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Sign languages are languages that use the visual-manual modality to convey meaning, instead of spoken words. Sign languages are expressed through manual articulation in combination with non-manual markers. Sign languages are full-fledged natural languages with their own grammar and lexicon. Sign languages are not universal and are usually not mutually intelligible, although there are also similarities among different sign languages.
Martha's Vineyard Sign Language (MVSL) was a village sign-language that was once widely used on the island of Martha's Vineyard from the early 18th century to 1952. It was used by both Deaf and hearing people in the community; consequently, deafness did not become a barrier to participation in public life. Deaf people who signed Martha's Vineyard Sign Language were extremely independent. They participated in society as typical citizens, although there were incidents of discrimination, and language barriers.
Kildin Sámi is a Sámi language spoken on the Kola Peninsula of northwestern Russia that today is and historically was inhabited by this group.
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Hawaiʻi Sign Language, also known as Hoailona ʻŌlelo and Old Hawaiʻi Sign Language, is an indigenous sign language native to Hawaiʻi. Historical records document its presence on the islands as early as the 1820s, but HSL was not formally recognized by linguists until 2013.
Mayan Sign Language is a sign language used in Mexico and Guatemala by Mayan communities with unusually high numbers of deaf inhabitants. In some instances, both hearing and deaf members of a village may use the sign language. It is unrelated to the national sign languages of Mexico and Guatemala, as well as to the local spoken Mayan languages and Spanish.
Indo-Pakistani Sign Language (IPSL) is the predominant sign language in the subcontinent of South Asia, used by at least 15 million deaf signers. As with many sign languages, it is difficult to estimate numbers with any certainty, as the Census of India does not list sign languages and most studies have focused on the north and urban areas. As of 2021, it is the most used sign language in the world, and Ethnologue ranks it as the 151st most "spoken" language in the world.
Dutch Sign Language is the predominant sign language used by deaf people in the Netherlands.
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Kata Kolok, also known as Benkala Sign Language and Balinese Sign Language, is a village sign language which is indigenous to two neighbouring villages in northern Bali, Indonesia. The main village, Bengkala, has had high incidences of deafness for over seven generations. Notwithstanding the biological time depth of the recessive mutation that causes deafness, the first substantial cohort of deaf signers did not occur until five generations ago, and this event marks the emergence of Kata Kolok. The sign language has been acquired by at least five generations of deaf, native signers and features in all aspects of village life, including political, professional, educational, and religious settings.
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Jamaican Country Sign Language, also Country Sign, or Konchri Sain (KS) in Jamaican Patois, is an indigenous village sign language of Jamaica. It is used by a small number of Deaf and hearing Jamaicans, spread over several communities in the rural south-western parish of St. Elizabeth.
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Yolŋu (Yolngu) or Murngin Sign Language is a ritual sign language used by the Yolngu, an Aboriginal community in the Arnhem Land region of Australia. As with other Australian Aboriginal sign languages, YSL was developed by the hearing for use when oral speech is forbidden, as during mourning or between certain family relations. However, "YSL is not a signed version of any spoken Yolngu language... YSL also serves as a primary means of communication for a number of deaf members in Yolngu communities... YSL functions as both an alternate and primary sign language". That is, it is used for communicating to the deaf, but also when communicating at a distance, when hunting, or when ceremonies require silence. It was acquired from birth by the hearing population. YSL is now considered an endangered language.
Algerian Jewish Sign Language (AJSL), also known as Ghardaia Sign Language, is a moribund village sign language originally of Ghardaïa, Algeria that is now used in Israel and possibly also in France.
Ulrike Zeshan is a German-born linguist and academic specializing in the linguistics of signed languages. She is Professor of Sign Language Linguistics at the University of Central Lancashire, UK.
References
- 1 2 Sobaji, Panda. "Investigation of an endangered village sign language in India". Endangered Languages Archive at SOAS University of London. Retrieved 2017-07-24.
- 1 2 "Alipur Sign Language". The Endangered Languages Project. Retrieved 2017-07-24.
- ↑ "Alipur Sign Language (APSL)". University of Central Lancashire. CATALOGUING ENDANGERED SIGN LANGUAGES. Retrieved 2017-07-24.
- 1 2 3 Panda, Sibaji (2012). "Alipur Sign Language: A sociolinguistic and cultural profile". Sign Languages in Village Communities. Sign Language Typology [SLT]. Basel: DE GRUYTER. pp. 253–260. doi:10.1515/9781614511496.353. ISBN 9781614511496.
- 1 2 Zeshan, Ulrike; Escobedo Delgado, Cesar Ernesto; Dikyuva, Hasan; Panda, Sibaji; de Vos, Connie (2016). "Cardinal numerals in rural sign languages: Approaching cross-modal typology". Linguistic Typology. Vol. 17. Basel: DE GRUYTER. pp. 357–396. ISSN 1613-415X.
- ↑ Friedman, Joshua J. (July 28, 2013). "Village sign languages, vanishing fast". Boston Globe. Retrieved 2017-07-24.
- ↑ Dikyuva, Hasan; Delgado, Cesar Ernesto Escobedo; Panda, Sibaji; Zeshan, Ulrique (2012). "Working with village sign language communities". Sign Languages in Village Communities. Sign Language Typology [SLT]. Basel: DE GRUYTER. pp. 313–404. doi:10.1515/9781614511496.313. ISBN 9781614511496.
