Hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase 15-(NAD) (the HUGO-approved official symbol = HPGD; HGNC ID, HGNC:5154), also called 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase [NAD+], is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the HPGD gene. [5] [6]
In melanocytic cells HPGD gene expression may be regulated by MITF. [7]
15-hydroxy prostaglandin dehydrogenase (HPGD) is an enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically the short chain dehydrogenase/reductase family 36C member 1. [8] This protein coding gene encodes a member of the short chain alcohol dehydrogenase protein family. [9] HPGD catalyzes the first step in the catabolic pathway of prostaglandins and is therefore responsible for the metabolic/catabolic inactivation of prostaglandins. [10] This inactivation process will oxidize the 15-hydroxyl group of prostaglandins and yield the corresponding 15-keto (oxo) metabolite. [11]
Prostaglandins have a critical role in the signaling pathways that are involved in reproduction (establishment of pregnancy, maintenance of pregnancy, and initiation of labor), blood pressure homeostasis (vasoconstriction and vasodilation), sexual dimorphism, and the immune system (inflammation). [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] HPGD has a critical role in the regulation of prostaglandin expression.
HPGD RNA-seq was performed in tissue samples from 95 human individuals representing 27 different tissues to determine tissue-specificity of all protein-coding genes. [17] HPGD was expressed in the adrenal, appendix, bone marrow, brain, colon, duodenum, endometrium, esophagus, fat, gall bladder, heart, kidney, liver, lung, lymph node, ovary, pancreas, placenta, prostate, salivary gland, skin, small intestine, spleen, stomach, testis, thyroid, urinary bladder
15-HPGD has an unappreciated role in the maintenance of pregnancy. In mice, 15-HPDG has been shown to have essential roles in prevention of early termination of pregnancy and maternal morbidity. [18] In 15-HPGD knockout mice, early pregnancy termination was detected. 15-HPGD KO mice that were able to establish pregnancy, lost pregnancy by gestation day ~8.5. At time of pregnancy loss, 15-HPGD KO mice have normal levels of PGE2, increased levels of PGF2α and decreasing levels of serum progesterone. [18]
A hypomorphic mutation of 15-HPGD causes mice to enter labor ~ a full day earlier when compared to their wild-type littermates, due to elevated circulating PGF2α concentrations. Furthermore, it was concluded that 15-HPGD has a critical role in determining the timing of labor [19]
Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) is a globulin protein that in humans is encoded by the SERPINA7 gene. TBG binds thyroid hormones in circulation. It is one of three transport proteins (along with transthyretin and serum albumin) responsible for carrying the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) in the bloodstream. Of these three proteins, TBG has the highest affinity for T4 and T3 but is present in the lowest concentration relative to transthyretin and albumin, which also bind T3 and T4 in circulation. Despite its low concentration, TBG carries the majority of T4 in the blood plasma. Due to the very low concentration of T4 and T3 in the blood, TBG is rarely more than 25% saturated with its ligand. Unlike transthyretin and albumin, TBG has a single binding site for T4/T3. TBG is synthesized primarily in the liver as a 54-kDa protein. In terms of genomics, TBG is a serpin; however, it has no inhibitory function like many other members of this class of proteins.
Transcortin, also known as corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) or serpin A6, is a protein produced in the liver in animals. In humans it is encoded by the SERPINA6 gene. It is an alpha-globulin.
Corticosteroid 11-β-dehydrogenase isozyme 2 also known as 11-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the HSD11B2 gene.
3β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Δ5-4 isomerase (3β-HSD) is an enzyme that catalyzes the biosynthesis of the steroid progesterone from pregnenolone, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone from 17α-hydroxypregnenolone, and androstenedione from dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) in the adrenal gland. It is the only enzyme in the adrenal pathway of corticosteroid synthesis that is not a member of the cytochrome P450 family. It is also present in other steroid-producing tissues, including the ovary, testis and placenta. In humans, there are two 3β-HSD isozymes encoded by the HSD3B1 and HSD3B2 genes.
Homeobox expressed in ES cells 1, also known as homeobox protein ANF, is a homeobox protein that in humans is encoded by the HESX1 gene.
The human gene SRD5A2 encodes the 3-oxo-5α-steroid 4-dehydrogenase 2 enzyme, also known as 5α-reductase type 2 (5αR2), one of three isozymes of 5α-reductase.
In enzymology, a prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase (EC 1.1.1.189) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
Hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase 15-(NAD) (the HUGO-approved symbol = HPGD; HGNC ID, HGNC:5154), also called 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD+), (EC 1.1.1.141), is an enzyme that catalyzes the following chemical reaction:
In enzymology, a 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NADP+) (EC 1.1.1.197) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a 20-α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.149) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IGFBP2 gene.
Fatty acid-binding protein 2 (FABP2), also known as Intestinal-type fatty acid-binding protein (I-FABP), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FABP2 gene.
HSD3B2 is a human gene that encodes for 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/delta(5)-delta(4)isomerase type II or hydroxy-delta-5-steroid dehydrogenase, 3 beta- and steroid delta-isomerase 2. It is expressed principally in steroidogenic tissues and is essential for steroid hormone production. A notable exception is the placenta, where HSD3B1 is critical for progesterone production by this tissue.
Thyroid hormone receptor beta (TR-beta) also known as nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group A, member 2 (NR1A2), is a nuclear receptor protein that in humans is encoded by the THRB gene.
Acropachy is a dermopathy associated with Graves' disease. It is characterized by soft-tissue swelling of the hands and clubbing of the fingers. Radiographic imaging of affected extremities typically demonstrates periostitis, most commonly the metacarpal bones. The exact cause is unknown, but it is thought to be caused by stimulating auto-antibodies that are implicated in the pathophysiology of Graves' thyrotoxicosis. There is no effective treatment for acropachy.
Homeobox protein prophet of PIT-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PROP1 gene.
Growth hormone 2 (GH2), also known more commonly as placental growth hormone (PGH) or growth hormone variant (GH-V), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GH2 gene. It is produced by and secreted from the placenta during pregnancy, and becomes the predominant form of growth hormone (GH) in the body during this time. Its cogener is growth hormone 1 (GH1), or pituitary growth hormone.
Early placenta insulin-like peptide is a protein that in humans is encoded by the INSL4 gene.
Microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) or Prostaglandin E synthase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PTGES gene.
Thyroid stimulating hormone, beta also known as TSHB is a protein which in humans is encoded by the TSHB gene.
PDB gallery | |
|---|---|
|
 | This article on a gene on human chromosome 4 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
