S145°36′36″E / 41.80000°S 145.61000°E / -41.80000; 145.61000 [2]
Geography
Relief Map of Tasmania.png
Red triangle with thick white border.svg
Location in Tasmania
Country Australia
State Tasmania
Range coordinates 42°05′24″S145°36′00″E / 42.09000°S 145.60000°E / -42.09000; 145.60000 [3]
Geology
Type of rock Dolerite

The West Coast Range is a mountain range located in the West Coast region of Tasmania, Australia.

Contents

The range lies to the west and north of the main parts of the Franklin-Gordon Wild Rivers National Park.

The range has had a significant number of mines utilising the geologically rich zone of Mount Read Volcanics. A number of adjacent ranges lie to the east: the Engineer Range, the Raglan Range, the Eldon Range, and the Sticht Range but in most cases these are on a west–east alignment, while the West Coast Range runs in a north–south direction, following the Mount Read volcanic arc.

The range has encompassed multiple land uses including the catchment area for Hydro Tasmania dams, mines, transport routes and historical sites. Of the communities that have existed actually in the range itself, Gormanston is probably the last to remain.

Geographical features

These are determined by a number of factors - the southerly direction of glaciation in the King River Valley [4] and around the Tyndalls; [5] as well as the general north -south orientation of the West Coast Range itself.

Mountains

The following mountains are contained within the West Coast Range, including sub-ranges without a specifically named peak and also including subsidiary peaks. [6]

RankNameHeightLocation Prominence Notes
1 Mount Murchison 1,275 metres (4,183 ft) 41°48′00″S145°36′36″E / 41.80000°S 145.61000°E / -41.80000; 145.61000 (Mount Murchison) 760 metres (2,493 ft) [1] [2]
2 Mount Geikie (Tyndall Range)1,191 metres (3,907 ft) 41°58′12″S145°34′12″E / 41.97000°S 145.57000°E / -41.97000; 145.57000 (Mount Geikie) [7] [8]
3 Mount Tyndall (Tyndall Range)1,179 metres (3,868 ft) 41°55′48″S145°35′24″E / 41.93000°S 145.59000°E / -41.93000; 145.59000 (Mount Tyndall) [9]
4 Mount Jukes 1,168 metres (3,832 ft) 42°10′12″S145°34′48″E / 42.17000°S 145.58000°E / -42.17000; 145.58000 911 metres (2,989 ft) [10] [11]
5 Mount Sedgwick 1,147 metres (3,763 ft) 42°00′00″S145°36′36″E / 42.00000°S 145.61000°E / -42.00000; 145.61000 (Mount Sedgwick) [12]
6 Mount Owen 1,146 metres (3,760 ft) 42°05′24″S145°36′00″E / 42.09000°S 145.60000°E / -42.09000; 145.60000 (Mount Owen) 774 metres (2,539 ft) [13] [14]
7 Mount Sorell 1,144 metres (3,753 ft) 42°16′12″S145°32′24″E / 42.27000°S 145.54000°E / -42.27000; 145.54000 (Mount Sorell) 673 metres (2,208 ft) [15] [16]
8 Mount Dundas 1,143 metres (3,750 ft) 41°53′24″S145°28′12″E / 41.89000°S 145.47000°E / -41.89000; 145.47000 (Mount Dundas) [17] [18]
9 Mount Read 1,124 metres (3,688 ft) 41°50′24″S145°32′24″E / 41.84000°S 145.54000°E / -41.84000; 145.54000 (Mount Read) [19] [20]
10Proprietary Peak1,103 metres (3,619 ft) 42°09′36″S145°34′38″E / 42.16000°S 145.57722°E / -42.16000; 145.57722 [21]
11Pyramid Peak1,080 metres (3,543 ft) 42°11′24″S145°34′48″E / 42.19000°S 145.58000°E / -42.19000; 145.58000 [22]
11 Sticht Range (unnamed peak)1,080 metres (3,543 ft) 41°54′S145°39′E / 41.900°S 145.650°E / -41.900; 145.650 (Sticht Range) [23] [24]
13West Jukes Peak1,062 metres (3,484 ft) 42°10′48″S145°34′12″E / 42.18000°S 145.57000°E / -42.18000; 145.57000 [25]
14 Mount Darwin 1,033 metres (3,389 ft) 42°15′00″S145°35′48″E / 42.25000°S 145.59667°E / -42.25000; 145.59667 (Mount Darwin) [26]
15South Jukes Peak1,014 metres (3,327 ft) 42°11′24″S145°34′38″E / 42.19000°S 145.57722°E / -42.19000; 145.57722 [27]
16Mount Hamilton1,005 metres (3,297 ft) 41°50′24″S145°30′36″E / 41.84000°S 145.51000°E / -41.84000; 145.51000 (Mount Hamilton) [28] [29]
17 Mount Black 950 metres (3,117 ft) 41°45′36″S145°33′36″E / 41.76000°S 145.56000°E / -41.76000; 145.56000 [30]
18Victoria Peak949 metres (3,114 ft) 41°47′24″S145°40′12″E / 41.79000°S 145.67000°E / -41.79000; 145.67000 (Victoria Peak) [24] [31]
19 Mount Huxley 926 metres (3,038 ft) 42°08′24″S145°35′24″E / 42.14000°S 145.59000°E / -42.14000; 145.59000 (Mount Huxley) [32]
20 Mount Lyell 920 metres (3,018 ft) 42°03′00″S145°36′36″E / 42.05000°S 145.61000°E / -42.05000; 145.61000 [33]
21 Mount Strahan 855 metres (2,805 ft) 42°14′24″S145°30′36″E / 42.24000°S 145.51000°E / -42.24000; 145.51000 [34]
22Mount Julia843 metres (2,766 ft) 41°52′48″S145°33′36″E / 41.88000°S 145.56000°E / -41.88000; 145.56000 (Mount Julia) [24] [35]
23South Darwin Peak780 metres (2,559 ft) 42°17′24″S145°34′48″E / 42.29000°S 145.58000°E / -42.29000; 145.58000 (South Darwin Peak) [24] [36]
24Mount Selina760 metres (2,493 ft) 41°52′12″S145°37′12″E / 41.87000°S 145.62000°E / -41.87000; 145.62000 (Mount Selina) [24] [37]
25Mount Farrell711 metres (2,333 ft) 41°45′00″S145°37′48″E / 41.75000°S 145.63000°E / -41.75000; 145.63000 (Mount Farrell) [24] [38]

Smaller hills and features

Rivers

Lakes

Reserves

Vegetation

The slopes of Mount Owen, Mount Lyell and Mount Sedgwick are covered in stumps of forest trees killed by fires and smelter fumes from the earlier part of the twentieth century. The devastation of forests close to the mining operations at Queenstown was substantial as early as the 1890s, and continued late into the twentieth century.

Some Huon Pine on the slopes of Mount Read have been found that show considerable age.

Due to fire, mining, and a range of human activities, the vegetation zones along the West Coast range can be considered to be mainly modified, and few pockets of vegetation could be considered unchanged since European presence.

The eastern side of the range is on the western boundary of the Franklin-Gordon Wild Rivers National Park, and at these points the forests are in better condition. Forestry conservation zones exist along its length in accordance with the Regional Forestry Agreement (RFA).

Climate

In the average winter the "1,000 metre snowline" sees most of the mountains with snow. In previous decades, Lake Margaret was the main long-term weather-reporting location, however the Mount Read automatic weather station now maintains extremes regularly reported on the Bureau of Meteorology website for extreme conditions. The rainfall records of Lake Margaret were on a par with Tully in Queensland for the highest rainfall in Australia. Approximations for the West Coast Range are made at 2800–3000 mm precipitation per year.

The prevailing weather is due to the location of the West Coast. It has no landmass shielding it from the Southern Ocean or Antarctic weather, and being in the Roaring Forties cold fronts and extreme weather are regular occurrences on the West Coast. The Cape Sorell Waverider Buoy which was initiated by the BOM in 1998 (there had been earlier testing buoys in the early 1990s), has given good indications of the behaviour of ocean swells to correlate with weather conditions.

Earlier weather records were kept for Queenstown and Zeehan. Due to change in population distribution and resources in the west coast, the main weather data is currently from Strahan Airport and Mount Read.

The following BOM recorded locations are relevant to West Coast Range: [43]

BOM numberLocation nameStart recordEnd recordSouthingsEastingsHeightComments
097035 97 Crotty 19171929-42.2000145.6000(Compare with Princess River and Lake Burbury Park)
097058 97DUNDAS18961917-41.8833145.4333
097002 97FARRELL SIDING19341948-41.7000145.5500
097003 97 GORMANSTON 18952000-42.0747145.5986380.0(Compare with West Lyell)
097088 97LAKE BURBURY PARK19951996-42.0983145.6733245.0
097006 97LAKE MARGARET DAM1912..-41.9939145.5706665.0
097020 97LAKE MARGARET POWER STATION1945..-42.0056145.5419320.0
097040 97MAGNET19061936-41.5000145.4500
097085 97 MOUNT READ 1996..-41.8444145.54191119.5(Current Automatic Weather Station)
097039 97MOUNT READ (MOUNT LYELL M.&R.)19011920-41.9000145.5500
097057 97PILLINGER19071924-42.3333145.5333
097033 97PRINCESS RIVER19481976-42.0833145.6667215.0(Compare with Crotty |and Lake Burbury Park)
097034 97QUEENSTOWN (7XS)19641995-42.0967145.5447129.0
097008 97QUEENSTOWN (COPPER MINE)19062005-42.0661145.5681191.0
097068 97QUEENSTOWN AERODROME19681988-42.0769145.5294262.0
097086 97QUEENSTOWN (UPPER PRINCESS CREEK)19951999-42.0833145.5286250.0
097091 97QUEENSTOWN (SOUTH QUEENSTOWN)1996..-42.0972145.5439118.0
097087 97TULLAH (MEREDITH STREET)1995..-41.7383145.6108167.0
097056 97TULLAH MINE SITE19691978-41.7167145.6333183.0
097046 97WILLIAMSFORD (LEVEL 5)19651971-41.8333145.5167853.0
097015 97WEST LYELL19452003-42.0622145.5794421.0(On south west slope of Mount Lyell

History and exploration

Early European exploration of the range was made by explorers, and by convicts escaping from Macquarie Harbour Penal Station on Sarah Island. Most occurred in the late nineteenth century, but as late as the 1940s some government maps had "unexplored", or "insufficient survey", or words to that effect.

Of the mountains that are viewable from Macquarie Harbour - most were names associated with the proponents for and against the ideas that Charles Darwin was putting forward in the late 19th century.

Thomas Bather Moore named Darwin, Geikie and Read and the Tyndall Range. Charles Gould named 1860 between 1862 Murchison, Sedgwick, Lyell and Owen; Huxley and Jukes were named later. [44]

There were very small mining settlements in the Tyndalls, on Mount Darwin and Mount Jukes, and possibly very small camps of short duration in other locations. Linda in the Linda Valley is probably the only other remaining named location with population in a valley in the range. Queenstown lies in the Queen River valley on the western slopes of Mount Owen, or south western slopes of Mount Lyell, and is in effect 'out' of the range.

Mining

The Tasmanian Mines Department (in its various names over the last hundred years) has had guides to the minerals found in Tasmania - most are found in the West Coast region, these include Barium, Copper, Gold, Pyrites, Silver, Zinc.

Mining sites, in most cases short-lived exist on the upper regions of Mount Darwin, and Mount Jukes. Longer lasting mines existed on the middle slopes of Mount Lyell (North, West and South sides), and on the middle and upper slopes of Mount Read. Mineral exploration has occurred on the slopes of almost all of the named mountains over time. Conservation measures in recent decades have put special restrictions on the activity so as to not replicate the damage of the Mount Lyell operation. A good example of the capacity to mine in a sensitive area is the Henty Gold Mine, at the northern end of the range.

Hydro dams

The West Coast of Tasmania was always attractive to plans for dams for hydro electricity. The King River was surveyed for this at the time of the First World War.

Then in the 1950s and early 1960s the early HEC surveys were conducted. [45] The upper part of the Pieman scheme dammed parts of the West Coast Range, and the final major projects of the HEC dam making project were the Henty and King River Schemes.

Pieman River Scheme

The Pieman River Power Scheme involved the damming of rivers that start in the West Coast Range. It was the scheme that followed the Gordon River Scheme - and was to be followed by the Franklin River Scheme - but in reality was followed by the King River and Henty River schemes instead.

Construction commenced in 1974 and the scheme was completed by 1987. It involved dams on the Murchison and Macintosh rivers, as well as the Pieman River. The main construction town and administrative centre for the Hydro was at Tullah.

The Mackintosh Dam and power station were north of Tullah, while the Murchsion Dam and Lake were south. A third dam - the Bastyan Dam was just north of Rosebery, while the Reece Dam was a long way to the west - close to the town of Corinna.

King River Scheme

The Crotty Dam is an 82 metre high Hydro Tasmania dam on the King River between Mount Huxley and Mount Jukes. The Darwin Dam is a saddle dam at the foot of Mount Darwin. Both of the dams contain the 54 square kilometre Lake Burbury water storage area.

Transport

Initial access to the west coast region was by foot or by access from the sea - railways progressed further into the region much earlier than roads - the road from Hobart was not connected until the 1930s, and the north coast until the 1960s.

Railways

To support the Mount Lyell and North Mount Lyell mines, railways were built from ports on Macquarie Harbour and travelled to the edge of the Range. They did not traverse the range.

Similarly the lines that connected with the Emu Bay Railway - the North East Dundas Tramway for example, did not traverse the range, but travelled to the foot of the mountains where the mines were active.

Roads

The Lyell Highway connection running through the West Coast range at the Linda Valley was not constructed until the 1930s.

The road to Crotty from Queenstown (or more correctly the locality of Lynchford), built as the Mount Jukes Road by the Hydro as part of the King River dam scheme in the 1980s passed high above the King River Gorge on the northern side of Mount Jukes.

The Anthony Road constructed by the Hydro during the construction of the Anthony Power Scheme also cuts through the northern part of the range, as well as access to the glacial lakes in The Tyndalls - Lake Westwood, Lake Selina and Lake Julia.

Landing grounds

Although not currently serviced as a registered aerodrome the Queenstown airport (in operation in the 1960s and 1970s) just west of the townsite is the closest air service facility. Strahan Airport is the closest registered airport. [46]

There have been a significant number of temporary helicopter landing sites throughout the range used by Hydro Tasmania and mineral exploration activities - but no inventory is known of these locations.

Historical features and recent sites

Tramways and railways

Townsites

Mine sites

Hydro sites

Main roads

Walking tracks

Numerous historic walking tracks were started in the nineteenth and twentieth century; some survive, some are overgrown. [47] The most famous of the track makers was Thomas Bather Moore. He named many features including Mount Strahan, the Thureau Hills and the Tofft River.

Geological mapping

A major mapping of the region of the range was conducted between 1986 and 1993 [48]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Queenstown, Tasmania</span> Town in Tasmania, Australia

Queenstown is a town in the West Coast region of the island of Tasmania, Australia. It is in a valley on the western slopes of Mount Owen on the West Coast Range.

Lake Margaret is a concrete-faced gravity dam with an uncontrolled spillway across the Yolande River, located on the north side of Mount Sedgwick, in the West Coast Range, West Coast of Tasmania, Australia.

Mount Lyell is a mountain in the West Coast Range of Western Tasmania, Australia.

Mount Read is a mountain located in the West Coast region of Tasmania, Australia, and is at the north west edge of the West Coast Range.

Crotty is the site of a former gazetted town in Western Tasmania, Australia. The town was on the southern bank of the King River, on the eastern lower slopes of Mount Jukes, below the West Coast Range. The locality was formerly named King River

The Mount Jukes mine sites were a series of short-lived, small mine workings high on the upper regions of Mount Jukes in the West Coast Range on the West Coast of Tasmania.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lake Burbury</span> Lake in Tasmania, Australia

Lake Burbury is a man-made water reservoir created by the Crotty Dam inundating the upper King River valley that lies east of the West Coast Range. Discharge from the reservoir feeds the John Butters Hydroelectric Power Station, owned and operated by Hydro Tasmania.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mount Huxley (Tasmania)</span> Mountain in Western Tasmania, Australia

Mount Huxley is a mountain located on the West Coast Range in the West Coast region of Tasmania, Australia. With an elevation of 926 metres (3,038 ft) above sea level, the mountain was named by Charles Gould in 1863 in honour of Professor Thomas Henry Huxley.

Mount Darwin is a mountain located in the West Coast region of Tasmania, Australia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mount Jukes (Tasmania)</span> Mountain in Western Tasmania, Australia

Mount Jukes is a mountain located on the Jukes Range, a spur off the West Coast Range, in the West Coast region of Tasmania, Australia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mount Sedgwick (Tasmania)</span> Mountain in Tasmania, Australia

Mount Sedgwick is a mountain located within the West Coast Range, in the West Coast region of Tasmania, Australia.

Mount Tyndall is a mountain that is part of the Tyndall Range, a spur off the West Coast Range, located in the Western region of Tasmania, Australia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Henty River</span> River in Western Tasmania, Australia

The Henty River is a perennial river in the West Coast region of Tasmania, Australia. The river generally lies north of Queenstown and south of Zeehan.

Mount Dundas is a mountain located in the West Coast region of Tasmania, Australia. The mountain is situated at the north west edge of the West Coast Range.

Mount Geikie is a mountain in the West Coast Range of Western Tasmania, Australia.

The Mount Read Volcanics is a Cambrian volcanic belt in Western Tasmania.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lake Beatrice</span> Lake in West Coast Range, Tasmania, Australia

Lake Beatrice is a 55-hectare (140-acre) natural lake on the lower eastern side of Mount Sedgwick in the West Coast Range of Western Tasmania, Australia.

The Anthony Road is a major B Route in Western Tasmania, running from the Murchison Highway (A10) at Tullah to the Zeehan Highway (A10) north of Queenstown.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tyndall Range</span> Mountains in Western Tasmania, Australia

The Tyndall Range, commonly called The Tyndalls, is a mountain range that is part of the West Coast Range located in the Western region of Tasmania, Australia.

References

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  2. 1 2 "Mount Murchison (TAS)". Gazetteer of Australia online. Geoscience Australia, Australian Government.
  3. ↑ "West Coast Range (TAS)". Gazetteer of Australia online. Geoscience Australia, Australian Government.
  4. ↑ Fitzsimons, Sean J.; Colhoun, Eric A. (September 1991). "Pleistocene glaciation of the King Valley, Western Tasmania, Australia". Quaternary Research. 36 (2): 135–156. Bibcode:1991QuRes..36..135F. doi:10.1016/0033-5894(91)90022-w. S2CID   128465655.
  5. ↑ Colhoun, Eric A. (July 1985). "Glaciations of the West Coast Range, Tasmania". Quaternary Research. 24 (1): 39–59. Bibcode:1985QuRes..24...39C. doi:10.1016/0033-5894(85)90082-1. S2CID   128997338.
  6. ↑ Baillie, Peter (2010). "The West Coast Range, Tasmania: Mountains and Geological Giants" (PDF). Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania (reprint ed.). Hobart, Tasmania: University of Tasmania. 144: 1–13. doi:10.26749/rstpp.144.1. ISSN   0080-4703. S2CID   126902525. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 June 2015. Retrieved 18 June 2015.
  7. ↑ "Mount Geikie, Australia". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 7 June 2015.
  8. ↑ "Mount Geikie (TAS)". Gazetteer of Australia online. Geoscience Australia, Australian Government.
  9. ↑ "Mount Tyndall (TAS)". Gazetteer of Australia online. Geoscience Australia, Australian Government.
  10. ↑ "Mount Jukes (TAS)". Gazetteer of Australia online. Geoscience Australia, Australian Government.
  11. ↑ "Mount Jukes, Australia". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 17 June 2015.
  12. ↑ "Mount Sedgwick (TAS)". Gazetteer of Australia online. Geoscience Australia, Australian Government.
  13. ↑ "Mount Owen (TAS)". Gazetteer of Australia online. Geoscience Australia, Australian Government.
  14. ↑ "Mount Owen, Australia". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
  15. ↑ "Mount Sorell (TAS)". Gazetteer of Australia online. Geoscience Australia, Australian Government.
  16. ↑ "Mount Sorell, Australia". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 17 June 2015.
  17. ↑ "Mount Dundas, Australia". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 17 June 2015.
  18. ↑ "Mount Dundas (TAS)". Gazetteer of Australia online. Geoscience Australia, Australian Government.
  19. ↑ "Mount Read, Australia". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
  20. ↑ "Mount Read (TAS)". Gazetteer of Australia online. Geoscience Australia, Australian Government.
  21. ↑ "Proprietary Peak (TAS)". Gazetteer of Australia online. Geoscience Australia, Australian Government.
  22. ↑ "Pyramid Peak (TAS)". Gazetteer of Australia online. Geoscience Australia, Australian Government.
  23. ↑ "Sticht Range (TAS)". Gazetteer of Australia online. Geoscience Australia, Australian Government.
  24. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Tasmanian Peak-Baggers' Guide". Hobart Walking Club Inc. 2013. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  25. ↑ "West Jukes Peak (TAS)". Gazetteer of Australia online. Geoscience Australia, Australian Government.
  26. ↑ "Mount Darwin (TAS)". Gazetteer of Australia online. Geoscience Australia, Australian Government.
  27. ↑ "South Jukes Peak (TAS)". Gazetteer of Australia online. Geoscience Australia, Australian Government.
  28. ↑ "Mount Hamilton, Australia". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 18 June 2015.
  29. ↑ "Mount Hamilton (TAS)". Gazetteer of Australia online. Geoscience Australia, Australian Government.
  30. ↑ "Mount Black (TAS)". Gazetteer of Australia online. Geoscience Australia, Australian Government.
  31. ↑ "Victoria Peak (TAS)". Gazetteer of Australia online. Geoscience Australia, Australian Government.
  32. ↑ "Mount Huxley (TAS)". Gazetteer of Australia online. Geoscience Australia, Australian Government.
  33. ↑ "Mount Lyell (TAS)". Gazetteer of Australia online. Geoscience Australia, Australian Government.
  34. ↑ "Mount Strahan (TAS)". Gazetteer of Australia online. Geoscience Australia, Australian Government.
  35. ↑ "Mount Julia (TAS)". Gazetteer of Australia online. Geoscience Australia, Australian Government.
  36. ↑ "South Darwin Peak (TAS)". Gazetteer of Australia online. Geoscience Australia, Australian Government.
  37. ↑ "Mount Selina (TAS)". Gazetteer of Australia online. Geoscience Australia, Australian Government.
  38. ↑ "Mount Farrell (TAS)". Gazetteer of Australia online. Geoscience Australia, Australian Government.
  39. ↑ Kiernan, K (October 1983), Weathering evidence for an additional glacial stage in Tasmania , retrieved 10 March 2023
  40. ↑ Augustinus, PC; Colhoun, EA (1995), Weathering and morphostratigraphic evidence for four glaciations in the Henty River Basin, western Tasmania , retrieved 10 March 2023
  41. ↑ Cooper, Ian; Mitchell, Ross; Tomlin, John (2008), "Rail Extinguishes Road - a Wilderness Railway Freight/Passenger Railway", CORE 2008: Rail; the Core of Integrated Transport, Engineers Australia: 681–689, ISBN   978-0-85825-783-2
  42. ↑ "Trove - Archived webpage". Trove. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
  43. ↑ "Climate". bom.gov.au.
  44. ↑ Baillie, PW (2010), The West Coast range, Tasmania: mountains and geological giants , retrieved 23 February 2015
  45. ↑ "Russ Ashton photographic collection [picture]". Trove. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
  46. ↑ "West Coast Council - Parking & Airports - Gateway to Tasmania's Wilderness". www.westcoast.tas.gov.au. Archived from the original on 22 April 2005.
  47. ↑ Binks, C. J. (1980). Explorers of Western Tasmania. Launceston: Mary Fisher Bookshop. ISBN   0-908291-16-7. has an Appendix "The exploration tracks 1880–1910" which is a thorough examination of the record.
  48. ↑ [Geological maps of Tasmania] : [Mount Read Volcanics Project], Geological Survey of Tasmania, Division of Mines and Mineral Resources, Mount Read Volcanics Project, 1986, retrieved 24 May 2018
  49. ↑ Corbett, K. D; Komyshan, P; Tasmania. Department of Mines; Mt. Read Volcanics Project (1989), Geology of the Hellyer - Mt Charter area, Dept. of Mines, ISBN   978-0-7246-2019-7

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