Electoral history of the Labour Party (UK)

Clement Attlee, who led the Labour Party's first majority government

The Labour Party is an centre-left political party in the United Kingdom. Formed in 1900, it is one of the two main political parties along with the Conservative Party. In all general elections since 1918, Labour has been either the governing party or the Official Opposition. Since the 2010 general election, Labour was the second largest party in the UK for 14 years until the 2024 United Kingdom General election. Since 1918, Labour have formed 13 governments.

This article encompasses detailed results of previous UK general elections, devolved national elections in Scotland and Wales, devolved London elections and European Parliament elections which the Labour Party have participated in.

Background

Main article: Labour Party (UK)

Keir Hardie, a founder of the Labour Party and its first parliamentary leader

The Labour Party was founded at a conference in February 1900 in London as the Labour Representation Committee (LRC). ^[1] The party was formed as an alliance between trade unions, ethical socialists and state socialists. ^[1] Following the 1906 general election, the LRC became the current Labour Party. ^[2]

Labour are one of the two main political parties in the United Kingdom, along with the Conservative Party. The Labour Party sits on the centre-left of the political spectrum. ^[8] In all general elections since 1918, Labour has been either the governing party or the Official Opposition. ^[9] There have been six Labour prime ministers. ^[7] Since 1918, Labour have formed 12 governments, compared to 13 for the Conservatives within this period. ^[10]

National results

UK general elections

1918 Labour Party election poster

A graph showing the percentage of the popular vote received by major parties in general elections (1832–2005)

The voting system for general elections in the UK is the first past the post system. ^[11] The first general election the party faced, then the Labour Representation Committee, was only six months after the inauguration of the party. ^[12] Fifteen LRC candidates were put forward for the election, two of which were elected in 1900. ^[12] In 1903, the Secretary of the LRC Ramsay MacDonald and the Liberal Party's Chief Whip Herbert Gladstone formed a secret electoral pact between the two parties. ^[13] The party continued to grow over the following decade and by the December 1910 general election, Labour had 42 MPs. ^{[14] [15]}

Following the 1918 general election, Labour became the Official Opposition after the Conservatives went into coalition with the Liberal Party. ^[9] Labour's first minority governments came following the 1923 and 1929 general elections, the latter being the first time Labour were the largest party in parliament by seats won. ^[9] They formed their first majority government following the 1945 general election. ^[9] However, after winning the 1950 general election, Labour would lose the following election in 1951 to the Conservatives despite gaining their highest share of votes to date at 48.8%. ^[9] During the 1983 election, Labour posted their worst vote share in the post-war period at 27.6%. ^[9] In 1997, a party record of 418 Labour MPs were elected. ^[9] After losing power after the 2010 general election, Labour lost four consecutive general elections. ^{[16] [9]} At the 2019 general election, 202 Labour MPs were elected, the lowest for the party since 1935. ^[9] At the 2024 general election, Labour returned to power after winning the election with a 174 seat majority. ^[17]

See also: Elections in the United Kingdom § General elections

Parliament of the United Kingdom

Election	Leader [18]	Votes		Seats			Position	Result	Ref
		No.	Share	No.	±	Share
1900	Keir Hardie	62,698	1.8	2 / 670	2	0.3	4th	Conservative–Liberal Unionist	[19]
1906		321,663	5.7	29 / 670	27	4.3	4th	Liberal	[20]
January 1910	Arthur Henderson	505,657	7.6	40 / 670	11	6.0	4th	Liberal minority	[21]
December 1910	George Nicoll Barnes	371,802	7.1	42 / 670	2	6.3	4th	Liberal minority	[15]
1918 [lower-alpha 1]	William Adamson	2,245,777	20.8	57 / 707	15	8.1	4th	Coalition Liberal–Conservative	[25]
1922	J. R. Clynes	4,237,349	29.7	142 / 615	85	23.1	2nd	Conservative	[27]
1923	Ramsay MacDonald	4,439,780	30.7	191 / 615	49	30.1	2nd	Labour minority	[29]
1924		5,489,087	33.3	151 / 615	40	24.6	2nd	Conservative	[31]
1929 [lower-alpha 2]		8,370,417	37.1	287 / 615	136	47.0	1st	Labour minority	[34]
1931	Arthur Henderson	6,649,630	30.9	52 / 615	235	8.5	2nd	Conservative–Liberal–National Labour	[36]
1935	Clement Attlee	8,325,491	38.0	154 / 615	102	25.0	2nd	Conservative–Liberal National–National Labour	[38]
1945		11,967,746	48.0	393 / 640	239	61.0	1st	Labour	[23]
1950		13,266,176	46.1	315 / 625	78	50.4	1st	Labour	[23]
1951		13,948,883	48.8	295 / 625	20	47.2	2nd	Conservative	[23]
1955		12,405,254	46.4	277 / 630	18	44.0	2nd	Conservative	[23]
1959	Hugh Gaitskell	12,216,172	43.8	258 / 630	19	40.1	2nd	Conservative	[23]
1964	Harold Wilson	12,205,808	44.1	317 / 630	59	50.3	1st	Labour	[23]
1966		13,096,629	48.0	364 / 630	47	57.8	1st	Labour	[23]
1970 [lower-alpha 3]		12,208,758	43.1	288 / 630	76	45.7	2nd	Conservative	[23]
February 1974		11,645,616	37.2	301 / 635	13	47.4	1st	Labour minority	[23]
October 1974		11,457,079	39.3	319 / 635	18	50.2	1st	Labour	[23]
1979	James Callaghan	11,532,218	36.9	269 / 635	50	42.4	2nd	Conservative	[23]
1983	Michael Foot	8,456,934	27.6	209 / 650	60	32.2	2nd	Conservative	[40]
1987	Neil Kinnock	10,029,807	30.8	229 / 650	20	35.2	2nd	Conservative	[41]
1992		11,560,484	34.4	271 / 651	42	41.6	2nd	Conservative	[42]
1997	Tony Blair	13,518,167	43.2	418 / 659	145	63.6	1st	Labour	[43]
2001		10,724,953	40.7	412 / 659	6	62.7	1st	Labour	[44]
2005		9,552,436	35.2	355 / 646	47	55.0	1st	Labour	[45]
2010	Gordon Brown	8,606,517	29.0	258 / 650	90	40.0	2nd	Conservative–Liberal Democrats [46]	[47]
2015	Ed Miliband	9,347,324	30.4	232 / 650	26	35.7	2nd	Conservative	[50]
2017	Jeremy Corbyn	12,877,918	40.0	262 / 650	30	40.3	2nd	Conservative minority (with DUP confidence and supply) [51]	[52]
2019		10,269,051	32.1	202 / 650	60	31.1	2nd	Conservative	[53]
2024	Keir Starmer	9,704,655	33.7	411 / 650	209	63.2	1st	Labour	[54]

Note

1. The first election held under the Representation of the People Act 1918 in which all men over 21, and most women over the age of 30 could vote, and therefore a much larger electorate. ^[22]
2. First election held under the Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928 which gave all women aged over 21 the vote. ^[32]
3. Franchise extended to all 18- to 20-year-olds under the Representation of the People Act 1969. ^[39]

Devolved national elections

Scottish Parliament elections

See also: Scottish Parliament and Scottish Labour

Following a referendum on devolution in September 1997, the Scottish people voted 'Yes' leading to the Scotland Act 1998. ^{[55] [56]} This act led to the formation of the Scottish Parliament in 1999. ^[57] After Scotland voted 'No' in the 2014 Scottish independence referendum, additional powers were devolved to the Scottish Parliament after the Scotland Act 2016 reached royal assent. ^[56] Elections to determine the composition of the Parliament take place once every five years under the additional member system. ^[57] Overall, there are 73 constituency members (MSPs) and 56 regional members elected. ^[57] Before 2016, elections were held every four years. ^[57]

In the inaugural two elections, Labour were the largest party and formed a coalition with the Scottish Liberal Democrats on both occasions. ^[57] However, Labour narrowly lost the 2007 election to the Scottish National Party (SNP). ^[57] By seats won, Labour have been the third largest party in the Scottish Parliament behind the SNP and Conservatives since 2016. ^[57] In the most recent election in 2021, Labour suffered their worst defeat in Holyrood after returning 22 MSPs. ^[58]

Year	Leader	Votes	% share of votes (constituency)	% share of votes (list)	Seats	Change	Position	Resulting government	Ref
1999	Donald Dewar	908,346	38.8	33.6	56 / 129	—	1st	Labour–Liberal Democrats	[57]
2003	Jack McConnell	663,585	34.6	29.3	50 / 129	6	1st	Labour–Liberal Democrats	[57]
2007		648,374	32.1	29.2	46 / 129	4	2nd	SNP minority	[57]
2011	Iain Gray	630,461	31.7	26.3	37 / 129	9	2nd	SNP majority	[57]
2016	Kezia Dugdale	514,261	22.6	19.1	24 / 129	13	3rd	SNP minority	[57]
2021	Anas Sarwar	584,392	21.7	18.9	22 / 129	2	3rd	SNP minority [lower-alpha 1]	[57]

1. From 2021 to 2024, there was a cooperation agreement between the incumbent SNP and the Scottish Greens. ^[59]

Senedd elections

See also: Senedd and Welsh Labour

As part of Labour's 1997 winning UK general election manifesto, Labour committed to devolving power to Wales and Scotland subject to public consent from referendums. ^[60] In July 1997, Labour released its white paper for devolution in Wales. ^[60] This devolution deal would include 60 elected members who would take responsibility for £7 billion of funding. ^[60] Furthermore, this new Assembly would have the right to pass secondary legislation in order to modify already existing laws. ^[60] The devolution plans were endorsed by the public in the 1997 Welsh devolution referendum by 50.3% of the vote. ^[60] The Government of Wales Act 1998 would receive royal assent with the Assembly to be formed following the first election in May 1999. ^[60]

In 1999, the Welsh Assembly or Senedd Cymru was founded. ^[61] From 1999 until 2011, Welsh Assembly elections were held once every four years, they are now held every five years. ^[61] 40 Constituency Assembly Members (AMs) and 20 regional Assembly Members are elected at each election. ^[61] The current voting system is the additional member system. ^[61]

At every Senedd election, Labour has received the most votes and seats at each election, but has never formed a clear majority of seats. ^[61] Labour formed a coalition with the Welsh Liberal Democrats from 2000 to 2003. ^[61] From 2003 to 2007, Labour governed alone as a minority administration before serving in coalition with Plaid Cymru from 2007 to 2011. ^[61] Labour have governed alone as a minority administration since 2011. ^[61] Since 2021, Labour have had a formal cooperation agreement with Plaid Cymru to help pass budgets and to work together on several policy areas. ^[62]

Year	Leader [60] [63]	% share of votes (constituency)	% share of votes (list)	Seats won	Change	Position	Resulting government	Ref
1999	Alun Michael	37.6	35.4	28 / 60	—	1st	Labour–Liberal Democrats [lower-alpha 1]	[61]
2003	Rhodri Morgan	40.0	36.6	30 / 60	2	1st	Labour minority	[61]
2007		32.2	29.6	26 / 60	4	1st	Labour–Plaid Cymru	[61]
2011	Carwyn Jones	42.3	36.9	30 / 60	4	1st	Labour minority	[61]
2016		34.7	31.5	29 / 60	1	1st	Labour minority	[61]
2021	Mark Drakeford	39.9	36.2	30 / 60	1	1st	Labour minority	[61]

1. Following the 1999 election, Labour initially formed a minority administration, however, by 2000 Labour had formed a coalition with the Liberal Democrats.

Devolved regional elections

London Assembly elections

See also: London Assembly and London Labour Party

London Assembly elections are held every four years. ^[64] Overall, there are 14 constituency members and 11 London-wide members who are elected by a party-list system. ^[64] The voting system is the additional member system. ^{[64] [65]} The assembly holds the mayor of London to account through London Assembly committees and also votes on the mayor's budget. ^[65] The first London Assembly election was held in 2000. ^[64] Labour gained the most seats out of all of the parties in 2012 (12), 2016 (12), 2021 (11) and 2024 (11). ^{[64] [66]}

Year	Assembly leader	% share of votes (constituency)	% share of votes (list)	Seats	Change	Position	Ref
2000	Toby Harris	31.6	30.3	9 / 25	—	1st	[64]
2004		24.7	25.0	7 / 25	2	2nd	[64]
2008	Len Duvall	28.0	27.6	8 / 25	1	2nd	[64]
2012		42.3	41.1	12 / 25	4	1st	[64]
2016		42.3	41.1	12 / 25		1st	[64]
2021 [lower-alpha 1]		41.7	38.1	11 / 25	1	1st	[64]
2024		39.8	38.4	11 / 25		1st	[66]

1. This election was originally due to be held in 2020 but was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. ^[64]

London mayoral elections

See also: Mayor of London

Sadiq Khan, Mayor of London since 2016

Elections to decide the Mayor of London have taken place since 2000. ^[67] Ken Livingstone won the inaugural mayoral election as an independent candidate, ahead of the Conservative Party in second place and the Labour Party in third. He would later become the candidate for Labour in 2004, 2008 and 2012. ^[67] Livingstone won for Labour in 2004 before losing to the Conservative candidate, Boris Johnson in both 2008 and 2012. ^[67] These elections take place every four years with the incumbent mayor being Sadiq Khan of the Labour Party since 2016. ^[67] The voting system for the mayoral elections from 2000 until 2021 was the supplementary vote system. ^[67] However, for the election in 2024, the first past the post system was used instead. ^[67] In 2024, Khan won a third successive term. ^[68]

Year	Mayoral candidate	Vote total	Vote share (%)	Mayoralty	Ref
2000	Frank Dobson	–	–		[67]
2004	Ken Livingstone	828,390	55.4		[67]
2008		1,029,406	46.8		[67]
2012		992,273	48.5		[67]
2016	Sadiq Khan	1,310,143	56.8		[67]
2021 [lower-alpha 1]		1,206,034	55.2		[67]
2024		1,088,225	43.8		[69]

1. This election was originally due to be held in 2020 but was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. ^[67]

Combined authority elections

The first 'combined authority elections' took place in 2017 to determine six elected mayors (Metro-mayors) of different combined authorities in England. ^[70] These elections stemmed from the 'devolution deals' policy announced by George Osborne in 2014. ^[70] Combined authorities are local government institutions formed by two or more local councils. ^[71]

The system of voting for these elections was originally the supplementary vote system. ^[70] Ahead of the 2023 local elections, the first past the post system replaced the supplementary vote system for future combined authority elections. ^[72] As of August 2024, there are ten Labour Party Metro Mayors in: Cambridgeshire and Peterborough, Greater Manchester, East Midlands, Liverpool City region, North-East, Sheffield City region, West Midlands, West of England, West Yorkshire and York and North Yorkshire. ^[73] Comparatively, there is one Conservative Party Metro Mayor which is in the Tees Valley region. ^[73]

Year	Mayoralties won	Change	Ref
2017	2 / 6	2	[74]
2018	1 / 1	1	[75]
2019	1 / 1	1	[76]
2021	5 / 7	2	[77]
2022	1 / 1	1	[78]
2024	8 / 9	1	[79]

European

European Parliament elections

See also: European Parliament and Elections to the European Parliament

During the UK's membership of the European Union (1973–2020), the UK participated in European Parliament elections, held every five years from 1979 until 2019. ^[80] Elections to the European Parliament began in 1979, and were held under the first past the post system until the 1994 election. ^[80] From 1999 onwards, a regional list system of proportional representation system was used. ^[80]

Labour's best result was the 1994 election in terms of numbers of MEPs elected (62/87) and vote share (44%). ^[80] The party earned more votes in 2004 than in 1999 but their vote share fell due to a higher turnout. ^[80] In 2009, Labour finished behind the Conservatives and UKIP. ^[80]

Year	Leader [18]	Votes	% share of votes	Seats	Change	Position	Ref
1979	James Callaghan	4,253,207	33	17 / 81	—	2nd	[80]
1984	Neil Kinnock	4,865,261	37	32 / 81	15	2nd	[80]
1989		6,153,661	40	45 / 81	13	1st	[80]
1994	Margaret Beckett [lower-alpha 1]	6,753,881	44	62 / 87	17	1st	[80]
1999 [lower-alpha 2] [80]	Tony Blair	2,803,820	28.0 [81]	29 / 87	33	2nd	[80]
2004		3,718,683	22.6 [82]	19 / 78	10	2nd	[80]
2009	Gordon Brown	2,381,760	15.7 [83]	13 / 72	6	3rd	[80]
2014	Ed Miliband	4,020,646	25.4 [84]	20 / 73	7	2nd	[80]
2019	Jeremy Corbyn	2,347,255	14.1 [85]	10 / 73	10	3rd	[80]

1. Margaret Beckett was leader ad interim.
2. Electoral system changed from first past the post to proportional representation.

See also

• Electoral history of the Conservative Party (UK)
• List of Labour Party (UK) MPs
• Opinion polling for the 2024 United Kingdom general election
• Politics of the United Kingdom

References

1. Reid, Alastair J.; Pelling, Henry (2005). A Short History of the Labour Party (12th ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 1–4. ISBN   1-4039-9313-0.
2. Reid, Alastair J.; Pelling, Henry (2005). A Short History of the Labour Party (12th ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 16. ISBN   1-4039-9313-0.
3. Bakker, Ryan; Jolly, Seth; Polk, Jonathan (14 May 2015). "Mapping Europe's party systems: which parties are the most right-wing and left-wing in Europe?". London School of Economics / EUROPP – European Politics and Policy. Archived from the original on 26 May 2015. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
4. Giddens, Anthony (17 May 2010). "The rise and fall of New Labour". New Statesman . Archived from the original on 21 July 2015. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
5. Peacock, Mike (8 May 2015). "The European centre-left's quandary". Reuters . Archived from the original on 26 May 2015. Retrieved 26 May 2015. A crushing election defeat for Britain's Labour party has laid bare the dilemma facing Europe's centre-left.
6. Dahlgreen, Will (23 July 2014). "Britain's changing political spectrum". YouGov . Archived from the original on 26 May 2015. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
7. "Labour Party". The Times. Retrieved 25 September 2023.
8. ^{[3] [4] [5] [6] [7]}
9. Cracknell, Richard; Uberoi, Elise; Burton, Matthew (9 August 2023). "UK Election Statistics: 1918–2023, A Long Century of Elections" (PDF). House of Commons Library. p. 8. Retrieved 27 September 2023.
10. Cracknell, Richard; Uberoi, Elise; Burton, Matthew (9 August 2023). "UK Election Statistics: 1918–2023, A Long Century of Elections" (PDF). House of Commons Library. p. 11. Retrieved 10 November 2023.
11. "Voting systems in the UK". UK Parliament. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
12. Reid, Alastair J.; Pelling, Henry (2005). A Short History of the Labour Party (12th ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 9–10. ISBN   1-4039-9313-0.
13. Reid, Alastair J.; Pelling, Henry (2005). A Short History of the Labour Party (12th ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 11–13. ISBN   1-4039-9313-0.
14. Reid, Alastair J.; Pelling, Henry (2005). A Short History of the Labour Party (12th ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 16. ISBN   1-4039-9313-0.
15. Craig, F.W.S. (1975). British General Election Manifestos, 1900–1974. London: Macmillan. p. 23. ISBN   0-333-17154-3.
16. Curtis, Chris (23 December 2019). "In their own words: why voters abandoned Labour". YouGov. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
17. "General election 2024 in maps and charts". BBC News. 4 July 2024. Retrieved 22 August 2024.
18. "A quick guide to Labour's leaders". BBC News. 23 September 2016. Retrieved 27 September 2023.
19. Craig, F.W.S. (1975). British General Election Manifestos, 1900–1974. London: Macmillan. p. 1. ISBN   0-333-17154-3.
20. Craig, F.W.S. (1975). British General Election Manifestos, 1900–1974. London: Macmillan. p. 7. ISBN   0-333-17154-3.
21. Craig, F.W.S. (1975). British General Election Manifestos, 1900–1974. London: Macmillan. p. 14. ISBN   0-333-17154-3.
22. "Representation of the People Act 1918". UK Parliament. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
23. Cracknell, Richard; Uberoi, Elise; Burton, Matthew (9 August 2023). "UK Election Statistics: 1918–2023, A Long Century of Elections" (PDF). House of Commons Library. pp. 16–17. Retrieved 28 September 2023.
24. Craig, F.W.S. (1975). British General Election Manifestos, 1900–1974. London: Macmillan. p. 27. ISBN   0-333-17154-3.
25. ^{[23] [24]}
26. Craig, F.W.S. (1975). British General Election Manifestos, 1900–1974. London: Macmillan. p. 35. ISBN   0-333-17154-3.
27. ^{[23] [26]}
28. Craig, F.W.S. (1975). British General Election Manifestos, 1900–1974. London: Macmillan. p. 44. ISBN   0-333-17154-3.
29. ^{[23] [28]}
30. Craig, F.W.S. (1975). British General Election Manifestos, 1900–1974. London: Macmillan. p. 54. ISBN   0-333-17154-3.
31. ^{[23] [30]}
32. "On this day in May 1929 women vote in general election on same terms as men". UK Parliament. 30 May 2018. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
33. Craig, F.W.S. (1975). British General Election Manifestos, 1900–1974. London: Macmillan. p. 69. ISBN   0-333-17154-3.
34. ^{[23] [33]}
35. Craig, F.W.S. (1975). British General Election Manifestos, 1900–1974. London: Macmillan. p. 89. ISBN   0-333-17154-3.
36. ^{[23] [35]}
37. Craig, F.W.S. (1975). British General Election Manifestos, 1900–1974. London: Macmillan. p. 101. ISBN   0-333-17154-3.
38. ^{[23] [37]}
39. "1969 Representation of the People Act". UK Parliament. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
40. "General Election Results, 9 June 1983" (PDF). House of Commons Public Information Office. Retrieved 27 September 2023.
41. "General Election Results, 1987" (PDF). House of Commons Public Information Office. Retrieved 27 September 2023.
42. "General Election Results" (PDF). House of Commons Public Information Office. Retrieved 27 September 2023.
43. "General Election results, 1 May 1997" (PDF). House of Commons Library. 29 March 2001. Retrieved 26 September 2023.
44. "General Election results, 7 June 2001" (PDF). House of Commons Library. 18 June 2001. Retrieved 26 September 2023.
45. "General Election 2005" (PDF). House of Commons Library . p. 32, 92. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 August 2022. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
46. "Election 2010 Timeline: How coalition was agreed". BBC News. 13 May 2010. Retrieved 26 September 2023.
47. "General Election 2010" (PDF). House of Commons Library. 2 February 2011. p. 30, 86. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
48. "UK 2015 general election results in full". The Guardian. 7 May 2015. Retrieved 26 September 2023.
49. "General Election 2015" (PDF). House of Commons Library. 28 July 2015. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
50. ^{[48] [49]}
51. Hunt, Alex (26 June 2017). "Theresa May and the DUP deal: What you need to know". BBC News. Retrieved 26 September 2023.
52. "General Election 2017: results and analysis" (PDF). House of Commons Library. 29 January 2019. p. 8–12. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
53. "General Election 2019: results and analysis" (PDF). House of Commons Library. 28 January 2020. p. 8–12. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
54. "UK election results 2024, Constituency map". BBC News. 7 July 2024. p. 1. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
55. "The battle of the Union, 1999". BBC News. 24 April 1999. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
56. "A guide to devolution in the UK". BBC News. 18 September 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
57. Cracknell, Richard; Uberoi, Elise; Burton, Matthew (9 August 2023). "UK Election Statistics: 1918–2023, A Long Century of Elections" (PDF). House of Commons Library. pp. 71–72. Retrieved 3 October 2023.
58. Sim, Philip (29 September 2021). "Can Labour find a way back in Scotland?". BBC News. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
59. "SNP-Greens deal pledges indyref2 within five years". BBC News. 20 August 2021. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
60. Browne, Adrian (18 September 2017). "How Welsh devolution has evolved over two decades". BBC News. Retrieved 3 October 2023.
61. Cracknell, Richard; Uberoi, Elise; Burton, Matthew (9 August 2023). "UK Election Statistics: 1918–2023, A Long Century of Elections" (PDF). House of Commons Library. pp. 68–70. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
62. Deans, David (7 February 2023). "Labour politician attacks Plaid co-operation deal". BBC News. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
63. Davies, Daniel (26 March 2021). "Elections 2021: Who is Welsh Labour leader Mark Drakeford?". BBC News. Retrieved 3 October 2023.
64. Cracknell, Richard; Uberoi, Elise; Burton, Matthew (9 August 2023). "UK Election Statistics: 1918–2023, A Long Century of Elections" (PDF). House of Commons Library. pp. 75–77. Retrieved 29 September 2023.
65. Francis, Sam (25 March 2021). "London elections 2021: What does the London Assembly do?". BBC News. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
66. "Results 2024 | London Elects". www.londonelects.org.uk. Retrieved 11 May 2024.
67. Cracknell, Richard; Uberoi, Elise; Burton, Matthew (9 August 2023). "UK Election Statistics: 1918–2023, A Long Century of Elections" (PDF). House of Commons Library. pp. 78–79. Retrieved 29 September 2023.
68. Donovan, Tim (4 May 2024). "London mayor election: How Sadiq Khan won over London for the third time". BBC News. Retrieved 12 May 2024.
69. "London Mayor Election 2024 Candidates and Results". BBC News. Retrieved 11 May 2024.
70. Cracknell, Richard; Uberoi, Elise; Burton, Matthew (9 August 2023). "UK Election Statistics: 1918–2023, A Long Century of Elections" (PDF). House of Commons Library. pp. 91–92. Retrieved 29 September 2023.
71. Paun, Akash; Wilson, James; Nicholson, Elspeth (15 July 2019). "English devolution: combined authorities and metro mayors". Institute for Government. Retrieved 29 September 2023.
72. "Changes to the voting system for mayoral and PCC elections". Electoral Commission. 2 February 2023. Retrieved 29 September 2023.
73. Sandford, Mark (7 May 2024). "Directly-elected mayors" (PDF). House of Commons Library. p. 18. Retrieved 22 August 2024.
74. "Elections 2017 results: Who are the new metro mayors?". BBC News. 5 May 2017. Retrieved 29 September 2023.
75. "Local Elections 2018" (PDF). House of Commons Library. 14 May 2018. p. 14. Retrieved 29 September 2023.
76. Uberoi, Elise (31 July 2019). "Local Elections 2019" (PDF). House of Commons Library. Retrieved 29 September 2023.
77. Uberoi, Elise (25 May 2021). "Combined authority mayoral elections in May 2021" (PDF). House of Commons Library. p. 3. Retrieved 29 September 2023.
78. Tunnicliffe, Richard (13 May 2022). "Local Elections 2022: Results and analysis" (PDF). House of Commons Library. p. 21. Retrieved 29 September 2023.
79. "Local election results 2024 in England". BBC News. Retrieved 11 May 2024.
80. Cracknell, Richard; Uberoi, Elise; Burton, Matthew (9 August 2023). "UK Election Statistics: 1918–2023, A Long Century of Elections" (PDF). House of Commons Library. pp. 65–67. Retrieved 28 September 2023.
81. "Elections to the European Parliament – June 1999" (PDF). House of Commons Library. 21 June 1999. p. 9. Retrieved 29 September 2023.
82. "European Election: United Kingdom Result". BBC News. 14 June 2004. Retrieved 29 September 2023.
83. "European Election 2009: UK Results". BBC News. 8 June 2009. Retrieved 28 September 2023.
84. "European elections: UK results". The Guardian. 25 May 2014. Retrieved 28 September 2023.
85. "European Election 2019: UK results in maps and charts". BBC News. 27 May 2019. Retrieved 28 September 2023.