Emerald

Last updated
Emerald
Beryl var. emeraude sur gangue (Muzo Mine Boyaca - Colombie) 2.jpg
Emerald crystal from Muzo, Colombia
General
Category Beryl variety
Formula
(repeating unit)		Be3Al2(SiO3)6
Crystal system Hexagonal (6/m 2/m 2/m) Space group: P6/mсc
Space group (6/m 2/m 2/m) – dihexagonal dipyramidal
Unit cell a = 9.21 Å, c = 9.19 Å; Z = 2
Identification
Formula mass 537.50
ColorBluish green to green
Crystal habit Massive to well Crystalline
Cleavage Imperfect on the [0001]
Fracture Conchoidal
Mohs scale hardness7.5–8
Luster Vitreous
Streak White
Diaphaneity Transparent to opaque
Specific gravity Average 2.76
Optical propertiesUniaxial (−)
Refractive index nω = 1.564–1.595,
nε = 1.568–1.602
Birefringence δ = 0.0040–0.0070
Ultraviolet fluorescence None (some fracture-filling materials used to improve emerald's clarity do fluoresce, but the stone itself does not)
References [1]
Main emerald producing countries Emeraude gisements.jpg
Main emerald producing countries

Emerald is a gemstone and a variety of the mineral beryl (Be3Al2(SiO3)6) colored green by trace amounts of chromium or sometimes vanadium. [2] Beryl has a hardness of 7.5–8 on the Mohs scale. [2] Most emeralds have lots of material trapped inside during the gem's formation, [3] so their toughness (resistance to breakage) is classified as generally poor. Emerald is a cyclosilicate.

Contents

Etymology

The word "emerald" is derived (via Old French : esmeraude and Middle English : emeraude), from Vulgar Latin: esmaralda/esmaraldus, a variant of Latin smaragdus, which was via Ancient Greek : σμάραγδος (smáragdos; "green gem") from a Semitic language. [4] According to Webster's Dictionary the term emerald was first used in the 14th century. [5]

Properties determining value

Cut emeralds 5 Emeralds from Colombia.JPG
Cut emeralds

Emeralds, like all colored gemstones, are graded using four basic parameters known as "the four Cs": color, clarity,cut and carat weight. Normally, in the grading of colored gemstones, color is by far the most important criterion. However, in the grading of emeralds, clarity is considered a close second. A fine emerald must possess not only a pure verdant green hue as described below, but also a high degree of transparency to be considered a top gemstone. [6]

This member of the beryl family ranks among the traditional "big four" gems along with diamonds, rubies and sapphires. [7]

In the 1960s, the American jewelry industry changed the definition of emerald to include the green vanadium-bearing beryl. As a result, vanadium emeralds purchased as emeralds in the United States are not recognized as such in the United Kingdom and Europe. In America, the distinction between traditional emeralds and the new vanadium kind is often reflected in the use of terms such as "Colombian emerald". [8]

Color

In gemology, [9] color is divided into three components: hue , saturation , and tone . Emeralds occur in hues ranging from yellow-green to blue-green, with the primary hue necessarily being green. Yellow and blue are the normal secondary hues found in emeralds. Only gems that are medium to dark in tone are considered emeralds; light-toned gems are known instead by the species name green beryl . The finest emeralds are approximately 75% tone on a scale where 0% tone is colorless and 100% is opaque black. In addition, a fine emerald will be saturated and have a hue that is bright (vivid). Gray is the normal saturation modifier or mask found in emeralds; a grayish-green hue is a dull-green hue. [6]

Clarity

Brazilian emerald (grass-green variety of the mineral beryl) in a quartz-pegmatite matrix with typical hexagonal, prismatic crystals. Emerald in a quartz and pegmatite matrix.JPG
Brazilian emerald (grass-green variety of the mineral beryl) in a quartz-pegmatite matrix with typical hexagonal, prismatic crystals.

Emeralds tend to have numerous inclusions and surface-breaking fissures. Unlike diamonds, where the loupe standard, i.e. 10× magnification, is used to grade clarity, emeralds are graded by eye. Thus, if an emerald has no visible inclusions to the eye (assuming normal visual acuity) it is considered flawless. Stones that lack surface breaking fissures are extremely rare and therefore almost all emeralds are treated ("oiled", see below) to enhance the apparent clarity. The inclusions and fissures within an emerald are sometimes described as jardin (French for garden), because of their mossy appearance. [11] Imperfections are unique for each emerald and can be used to identify a particular stone. Eye-clean stones of a vivid primary green hue (as described above), with no more than 15% of any secondary hue or combination (either blue or yellow) of a medium-dark tone, command the highest prices. [6] The relative non-uniformity motivates the cutting of emeralds in cabochon form, rather than faceted shapes. Faceted emeralds are most commonly given an oval cut, or the signature emerald cut, a rectangular cut with facets around the top edge.

Treatments

Most emeralds are oiled as part of the post-lapidary process, in order to fill in surface-reaching cracks so that clarity and stability are improved. Cedar oil, having a similar refractive index, is often used in this widely adopted practice. Other liquids, including synthetic oils and polymers with refractive indexes close to that of emeralds, such as Opticon, are also used. The least expensive emeralds are often treated with epoxy resins, which are effective for filling stones with many fractures. [12] [13] These treatments are typically applied in a vacuum chamber under mild heat, to open the pores of the stone and allow the fracture-filling agent to be absorbed more effectively. [14] The U.S. Federal Trade Commission requires the disclosure of this treatment when an oil-treated emerald is sold. [15] The use of oil is traditional and largely accepted by the gem trade, although oil-treated emeralds are worth much less than untreated emeralds of similar quality. Untreated emeralds must also be accompanied by a certificate from a licensed, independent gemology laboratory. Other treatments, for example the use of green-tinted oil, are not acceptable in the trade. [16] Gems are graded on a four-step scale; none, minor, moderate and highly enhanced. These categories reflect levels of enhancement, not clarity. A gem graded none on the enhancement scale may still exhibit visible inclusions. Laboratories apply these criteria differently. Some gemologists consider the mere presence of oil or polymers to constitute enhancement. Others may ignore traces of oil if the presence of the material does not improve the look of the gemstone. [17]

Emerald mines

A Colombian trapiche emerald Trapiche emerald (cropped).jpg
A Colombian trapiche emerald

Emeralds in antiquity were mined in Ancient Egypt at locations on Mount Smaragdus since 1500 BC, and India and Austria since at least the 14th century AD. [18] The Egyptian mines were exploited on an industrial scale by the Roman and Byzantine Empires, and later by Islamic conquerors. Mining in Egypt ceased with the discovery of the Colombian deposits. Today, only ruins remain. [19]

Colombia is by far the world's largest producer of emeralds, constituting 50–95% of the world production, with the number depending on the year, source and grade. [20] [21] [22] [23] Emerald production in Colombia has increased drastically in the last decade, increasing by 78% from 2000 to 2010. [24] The three main emerald mining areas in Colombia are Muzo, Coscuez, and Chivor. [25] Rare "trapiche" emeralds are found in Colombia, distinguished by ray-like spokes of dark impurities.

Zambia is the world's second biggest producer, with its Kafubu River area deposits (Kagem Mines) about 45 km (28 mi) southwest of Kitwe responsible for 20% of the world's production of gem-quality stones in 2004. [26] In the first half of 2011, the Kagem Mines produced 3.74 tons of emeralds. [27]

Emeralds are found all over the world in countries such as Afghanistan, Australia, Austria, Brazil, [28] Bulgaria, Cambodia, Canada, China, Egypt, Ethiopia, France, Germany, India, Kazakhstan, Madagascar, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Russia, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Switzerland, Tanzania, the United States, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. [1] In the US, emeralds have been found in Connecticut, Montana, Nevada, North Carolina, and South Carolina. [1] In 1998, emeralds were discovered in the Yukon Territory of Canada. [29]

Origin determinations

Since the onset of concerns regarding diamond origins, research has been conducted to determine if the mining location could be determined for an emerald already in circulation. Traditional research used qualitative guidelines such as an emerald's color, style and quality of cutting, type of fracture filling, and the anthropological origins of the artifacts bearing the mineral to determine the emerald's mine location. More recent studies using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy methods have uncovered trace chemical element differences between emeralds, including ones mined in close proximity to one another. American gemologist David Cronin and his colleagues have extensively examined the chemical signatures of emeralds resulting from fluid dynamics and subtle precipitation mechanisms, and their research demonstrated the chemical homogeneity of emeralds from the same mining location and the statistical differences that exist between emeralds from different mining locations, including those between the three locations: Muzo, Coscuez, and Chivor, in Colombia, South America. [30]

Synthetic emerald

Emerald showing its hexagonal structure Emerald.png
Emerald showing its hexagonal structure

Both hydrothermal and flux-growth synthetics have been produced, and a method has been developed for producing an emerald overgrowth on colorless beryl. The first commercially successful emerald synthesis process was that of Carroll Chatham, likely involving a lithium vanadate flux process, as Chatham's emeralds do not have any water and contain traces of vanadate, molybdenum and vanadium. [31] The other large producer of flux emeralds was Pierre Gilson Sr., whose products have been on the market since 1964. Gilson's emeralds are usually grown on natural colorless beryl seeds, which are coated on both sides. Growth occurs at the rate of 1 mm per month, a typical seven-month growth run produces emerald crystals 7 mm thick. [32]

Hydrothermal synthetic emeralds have been attributed to IG Farben, Nacken, Tairus, and others, but the first satisfactory commercial product was that of Johann Lechleitner of Innsbruck, Austria, which appeared on the market in the 1960s. These stones were initially sold under the names "Emerita" and "Symeralds", and they were grown as a thin layer of emerald on top of natural colorless beryl stones. Later, from 1965 to 1970, the Linde Division of Union Carbide produced completely synthetic emeralds by hydrothermal synthesis. According to their patents (attributable to E.M. Flanigen), [33] acidic conditions are essential to prevent the chromium (which is used as the colorant) from precipitating. Also, it is important that the silicon-containing nutrient be kept away from the other ingredients to prevent nucleation and confine growth to the seed crystals. Growth occurs by a diffusion-reaction process, assisted by convection. The largest producer of hydrothermal emeralds today is Tairus, which has succeeded in synthesizing emeralds with chemical composition similar to emeralds in alkaline deposits in Colombia, and whose products are thus known as “Colombian created emeralds” or “Tairus created emeralds”. [34] Luminescence in ultraviolet light is considered a supplementary test when making a natural versus synthetic determination, as many, but not all, natural emeralds are inert to ultraviolet light. Many synthetics are also UV inert. [35]

Emerald made by hydrothermal synthesis SyntEmerald 0302.jpg
Emerald made by hydrothermal synthesis

Synthetic emeralds are often referred to as "created", as their chemical and gemological composition is the same as their natural counterparts. The U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) has very strict regulations as to what can and what cannot be called a "synthetic" stone. The FTC says: "§ 23.23(c) It is unfair or deceptive to use the word "laboratory-grown", "laboratory-created", "[manufacturer name]-created", or "synthetic" with the name of any natural stone to describe any industry product unless such industry product has essentially the same optical, physical, and chemical properties as the stone named." [15]

In culture and lore

Emerald is regarded as the traditional birthstone for May as well as the traditional gemstone for the astrological sign of Cancer [36] [ need quotation to verify ] (June/July)

Traditional alchemical lore ascribes several uses and characteristics to emeralds:

The virtue of the Emerald is to counteract poison. They say that if a venomous animal should look at it, it will become blinded. The gem also acts as a preservative against epilepsy; it cures leprosy, strengthens sight and memory, checks copulation, during which act it will break, if worn at the time on the finger. [37]

According to French writer Brantôme (c. 1540-1614) Hernán Cortés had one of the emeralds which he had looted from Mexico text engraved, Inter Natos Mulierum non surrexit major ("Among those born of woman there hath not arisen a greater," Matthew 11:11), in reference to John the Baptist. Brantôme considered engraving such a beautiful and simple product of nature sacrilegious and considered this act the cause for Cortez's loss in 1541 of an extremely precious pearl [38] (to which he dedicated a work, A beautiful and incomparable pearl[ citation needed ]), and even for the death of King Charles IX of France, who died (1574) soon afterward. [39] [ need quotation to verify ]

In American author L. Frank Baum's 1900 children's novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , and the 1939 MGM film adaptation, the protagonist must travel to an Emerald City to meet the eponymous character, the Wizard.

The chief deity of one of India's most famous temples, the Meenakshi Amman Temple in Madurai, is the goddess Meenakshi, whose idol is traditionally thought to be made of emerald. [40]

Notable emeralds

EmeraldOriginSizeLocation
Chipembele [41] Zambia, 20217,525 caratsISDE, Israel
Bahia Emerald [42] Brazil, 2001180,000 carats, crystals in host rockLos Angeles County Sheriff's Department [43]
Carolina Emperor [44] [45] United States, 2009310 carats uncut, 64.8 carats cut North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh
Chalk Emerald Colombia38.40 carats cut, then recut to 37.82 carats National Museum of Natural History, Washington
Duke of Devonshire Emerald Colombia, before 18311,383.93 carats uncut Natural History Museum, London
Emerald of Saint Louis [46] Austria, probably Habachtal51.60 carats cut National Museum of Natural History, Paris
Gachalá Emerald [47] Colombia, 1967858 carats uncut National Museum of Natural History, Washington
Mogul Mughal Emerald Colombia, 1107 A.H. (1695–1696 AD)217.80 carats cut Museum of Islamic Art, Doha, Qatar
Rockefeller Emerald [48] Colombia18.04 carats Octagonal step-cutPrivate collection
Patricia Emerald [49] Colombia, 1920632 carats uncut, dihexagonal (12 sided) American Museum of Natural History, New York
Mim Emerald [50] Colombia, 20141,390 carats uncut, dihexagonal (12 sided) Mim Museum, Beirut

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Beryl</span> Gemstone: beryllium aluminium silicate

Beryl ( BERR-əl) is a mineral composed of beryllium aluminium silicate with the chemical formula Be3Al2Si6O18. Well-known varieties of beryl include emerald and aquamarine. Naturally occurring, hexagonal crystals of beryl can be up to several meters in size, but terminated crystals are relatively rare. Pure beryl is colorless, but it is frequently tinted by impurities; possible colors are green, blue, yellow, pink, and red (the rarest). It is an ore source of beryllium.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gemstone</span> Piece of mineral crystal used to make jewelry

A gemstone is a piece of mineral crystal which, in cut and polished form, is used to make jewelry or other adornments. However, certain rocks and occasionally organic materials that are not minerals are also used for jewelry and are therefore often considered to be gemstones as well. Most gemstones are hard, but some soft minerals are used in jewelry because of their luster or other physical properties that have aesthetic value. Rarity and notoriety are other characteristics that lend value to gemstones.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sapphire</span> Gem variety of corundum

Sapphire is a precious gemstone, a variety of the mineral corundum, consisting of aluminium oxide (α-Al2O3) with trace amounts of elements such as iron, titanium, chromium, vanadium, or magnesium. The name sapphire is derived via the Latin "sapphirus" from the Greek "sappheiros", which referred to lapis lazuli. It is typically blue, but natural "fancy" sapphires also occur in yellow, purple, orange, and green colors; "parti sapphires" show two or more colors. Red corundum stones also occur, but are called rubies rather than sapphires. Pink-colored corundum may be classified either as ruby or sapphire depending on locale. Commonly, natural sapphires are cut and polished into gemstones and worn in jewelry. They also may be created synthetically in laboratories for industrial or decorative purposes in large crystal boules. Because of the remarkable hardness of sapphires – 9 on the Mohs scale (the third hardest mineral, after diamond at 10 and moissanite at 9.5) – sapphires are also used in some non-ornamental applications, such as infrared optical components, high-durability windows, wristwatch crystals and movement bearings, and very thin electronic wafers, which are used as the insulating substrates of special-purpose solid-state electronics such as integrated circuits and GaN-based blue LEDs. Sapphire is the birthstone for September and the gem of the 45th anniversary. A sapphire jubilee occurs after 65 years.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ruby</span> Variety of corundum, mineral, gemstone

A ruby is a pinkish red to blood-red colored gemstone, a variety of the mineral corundum. Ruby is one of the most popular traditional jewelry gems and is very durable. Other varieties of gem-quality corundum are called sapphires. Ruby is one of the traditional cardinal gems, alongside amethyst, sapphire, emerald, and diamond. The word ruby comes from ruber, Latin for red. The color of a ruby is due to the element chromium.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chrysoberyl</span> Mineral or gemstone of beryllium aluminate

The mineral or gemstone chrysoberyl is an aluminate of beryllium with the formula BeAl2O4. The name chrysoberyl is derived from the Greek words χρυσός chrysos and βήρυλλος beryllos, meaning "a gold-white spar". Despite the similarity of their names, chrysoberyl and beryl are two completely different gemstones, although they both contain beryllium. Chrysoberyl is the third-hardest frequently encountered natural gemstone and lies at 8.5 on the Mohs scale of mineral hardness, between corundum (9) and topaz (8).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gemology</span> Science dealing with natural and artificial gemstone materials

Gemology or gemmology is the science dealing with natural and artificial gemstone materials. It is a geoscience and a branch of mineralogy. Some jewelers are academically trained gemologists and are qualified to identify and evaluate gems.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tanzanite</span> Blue to purple variety of the mineral zoisite

Tanzanite is the blue and violet variety of the mineral zoisite, caused by small amounts of vanadium. Tanzanite belongs to the epidote mineral group. Tanzanite is only found in Simanjiro District of Manyara Region in Tanzania, in a very small mining area approximately 7 km (4.3 mi) long and 2 km (1.2 mi) wide near the Mererani Hills.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Demantoid</span> Green gemstone variety of the mineral andradite

Demantoid is the green gemstone variety of the mineral andradite, a member of the garnet group of Minerals. Andradite is a calcium- and iron-rich garnet. The chemical formula is Ca3Fe2(SiO4)3 with chromium substitution as the cause of the demantoid green color. Ferric iron is the cause of the yellow in the stone.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gemological Institute of America</span> Research institute in Carlsbad, California

The Gemological Institute of America (GIA) is a nonprofit institute based in Carlsbad, California. It is dedicated to research and education in the field of gemology and the jewelry arts. Founded in 1931, GIA's mission is to protect buyers and sellers of gemstones by setting and maintaining the standards used to evaluate gemstone quality. The institute does so through research, gem identification and diamond grading services and a variety of educational programs. Through its library and subject experts, GIA acts as a resource of gem and jewelry information for the trade, the public and media outlets.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tairus</span>

Tairus is a synthetic gemstone manufacturer. It was formed in 1989 as part of Mikhail Gorbachev's perestroika initiative to establish a joint venture between the Russian Academy of Sciences and Tairus Created Gems Co Ltd. of Bangkok, Thailand. Today Tairus is a major supplier of hydrothermally grown gemstones to the jewellery industry. Later, Tairus became a privately held enterprise, operating out of its Bangkok distribution hub under the trade name Tairus, owned by Tairus Created Gems Co Ltd. of Bangkok, Thailand.

The Asian Institute of Gemological Sciences (AIGS) is a private gemological school and gemological laboratory based in Bangkok, Thailand.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Diamond (gemstone)</span> Gemstone

Diamond is one of the best-known and most sought-after gemstones. They have been used as decorative items since ancient times.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ammolite</span> Opal-like organic gemstone

Ammolite is an opal-like organic gemstone found primarily along the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains of North America. It is made of the fossilized shells of ammonites, which in turn are composed primarily of aragonite, the same mineral contained in nacre, with a microstructure inherited from the shell. It is one of few biogenic gemstones; others include amber and pearl.1 In 1981, ammolite was given official gemstone status by the World Jewellery Confederation (CIBJO), the same year commercial mining of ammolite began. It was designated the official gemstone of the City of Lethbridge, Alberta in 2007.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ronald Ringsrud</span>

Ronald Ringsrud is an emerald dealer, gemologist, and author of Emeralds, A Passionate Guide.

Gemfields Group Ltd is a company incorporated in Guernsey and headquartered in London, United Kingdom, and is a supplier of coloured gemstones. The company specializes in the mining, processing and sale of coloured gemstones, in particular emeralds and rubies. The group sells rough, uncut gemstones and does not operate any cutting and polishing facilities. The company owns the Kagem emerald mine in Zambia and the Montepuez ruby mine in beautiful Mozambique. Gemfields produces around 25% of the world's emerald supply and around 50% of the world's ruby supply.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Colombian emeralds</span> Green precious gemstones

Emeralds are green and sometime green with a blueish-tint precious gemstones that are mined in various geological settings. They are minerals in the beryl group of silicates. For more than 4,000 years, emeralds have been among the most valuable of all jewels. Colombia, located in northern South America, is the country that mines and produces the most emeralds for the global market, as well as the most desirable. It is estimated that Colombia accounts for 70–90% of the world's emerald market. While commercial grade emeralds are quite plentiful, fine and extra fine quality emeralds are extremely rare. Colombian emeralds over 50 carat can cost much more than diamonds of the same size.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Blue diamond</span> Blue colored variant of a diamond

Blue diamond is a type of diamond which exhibits all of the same inherent properties of the mineral except with the additional element of blue color in the stone. They are colored blue by trace amounts of boron that contaminate the crystalline lattice structure. Blue diamonds belong to a subcategory of diamonds called fancy color diamonds, the generic name for diamonds that exhibit intense color.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Red beryl</span> Rare variety of beryl

Red beryl, formerly known as bixbite and marketed as red emerald or scarlet emerald, is an extremely rare variety of beryl as well as one of the rarest minerals on Earth. The gem gets its red color from manganese ions embedded inside of beryllium aluminium cyclosilicate crystals. The color of red beryl is stable up to 1,000 °C (1,830 °F). Red Beryl can come in various tints like strawberry, bright ruby, cherry, and orange.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aquamarine (gem)</span> Variety of beryl

Aquamarine is a pale-blue to light-green variety of beryl. The color of aquamarine can be changed by heat.

References

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  33. ↑ Geological Magazine "Hydrothermal process for growing crystals having the structure of beryl in an alkaline halide medium" U.S. Patent 3,567,642 Issue date: March 2, 1971
  34. ↑ Schmetzer, Karl; Schwartz, Dietmar; Bernhardt, Heinz-Jurgen; Tobias Hager (2006–2007). "A new type of Tairus hydrothermally-grown synthetic emerald, colored by vanadium and copper" (PDF). Journal of Gemmology of Gemmological Association of Great Britain. 30 (1–2): 59–74. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 11, 2011.
  35. ↑ Hurlbut, Cornelius S. Jr. and Kammerling, Robert C. (1991) Gemology, John Wiley & Sons, New York, p. 81, ISBN   0-471-52667-3.
  36. ↑ Morgan, Diane (2007). From Satan's crown to the holy grail : emeralds in myth, magic, and history. Westport, Conn. [u.a.]: Praeger. p. 171. ISBN   9780275991234. Archived from the original on March 30, 2017. Retrieved March 30, 2017.
  37. ↑ Ruland, Martin (May 26, 2014) [1612]. "Smaragdus". A Lexicon of Alchemy [Lexicon alchemia]. Translated by Waite, Arthur Edward. Altenmünster, Bavaria: Jazzybee Verlag (published 2014). ISBN   9783849644390 . Retrieved June 25, 2022. The virtue of the Emerald is to counteract poison. They say that if a venomous animal should look at it, it will become blinded. The gem also acts as a preservative against epilepsy; it cures leprosy, strengthens sight and memory, checks copulation, during which act it will break, it worn at the time on the finger.
  38. ↑ Compare: de Bourdeill, Pierre (1864). Lalanne, Ludovic (ed.). Oeuvres complètes de Pierre de Bourdeille, seigneur de Brantome publièes d'après les manuscrits avec variantes et fragments inédits pour la Société de l'histoire de France (in French). Vol. 1: Grand Capitaines Estrangers. Paris: Jules Renouard. p. 52. Retrieved June 25, 2022. [...] la belle et incomparable perle de cet Hernand Cortez, qu'il rapporta des Indes, sur laquelle il fit graver ces mots: Inter natos mulierum non surrexit major, [...] laquelle il perdit depuis devant Alger [...]. [...] Brantôme s'est trompé ici: le joyau dont il parle n'était point une perle, mais une émaraude.
  39. ↑ Kunz, George Frederick (1915). Magic of Jewels and Charms. Philadelphia: Lippincott Company. p. 305. ISBN   0-7661-4322-8. Archived from the original on October 17, 2012.
  40. ↑ "Meenakshi Temple - Meenakshi Temple of Madurai, Meenakshi Amman Temple Madurai India". www.madurai.org.uk. Archived from the original on March 17, 2016. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
  41. ↑ "Gemfields finds largest emerald ever at Zambia mine". MINING.COM. November 8, 2021. Retrieved December 9, 2021.
  42. ↑ Allen, Nick (September 24, 2010). "Judge to decide who owns 250 million Bahia emerald.html". The Daily Telegraph, UK. Archived from the original on September 28, 2010. Retrieved December 31, 2010.
  43. ↑ "The Curse of the Bahia Emerald, a Giant Green Rock That Ruins Lives". Wired. wired.com.
  44. ↑ Gast, Phil (September 1, 2010). "North Carolina emerald: Big, green and very rare". CNN. Cable News Network (Turner Broadcasting System, Inc.). Archived from the original on September 25, 2013. Retrieved October 8, 2013.
  45. ↑ Stancill, Jane (March 16, 2012). "N.C. gems to shine at museum". The News & Observer . The News & Observer Publishing Co. Archived from the original on March 27, 2012. Retrieved October 8, 2013.
  46. ↑ "Emeraude de Saint Louis - St Louis Emerald". CRPG: Le Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved February 8, 2017.
  47. ↑ "Gachala Emerald". National Museum of Natural History. Smithsonian Institution. 2017. Archived from the original on February 11, 2017. Retrieved February 8, 2017.
  48. ↑ "10 jewels that made history". Christies.
  49. ↑ "Patricia Emerald". AMNH. Archived from the original on September 5, 2015. Retrieved August 22, 2015.
  50. ↑ Bouillard, J.-C. and Jeanne-Michaud, A. (2016) "101 minéraux et pierres précieuses - qu'il faut avoir vus dans sa vie". Hors collection, Dunod. ISBN   2100742272.

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