Gulbuddin Hekmatyar is an Afghan politician, and former mujahideen leader and drug trafficker. He is the founder and current leader of the Hezb-e-Islami Gulbuddin political party, so called after Mohammad Yunus Khalis split from Hezbi Islami in 1979 to found Hezb-i Islami Khalis. He twice served as prime minister during the 1990s.
The "Virgin Islands March" is the regional anthem of the United States Virgin Islands. The song was composed by Sam Williams and U.S. Virgin Island native Alton Adams in the 1920s. It served as an unofficial regional anthem of the U.S. Virgin Islands until 1963, when it was officially recognized by Legislative Act.
"Baḥraynunā" the national anthem of Bahrain. Originally composed as an instrumental in 1942, lyrics were added in 1985, which were changed in 2002 following the country's transformation from an emirate into a kingdom.
The music of Afghanistan comprises many varieties of classical music, folk music, and modern popular music. Afghanistan has a rich musical heritage and features a mix of Persian melodies, Indian compositional principles, and sounds from ethnic groups such as the Pashtuns, Tajiks and Hazaras. Instruments used range from Indian tablas to long-necked lutes. Afghanistan's classical music is closely related to Hindustani classical music while sourcing much of its lyrics directly from classical Persian poetry such as Mawlana Balkhi (Rumi) and the Iranian tradition indigenous to central Asia. Lyrics throughout most of Afghanistan are typically in Dari (Persian) and Pashto. The multi-ethnic city of Kabul has long been the regional cultural capital, but outsiders have tended to focus on the city of Herat, which is home to traditions more closely related to Iranian music than in the rest of the country.
Ghazni, historically known as Ghaznayn (غزنين) or Ghazna (غزنه), also transliterated as Ghuznee, and anciently known as Alexandria in Opiana, is a city in southeastern Afghanistan with a population of around 190,000 people. The city is strategically located along Highway 1, which follows the path that has served as the main road between Kabul and Kandahar for thousands of years. Situated on a plateau at 2,219 metres (7,280 ft) above sea level, the city is 150 kilometres (93 mi) south of Kabul and is the capital of Ghazni Province. The name Ghazni drives from the Persian word "ganj", meaning 'treasure'.
The State Anthem of the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic was the regional anthem of Tajikistan when it was a constituent republic of the Soviet Union, known as the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic. The music and the lyrics were created in 1946, and the anthem was adopted later that year. The lyrics were dropped after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, and the national anthem of the newly independent Tajikistan had used the same melody without any lyrics until 1994, when the country adopted a new anthem, under the title "Surudi Milliy", with new lyrics, while retaining the same melody.
The Northern Alliance, officially known as the United National Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan, was a military alliance of groups that operated between early 1992 and 2001 following the dissolution of the Soviet Union. At that time, many non-Pashtun Northerners originally with the Republic of Afghanistan led by Mohammad Najibullah became disaffected with Pashtun Khalqist Afghan Army officers holding control over non-Pashtun militias in the North. Defectors such as Rashid Dostum and Abdul Momim allied with Ahmad Shah Massoud and Ali Mazari forming the Northern Alliance. The alliance's capture of Mazar-i-Sharif and more importantly the supplies kept there crippled the Afghan military and began the end of Najibullah's government. Following the collapse of Najibullah's government the Alliance would fall with a Second Civil War breaking out however following the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan's (Taliban) takeover of Kabul, The United Front was reassembled.
"Laki ḥobbi wa fuâdy", also known by its incipit, "Bilady, Bilady, Bilady", is the modern national anthem of Egypt, composed by Sayed Darwish and written by Mohamed Yunis El Qadi. It was adopted in 1979.
The Battle of Qala-i-Jangi in Afghanistan was a six-day military engagement following an uprising of prisoners of war who had been taken into custody by US-led coalition forces on 25 November 2001. The battle took place from 25 November to 1 December, in northern Afghanistan. It followed the intervention by United States-led coalition forces to overthrow the Taliban's Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, which had been harboring al-Qaeda operatives.
"Srimān Gambhir", also known as "Rāṣṭriya Gān", was the national anthem of the Kingdom of Nepal from 1962 to 19 May 2006, when the political parties prepared to abolish the monarchy. It was officially replaced by "Sayaun Thunga Phulka".
The Afghan conflict is a term that refers to the series of events that have kept Afghanistan in a near-continuous state of armed conflict since the 1970s. Early instability followed the collapse of the Kingdom of Afghanistan in the largely non-violent 1973 coup d'état, which deposed Afghan monarch Mohammad Zahir Shah in absentia, ending his 40-year-long reign. With the concurrent establishment of the Republic of Afghanistan, headed by Mohammad Daoud Khan, the country's relatively peaceful and stable period in modern history came to an end. However, all-out fighting did not erupt until after 1978, when the Saur Revolution violently overthrew Khan's government and established the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. Subsequent unrest over the radical reforms that were being pushed by the then-ruling People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) led to unprecedented violence, prompting a large-scale pro-PDPA military intervention by the Soviet Union in 1979. In the ensuing Soviet–Afghan War, the anti-Soviet Afghan mujahideen received extensive support from Pakistan, the United States, and Saudi Arabia in a joint covert effort that was dubbed Operation Cyclone.
Afghanistan has had a number of different national anthems throughout its history as the country has changed governments numerous times mostly resulting from political instability.
The Hino Patriótico, fully Hino Patriótico da Nação Portuguesa, was considered Portugal's first national anthem. Marcos Portugal, who had remained living in Portugal, had, in 1808, initially named the piece as 'the Prince's Hymn'. With this dedication, it was offered to the prince regent D. John and first performed for him in Brazil in 1809. The anthem was inspired by the cantata "La Speranza o sia l'Augurio Felice". The lyrics changed several times, altered by contemporary events, until settling into a more or less permanent form in 1821.
An Earth anthem is a celebratory song or a musical composition that eulogizes, extols or exalts planet Earth.
The National Anthem of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan was the official anthem used during the period of one-party socialist rule from 1978 to 1992.
The Afghan Armed Forces, officially the Armed Forces of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan and also referred to as the Islamic Emirate Armed Forces, is the military of Afghanistan, commanded by the Taliban government from 1997 to 2001 and since August 2021. According to Afghanistan's Ministry of Defense, its total manpower is 170,000.
"Millī Surūd", or better known as "Amani Surūd" was the first national anthem of the Kingdom of Afghanistan in 1926. It was composed and arranged by Khalid Rajab Bey, a Turkish professor at the School of Industry and Music who taught music in Kabul during the reign of Amanullah Khan. It was played on state visits abroad by Amanullah. Although it is difficult to say whether it has become a national anthem in the modern sense. It does not have its own title or text. In 1943, it was replaced by a second national anthem.
The "Afghan National Anthem" is the de jure national anthem of the internationally recognized Islamic Republic of Afghanistan used since 2006. The lyrics were written by Abdul Bari Jahani, and the music was composed by German-Afghan composer Babrak Wassa. It was de facto replaced by "This Is the Home of the Brave" after the Taliban takeover in 2021, although the Taliban government is not recognized by any state.
"This Is the Home of the Brave" is a Pashto-language nasheed, currently used as the national anthem of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. It is an a cappella song, meaning that it does not contain musical instruments, as instruments are considered haram by the ruling Taliban. It is based on the communist-era song "Da De Azadi Khawra".
Afghanistan 
